动物检疫技术与应用研究

本文简述了当前动物检疫的研究进展,综述了流行病学、临床诊断学、病理学、病原学和免疫学等常规检疫技术,并介绍了以分子生物学、仪器分析法、光学法为代表的现代动物检疫技术。     

兽医病理学在现代兽医专业教学和动物疾病诊断中的重要作用

为了阐述兽医病理学在现代兽医专业教学和动物疾病诊断中的作用,本文从人才培养、科研和生产实践应用等方面进行了探讨。指出兽医病理学具有培养高素质兽医专业人才、为动物疾病诊断提供方向或确诊疾病、验证和评估诊断结果、为科研选题提供手段与方向和解决动物医疗纠纷的重要作用。期望广大兽医专业教学工作者重视该课程教学,使学生掌握兽医病理学基础及其诊断技术。     

猪分子育种技术及其发展趋势

动物分子育种是以分子遗传学和分子数量遗传学为理论,利用分子生物学技术来改良畜禽品种的一门新型学科,主要包括两大研究领域:一是以转基因技术为基础的转基因育种,二是以基因组分析为基础的基因组育种。随着现代生物技术和信息技术的发展,国际上的动物育种已逐渐进入分子水平。根据英、美等西方发达国家和联合国粮农组织的预测,21世纪全球畜牧业的90%畜禽品种都将通过分子育种提供,分子育种技术正在对未来猪的育种和生产产生巨大的影响。1转基因动物技术与猪的育种转基因动物技术是在20世纪80年代初发展起来的,该技术在改良畜禽生产性状、…     

胃肠道微生态的分子生物学技术研究进展

哺乳动物胃肠道中的小型生物群被赋予高种群密度、广泛的多样性及相互作用的复杂性等特性,它们在宿主营养、生理和免疫等方面起着主要作用。作者综述了研究动物胃肠道微生物的现代分子生物学技术的原理及应用,并展望随着分子生物学技术的飞速发展,对胃肠道微生物的研究将会更加深入,从而为指导实践提供可靠的理论依据。     

免·疫·病·理·学·研·究·进·展

随着免疫技术的发展和深入,近年来已经开始重视免疫病理工作。一系列的动物实验业已证明在免疫病理中,免疫因素起着重要的作用。自20世纪中叶,随着免疫学的发展,寄生虫致病的免疫学机理也逐渐被揭示,形成了寄生虫病的免疫学病理。20世纪70年代以后,随着分子生物化学的发展,动物寄生虫致病的分子机制得到较深入的阐明,动物寄生虫病理学提高到了分子水平。寄生虫对动物的致病作用早已被人们发现,早期人们对动物寄生虫的致病作用归纳为5方面,即吸取宿主营养,吸食宿主血液、体液和组织细胞,产生对宿主有害的毒素,机械性障碍与破坏,以及引入其他病原体。     

动物病理学的研究现状与展望

动物病理学是基础兽医学和临床兽医学的桥梁。免疫学和分子生物学等学科的快速发展为动物病理学的发展提供了良好的契机。根据目前动物病理学的现状 ,提出了学科的细化和综合的观点 ,并对该学科的可持续性发展进行了展望     

分子病理学新技术在国内兽医研究中的应用进展

分子病理学是将病理学、细胞生物学和细胞生物化学结合起来,在分子水平上研究疾病发生机理的一门病理学分支。20世纪80年代以来,聚合酶链反应、比较基因组杂交、荧光原位杂交、高通量DNA测序和各种生物芯片等一大批生物学技术的相继问世,以及基因组计划的成功进行,为开发组织标本中丰富的分子生物学信息提供了重要的技术支撑,极大地推动了分子病理学的快速发展。目前,国内外常用的一些分子病理学检测技术有PCR技术、直接DNA测序、毛细管阵列杂交、荧光原位杂交、比较基因组杂交、流式细胞术、组织微阵列、原位杂交、DNA和cDNA芯片等。…     

动物分子营养学的研究进展

动物分子营养学是从分子水平上研究营养素与基因表达、调控的关系,从根本上阐述营养素对动物机体的作用机制。文章对动物分子营养学的研究意义,营养素对基因表达的调控和现代分子生物学技术在动物分子营养学中的应用等方面进行了综述,并介绍了动物分子营养学研究的最新进展。     

麝科动物的起源进化与遗传多样性研究进展

对麝科动物的分子遗传学研究不仅可加深人们对麝科起源及物种形成的认识,而且对麝科动物群体遗传多样性的保护具有重要意义。随着现代高通量测序技术及分子遗传学、生物信息学的迅速发展,人们对麝科起源与进化进行了较为系统的研究,取得了可喜成果。文章就近年来国内外对麝科动物的起源进化和遗传多样性研究进展进行回顾,揭示麝科动物的演化史,利用分子遗传标记、基因组学、转录组学等先进技术,研究麝科动物的遗传多样性以及麝香分泌相关机制或功能基因,并对未来麝科动物起源进化以及遗传多样性研究趋势进行了展望。     

动物粘膜免疫系统研究进展

多年来,由于分子生物学、细胞生物学和遗传学的渗透,使现代免疫学研究深入到分子和基因水平。现代免疫学已成为一门具有自身理论体系和特殊研究方法的学科,是生物医学(biomedicine)的一门前沿学科。当前,对畜牧生产和兽医临床观察的解释,只从生理学、组织学、病理学、生物化学角度来探索其本质,已远不能满足科学发展的需要。从动物整个机体来看,免疫系统不仅包括传统的全身性免疫系统的中枢淋巴器官,如胸腺、类囊器官(在鸟类为腔上囊);周围淋巴器官如淋巴结、脾和扁桃体,也应该包括粘膜免疫系统(局部免疫)、红细胞免疫系统、皮肤免疫系统等…     

Shrinking membership in the American Society of Animal Science: does the discipline of poultry science give us some clues?

Concerns have been expressed by the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) leadership about the declining membership in ASAS. I present the viewpoint that the history of the Poultry Science Association (PSA) membership and the elimination of poultry science departments from many land grant universities could be an indication of what the future holds for animal science. I suggest that the industrialization of poultry production has led to a decline in the demand for traditionally trained poultry scientists. Industrialization of swine production is proceeding rapidly, with other animal-based industries showing the same trend. If maintaining a large ASAS membership is indeed a priority, new opportunities must be developed. Equine and companion animal programs offer such possibilities, tapping into a high level of student interest.     

Chicken anaemia virus—a glimpse of the future?

This paper uses background information about chicken anaemia virus as a guide to how the study and control of virus diseases of poultry may develop in the future. It is predicted that ‘new’ viruses will be discovered in poultry, many of which will be difficult to grow in vitro and whose pathogenicity may appear uncertain. When new diseases/syndromes arise in the future, it should be a priority activity to define their pathology. The limitations of currently available virus diagnostic methods are highlighted. The possibility of vaccinating against economically important subclinical disease is discussed, as is the use of recently developed technologies in differentiating virus strains and in developing new vaccines.     

急性期蛋白及其在动物应激过程中的作用

检测急性期蛋白( acute phase proteins,APPs)水平可作为估计动物机体对疾病先天性免疫反应的一种方法.本文主要对APPs的结构和功能,及其在动物应激中的调节机制等方面进行综述,并指出APPs经进一步研究,有望成为评价动物健康的一项新技术.     

Future directions in training veterinarians for careers in toxicological pathology in the United Kingdom

There is currently a global shortage of veterinary pathologists in all sectors of the discipline, and recruitment of toxicological pathologists is a particular problem for the pharmaceutical industry. Efforts to encourage veterinarians to consider alternative career paths to general practice must start at the undergraduate level, with provision of structured career guidance and strong role models from pathology and research disciplines. It is also imperative that both the importance of biomedical research and the role of animal models be clearly understood by both university staff and undergraduates. Traditionally, much post-graduate training in toxicological pathology is done "on the job" in the United Kingdom, but completion of a residency and/or PhD program is recognized as a good foundation for a career in industry and for successful completion of professional pathology examinations. New models of residency training in veterinary pathology must be considered in the United Kingdom to enable a more tailored approach to training toward specific career goals. A modular approach to residency training would allow core skills to be maintained, while additional training would target specific training requirements in toxicological pathology. Exposure to laboratory-animal pathology, toxicology, research methodology, and management skills would all be of benefit as an introduction to a career in toxicological pathology. However, long-term funding for UK residencies remains a problem that must be resolved if future recruitment needs in veterinary pathology are to be met.     

Development of computational models for the purpose of conducting individual livestock and premises traceback investigations utilizing National Animal Identification System-compliant data

Many of the efforts surrounding the development of the National Animal Identification System have encompassed the identification of livestock production and handling premises as well as individuals or herds of animals, whereas little effort has been directed toward the ultimate goal of animal traceback within 48 h. A mock data set representative of the Colorado cattle population was created for modeling of cattle traceability. Using this data set, algorithms were developed to complete rapid and accurate traceback and traceforward of animals or premises or both. On July 19, 2005, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, in conjunction with the Colorado Department of Agriculture, conducted a test exercise pertaining to homeland security. The exercise team randomly identified animal number 926,583 (of the 2 million total animals) as a potentially infected animal of interest and requested a traceback of this animal. Traceback was accomplished in 215 s, and 540 primary coresident animals were identified. However, due to animal movements, the number of coresidents (animals exposed, directly or indirectly, to the animal of interest) expanded with coresidency level (level 1 = direct contact; level 2 = direct contact with an animal that had direct contact with the animal of interest; level 3 = direct contact with an animal that had contact with an animal that had direct contact with the animal of interest, etc.) to more than 1.2 million coresidents at level 4, and more than 90% of all animals identified as a coresident at some level. In addition to the coresidency results, the premises containing the coresidents were identified and sorted by the number of coresidents. Because of animal movement, all 19,391 premises included in the data set had coresidents at some level. This exercise demonstrated the capability of the developed algorithms to complete rapid traceback and the complexity of the resulting animal traceback output.     

The importance of applied ethology for the execution of animal welfare legislation]

Applied ethology in general and farm animal ethology in particular have a great importance in connection with animal welfare regulations on a national and international level. They have through the legislation on animal welfare brought about important repercussions on housing of farm animals, wild animals and experimental animals in Switzerland. The animal welfare legislation has been a considerable boost to scientific research. The application of ethological knowledge in the legislation and in practice has indeed also its limits. The importance of applied ethology for animal welfare and for animal husbandry will still increase in future.     

大通县畜牧业发展调研

畜牧业是现代农业体系建设的重要组成部分,积极发展现代畜牧业,对促进县域经济社会发展、增加农牧民收入、保障市场供给具有十分重要的作用。为高起点、高水平、高效益、高标准推进大通县畜牧业健康快速发展,笔者从大通县现代畜牧业发展的现状、存在的问题及今后畜牧业发展应采取的措施和对策等方面作了详细的阐述。     

哺乳动物精原干细胞研究进展

自Brinster等人异体（种）移植小鼠和大鼠精原干细胞取得成功以来，精原干细胞已成为干细胞领域内的一个新的研究热点，由于它在人类医学，畜牧业，濒危动物保护及转基因动物生产等方面的潜在用途，精原干细胞很可能成为一种极为有用的生物工具，本文不其生物学特性，分离、鉴定及应用前景等综述如下。     

发展畜牧业大产业战略思考

本文针对发展畜牧业大产业的战略提出几点思考,即创新组织领导体制,转变领导思维观念;实施名牌战略,推进畜产品市场国际化;发展咨询业务,服务畜牧业;抓产业化经营,提高畜产品生产组织化水平;提供优质产品,适应国际标准;组织行业协会,发挥整体优势;加强畜牧业研究,促进科研成果尽快转化;利用"绿箱"政策,支持畜牧业。     

Future role of the official veterinarian at the ante- and post-mortem inspection

The new European food hygiene legislation which will apply from 1 January 2006 on brings massive changes in the implementation of the ante- and post-mortem in-spection about. Key element in this new regulation is the introduction of a risk-based inspection of graduated intensity which in particular cases may be reduced to a document check and a visual inspection. Important changes also concern responsibility assignment between official veterinarian and official auxiliary in inspection tasks. Furthermore, the official veterinarian is assigned additional responsibility (animal welfare, animal health check). Regarding the extended competence of the official auxiliaries through the new regulation, food industry is requiring a diminution of the inspection costs. In this article, the future scope of duties of the official veterinarian at the ante- and post-mortem inspection is presented, as well as the practical consequences the implementation of the new meat hygiene regulation will have.