椰麸组分蛋白的氨基酸组成、结构与乳化性分析

为提高椰子加工副产物的利用,本研究从椰麸中依次提取4种组分蛋白,包括清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白-1和谷蛋白-2.分析这4种组分蛋白的氨基酸组成,并利用SDS-PAGE技术分析其亚基组成和分子量.同时分析其表面疏水性,并研究不同离子强度对椰麸各组分蛋白的乳化性和乳化稳定性的影响.结果表明,椰麸蛋白质中清单白、球蛋白、谷蛋白-...     

提取方法对脱脂松仁粕蛋白性质的影响

以脱脂松仁粕为原料,比较提取方法对蛋白性质的影响。采用Osboren分级提取各组分蛋白,并与碱法提取的蛋白进行理化性质与功能性质的比较。研究不同蛋白的等电点、热变性温度、氨基酸组成、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)及不同蛋白的溶解性、起泡性和起泡稳定性、乳化性和乳化稳定性。结果表明:Osboren提取的清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白的蛋白质含量分别为77.87%、68.23%、79.05%,碱法提取的蛋白含量为83.50%;四种蛋白的等电点为3.4、3.8、3.6、4.0,热变性温度为94℃、81℃、95℃、112℃;四种蛋白的必需氨基酸组成基本合理,主要含有谷氨酸与精氨酸;SDS-PAGE分析得出四种蛋白的条带有差别但主要集中在9.31~41.32ku;除乳化性和乳化稳定性以碱法提取的蛋白最好外,其余加工性质清蛋白均为最好。由此可见不同的提取方法对SDS-PAGE、热变性温度及加工性质均有不同的影响。     

醋制对黑豆蛋白含量及多肽ACE抑制活性的影响

为考察醋制对黑豆蛋白含量及多肽ACE抑制活性的影响,为对黑豆醋浸过程中蛋白组分及含量变化进行分析,并对相应ACE抑制肽活性进行测定。黑豆经醋浸不同时间后,采用顺序抽提法提取清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白,并采用凯氏定氮法及SDS-PAGE电泳进行定量和定性分析;各蛋白组分经胃蛋白酶水解,经超滤(截留分子量3 k D)后收集滤液,获得多肽组分,RP-HPLC法进行ACE抑制活性评价。结果表明:经醋浸14 d后,黑豆总蛋白含量变化幅度小于±0.5%;清蛋白含量由55.13%(0 d)降低至9.61%(14 d);球蛋白由7.04%(0 d)增加到20.34%(14 d);醇溶蛋白由0.81%(0 d)增加到1.72(14 d);谷蛋白由21.11%(0 d)增加到59.45%(14 d),含量最高。醋浸处理降低了清蛋白源多肽的ACE抑制活性,但提高了球蛋白、醇溶蛋白及谷蛋白多肽的ACE抑制活性,其中,谷蛋白多肽抑制率由18.18%(0 d)增加至37.58%(14 d),抑制活性升高。醋浸可改变黑豆各蛋白组分的含量和对应多肽的ACE抑制活性,其中,谷蛋白含量及其多肽ACE抑制活性均有增加。研究结果表明可进一步采用分离纯化技术从谷蛋白多肽中获得高活性降压肽。     

南方和黄淮海地区大豆地方品种贮存蛋白组分含量遗传变异的初步分析

我国南方和黄淮海地区的７２个大豆地方品种的贮存蛋白组分含量分析结果表明，大豆种子贮存蛋白各组分平均含量为球蛋白．２４．３９、清蛋白５．７７、醇溶蛋白１．７４、谷蛋白５．２７（ｇ／１００ｇ），其遗传变异丰富。南方与黄淮海地区品种间的４种贮存蛋白组分含量平均数及方差均无显著差异。     

在不同施氮水平下高粱籽粒的蛋白组成

高粱籽粒蛋白包含四种蛋白质,即清蛋白、谷蛋白、醇溶谷蛋白和球蛋白,品种间蛋白含量变幅很大(占干物质的8.6%～18.2%)。四种蛋白质中以醇溶谷蛋白的赖氨酸含量最低。已经知道赖氨酸是高梁籽粒中含量最有限的氨基酸,而且,高粱籽粒蛋白含量一般与赖氨酸含量呈负相关。在以前报道中,业经观察     

氮素形态对两个不同氮效率小麦品种籽粒蛋白质的影响

为探索提高氮素利用率的途径，采用盆栽方法研究了两个不同氮效率小麦品种籽粒蛋白质形成的差异及不同形态氮素对其的影响。结果表明，高氮吸收型小麦品种秦麦11灌浆期籽粒GS、GPT活性、蛋白质及其组分含量均大于低氮吸收型小麦品种扬9817。不同氮素形态对两个不同氮效率小麦品种籽粒蛋白质及其动态变化、蛋白组分含量及其动态变化的影响不同。高氮吸收型小麦品种秦麦11籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量均表现为酰胺态氮处理〉铵态氮处理〉硝态氮处理。处理间蛋白质含量、球蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量的差异达到显著水平。低氮吸收型小麦品种扬9817籽粒蛋白质含量、清蛋白含量、球蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量均表现为酰胺态氮处理〉硝态氮处理〉铵态氮处理，谷蛋白含量在酰胺态氮处理下最高，硝态氮处理下最低，处理间清蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量的差异达到显著水平。     

野生二粒小麦和普通小麦及其渐渗系全麦与脱麸面粉蛋白分析

为了解野生二粒小麦籽粒蛋白特性对普通小麦全麦面粉和脱麸面粉的改良价值,以高产弱筋小麦品种川农16(CN16)为母本,分别与籽粒蛋白含量存在显著差异的四倍体野生二粒小麦D1和D97进行远缘杂交,按高产性状定向选择并连续自交获得稳定高世代渐渗系共61份,本研究对61份渐渗系、7份野生二粒小麦和6份普通小麦进行了全麦和脱麸面粉粗蛋白质含量及其各蛋白组分含量分析、比较。结果显示,野生二粒小麦的籽粒粗蛋白(GPC)及其清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量均较普通小麦具有更丰富的遗传多样性,各蛋白组分含量均显著高于普通小麦。61份渐渗系中,分别有54.10%和52.46%的材料全麦面粉和脱麸面粉的粗蛋白含量显著高于母本CN16,全麦和脱麸面粉蛋白质含量最高达17.77%和17.62%,较CN16分别提高了5.05和5.33个百分点;全麦和脱麸面粉的清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白分别有18.03%和32.79%、50.82%和62.30%、67.21%和77.05%、37.70%和81.97%的株系高于母本CN16。全麦和脱麸面粉的粗蛋白含量与醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量间、贮藏蛋白的各组分间、可溶性与不...     

夏玉米不同粒位蛋白质组分氮素效应及与子粒脱水的关系研究

从蛋白质粒位差异的角度,以不同自然脱水类型玉米品种为材料,分析不同氮肥运筹处理下不同部位子粒蛋白质组分含量、子粒脱水速率,研究子粒脱水与蛋白质组分和氮素施用的关系。结果表明,脱水速率差异较大的品种总蛋白质存在较大差异,蠡玉16和先玉335总蛋白质含量分别为11.25%、12.16%。增施氮肥蛋白质含量明显增加;增施氮肥主要增加了醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量,清蛋白和球蛋白含量影响较小。增施氮肥生理成熟后不同处理间脱水速率存在显著差异;蛋白质组分和脱水速率之间存在密切关系,先玉335生理成熟后不同部位间醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白与脱水速率呈显著或极显著负相关,醇谷比与子粒脱水呈正相关。     

稻米贮藏蛋白家族的生物信息学分析

贮藏蛋白是稻米中的第二大主要成分,是影响稻米食味品质和营养价值的重要因素。对水稻中谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白、清蛋白、球蛋白等4大类贮藏蛋白在基因组中的分布、基因结构、表达模式以及各个蛋白家族内不同拷贝的进化关系进行研究。结果表明,谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白在基因组上的拷贝数较多,分别有15个和28个基因拷贝检测到表达。谷蛋白家族可分为3个亚家族,醇溶蛋白分为2个亚家族,并根据不同拷贝的亲缘关系对未命名的基因进行命名。清蛋白和球蛋白拷贝数较少,清蛋白有5个拷贝,其中SSA1、SSA5表达量较高,其他拷贝表达相对较低,而球蛋白的3个拷贝表达量都极低。本文为水稻贮藏蛋白以及稻米品质的研究提供了理论参考。     

盐分胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量变化动态的影响

为了明确盐分对小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响，分析了3种不同盐分含量的土壤上小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的动态变化。结果表明，随着土壤盐分浓度的增加，小麦籽粒蛋白质含量提高，表现为S3（土壤盐分含量1．6129g／kg）〉S2（土壤盐分含量1．2656g／kg）〉SI（土壤盐分含量0．674g／kg）；小麦籽粒蛋白质积累量随盐分浓度的提高而下降，S2与S1处理间籽粒蛋白质含量和积累量差异均达显著水平，S3与S2和S1间差异均达极显著水平。盐分胁迫条件下小麦籽粒蛋白质含量呈高一低一高的“V”型变化，与正常生长条件下蛋白质含量的变化动态一致。小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分含量随土壤盐分浓度的增加而增加，各处理间的清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量差异均达显著或极显著水平。从各组分占总蛋白的比例来看，清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白的比例随着土壤含盐量的增加而下降，醇溶蛋白的比例则随土壤含盐量的增加而增加，谷／醇比随着土壤含盐量的增加而下降。     

Characterisation and functional properties of Australian rice protein isolates

Albumin, globulin, glutelin and prolamin fractions were isolated from an Australian rice variety (cv. Langi) and characterised by yield, protein content and molecular weight profile using both capillary electrophoresis (SDS-CE) and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The influence of pre-extraction enzymatic hydrolysis of starch and heating to 70 °C was also investigated, as was the extraction of the glutelin fraction without prior removal of the albumin and globulin fractions. Pre-extraction treatment affected mainly the albumin fraction, increasing dry matter yield but reducing protein content. SDS-CE was able to separate the protein fractions over a wider molecular weight range than SDS-PAGE, and the peaks from SDS-CE showed slightly higher molecular weight compared to equivalent bands from SDS-PAGE. The glutelin fraction extracted without prior removal of albumin and globulin fractions had different characteristics compared to those obtained by conventional extraction methods. Pre-extraction hydrolysis of starch did not significantly affect the emulsifying, foaming and gelling properties of extracted protein. Although rice glutelin had poor solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties in aqueous systems, it had good gelling properties which could be important for food applications.     

大豆种子贮存蛋白组成及其相关分析

1988年选用14个,1989年选用15个蛋白质含量差异较大的主要为江淮地区的大豆品种,进行随机区组试验。大豆种子中球蛋白、清蛋白、醇溶谷蛋白以及谷蛋白的品种间平均分别为28.56％、7.50％、1.81％和5.71％,品种间变幅分别为6.08％、10.25％、1.03％和6.51％。清蛋白含量与全蛋白含量。谷蛋白含量与全蛋白含量之间显著正相关,清蛋白含量对种子全蛋白含量品种间差异的相对贡献最大,而球蛋白含量对品种间全蛋白含量差异的相对贡献最小。球蛋白含量与株高、分枝数和单株粒重存在显著的正相关;但株高和清蛋白含量、单株荚数及单株粒数和谷蛋白含量有显著负相关。     

Effects of glutelin and globulin on the physicochemical properties of rice starch and flour

The effect of two rice endosperm proteins, glutelin and globulin, on the physicochemical properties of rice starch and flour was investigated. Albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin were sequentially extracted from defatted rice flour with de-ionised water, 1.5 M NaCl, propan-2-ol and 0.1 M NaOH, respectively, followed by dialysis and lyophilisation. Globulin and glutelin were then added to pure rice starch at various concentrations, separately and together, and the pasting and textural properties of mixtures were analysed by the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) and TA-XT2 textural analyser, respectively. The presence of glutelin in rice starch caused an increase in pasting temperature but a decrease in the viscosity parameters of the starch paste. The concentration of glutelin was also positively correlated with the hardness and adhesive properties of the starch gel. The presence of globulin, on the other hand, resulted in a decrease in all the pasting and textural parameters except gel hardness and the changes were linearly correlated with the concentration of the protein for most of the physical parameters. When the two proteins were added to rice starch together, the outcomes in pasting and textural properties were generally dependent upon the relative concentrations of the two proteins, but were also influenced by the presence of the other two protein fractions, albumin and prolamin. The presence of globulin initially accelerated the rate of water absorption by starch during cooking while the presence of glutelin slowed it down, but in both cases, the ultimate amount of water absorbed was significantly lower than that by pure starch. The contrasting effects of the different protein fractions mean that it might be possible to manipulate the textural properties of rice starch and flour to achieve desirable sensory outcomes by varying the proportions of the protein fractions in product formulations.     

不同大豆品种豆腐产量的研究

选用２３个辽宁、吉林和山东的春大豆和夏大豆栽培品种为试材。调查百粒重和单株粒重，测定豆腐加工特性、籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒蛋白质各组分含量。研究表明：筛选到豆腐产量高的品种可能性很大。可把籽粒吸水重和籽粒膨胀体积作为品种豆腐产量的间接选择性状。筛选到豆腐产量与单株粒重均高的品种难度很大，筛选到豆腐产量和籽粒蛋白质含量均高，豆腐产量和籽粒蛋白质质量均高的品种存在着一定难度。不同品种籽粒蛋白质各组分含量差     

Protein quality of chickpea (Cicer arietenum) with different grades ofCallosobruchus chinensis L. infestation

Dry heat treatments at 140 °C for 20 min or 160 °C for 10 min of peanut kernels significantly improved protein solubility, water and oil absorptions, foaming capacity and stability, and least gelation concentration of the defatted meal. However, heat treatments at 160 °C for 30 min or more than 30 min period resulted in significant decrease in these properties. Such heat treatments significantly decreased the level of albumin and globulin fraction with concomitant increase in glutelin fraction in the meal.     

Fundamental study on protein changes taking place during malting of oats

During the malting process, storage proteins are degraded by proteolytic enzymes into small peptides and amino acids. The activity of these enzymes was measured during malting of oats and was found to be increased. To quantify proteolytic degradation, proteins of unmalted, germinating and malted grains were fractionated. After extracting the oat proteins (Osborne fractionation), protein fractions were analysed using a Lab-on-a-Chip technique, which separates the proteins – based on their molecular weight – by capillary electrophoresis. This new technique for the analysis of proteins was supported by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In addition, amino acid analysis was carried out. In general a degradation of proteins to small peptides and amino acids could be observed in the globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions. In the albumin fraction a protein increase was observed, which is due to the fact that this fraction contains the majority of the metabolically active proteins. Amino acid analysis supported the observation of increased protein amount in the albumin fraction and decreased protein amounts in the other fractions. Some proteins, which have not been described in the literature, were detected in the albumin and glutelin fraction, since Lab-on-a-Chip technique allows detection of proteins with low molecular weights of 4.5 kDa.     

Changes in nitrogenous and other chemical constituents,protein fractions and in vitro protein digestibility of germinating fluted pumpkin ( Telfairia occidentalis Hook) seed

The effect of 7 days of germination on levels of nitrogenous and other nutrition related parameters, protein fractions and in vitro protein digestibility of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) seed was studied. The non-protein nitrogen gradually increased and the protein nitrogen content decreased during germination. Albumin and globulin fractions were found to be the major seed proteins of fluted pumpkin seeds, constituting about 58.6% of the total protein of the ungerminated (raw) seeds. The protein fractions, albumin and glutelin, were observed to increase by 61.5% and 57.0%, respectively, while a 54.6% decrease was noted in the prolamine fraction. The globulin fraction increased at the beginning of germination but decreased at the end. Germination significantly (p 0.05) increased the crude protein, nitrogen solubility and in vitro protein digestibility but decreased the fat, phytic acid and polyphenol contents of the seeds.     

Functionality of Succinylated Brazil Nut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bertholletia excelsa HBK</Emphasis>) Kernel Globulin

One of the possible ways to improve the utilisation of defatted Brazil nut kernel flour, a by-product of oil extraction industries, is to improve its functional properties by chemical modification as it possesses very modest functional characteristics. Succinylated Brazil nut kernel globulin at 55.8%, 62.4% and 72.0% level showed a positive effect on functionality. The solubility of acylated globulin was improved above pH 4.0 butwas reduced in the pH range of 3.0-4.0. Water absorption (1.96-4.00, 4.12, and 4.21 ml/g protein), oil absorption capacity (1.44-2.72, 2.80 and 2.94 ml/g protein) and apparent viscosity of the succinylated globulin increased with increase in the level of succinylation. The extent of modi-fication also influenced emulsifying capacity, which showed a decrease at pH 3.0, but was increased at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0. Highest emulsion activity (approximately 63.0%) was observed at pH 3.0, followed by pH 9.0 and pH 7.0 and, least (about 11.8%) at pH 5.0. Emulsion stability also followed similar behaviour as that of emulsion activity. The improved functional properties of succinylated Brazil nut kernel globulin could be explored in a variety of food formulations such as high protein drinks, soups, bakery and meat products as well as in salad dressings and mayonnaise as an emulsifier.     

Characterization of milkweed (Asclepias spp.) seed proteins

Milkweed (Asclepias spp.) is a crop grown mainly for the production of floss used as hypoallergenic fillers in comforters and pillows. The seeds end up as by-products. Milkweed seed contains 21% oil and 30% crude protein (dry basis). The oil is similar in quality to soybean oil, but there is no information on the properties of milkweed protein. This study determined the MW of major fractions, soluble classes, amino acid composition, and functional properties of milkweed seed protein. Ground milkweed seeds were analyzed for proximate composition and amino acid profile, as well as, subjected to SDS-PAGE and protein functionality tests. Reduced proteins showed eight distinct bands with MW ranging from 6.5 to 59.3 kDa. The dominant protein classes were water-soluble (22%) and salt-soluble (15%). Solubility of milkweed seed protein was lowest (12%) at pH 4, 40% at pH 7, and reached a maximum (60%) at pH 10. The protein produced substantial foam volumes, but foam stability was poor. Its emulsifying capacity was excellent, especially at pH 10, and emulsions formed were stable. Water-holding capacity and surface hydrophobicity index values were higher at pH 7 than at pH 10. These results showed that milkweed seed protein has functional properties that may find use as a thickener, protein extender in adhesives, or emulsifier in paints.