Movement and biological activity of drip-applied 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin in raised mulched beds in the southeastern USA

Movement and biological activity of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin applied through drip irrigation in raised beds was investigated at three locations in the southeastern USA. Tests were conducted in fields with dense populations of nutsedge (Cyperus spp), with one location also having a high level of soil nematodes, both of which served as biological indicators of the distribution of effective concentrations of 1,3-D and chloropicrin. Objectives were (1) to gain a better understanding of 1,3-D and chloropicrin movement and the extent of biological activity outside of the wetted bed area, and (2) to examine the effect of application rate, application concentration and subsequent irrigation events on movement and activity of 1,3-D and chloropicrin. InLine, an emulsifiable concentrate containing 60.8% w/w 1,3-D and 33.3% w/w chloropicrin, was injected into polyethylene mulched beds through the drip tubes and water movement in the beds was visualized by adding a blue dye to the injection system. Gas concentrations of 1,3-D and chloropicrin in soil were measured using Gastec detection tubes at different positions relative to the drip tube at 1-4 days after InLine application. After one week, mulch was removed and nutsedge survival evaluated at different positions in the bed. High concentrations of 1,3-D and chloropicrin were measured at the bed center and midway between the bed center and the shoulder, but concentrations were low at the bed shoulder. Width of nutsedge control was significantly greater than width of water movement. Plant-parasitic nematodes were controlled over the entire bed width, but nutsedge re-emerged at the bed shoulders regardless of treatment. Higher application rates and concentrations of 1,3-D + chloropicrin resulted in higher fumigant concentrations in soil air. Irrigations subsequent to application reduced soil air concentrations of 1,3-D and chloropicrin and increased water movement, as did the use of two drip tubes instead of one. The data show that the pesticidal activity of 1,3-D + chloropicrin extends beyond the waterfront and indicate a significant degree of fumigant activity of emulsifiable 1,3-D + chloropicrin. However, unlike plant-parasitic nematodes, nutsedge could not be controlled over the entire bed width, regardless of rate, concentration and volume of water applied.     

A simulation model for fate and transport of methyl bromide during fumigation in plastic‐mulched vegetable soil beds

A coupled water‐heat and chemical transport model was used to describe the fate and transport of methyl bromide fumigant in low‐density polyethylene plastic‐mulched soil beds used for vegetable production. Methyl bromide transport was described by convective‐dispersive processes including transformations through hydrolysis. Effects of non‐isothermal conditions on chemical transport were considered through inclusion of temperature effects on transport parameters. An energy‐balance approach was used to describe the plastic‐mulched boundary condition that controls the thermal regime within the soil bed. Simulations were made for variable water‐saturation regimes within the bed and for different depths of fumigant injection. Simulations for various scenarios revealed that large amounts (20–44% over a 7‐day period) of applied methyl bromide are lost from the un‐mulched furrows between the beds. Plastic mulching of the bed was found to be only partially effective (11–29% emission losses over a 7‐day period) in reducing atmospheric emissions. Deep injection of fumigant and saturating the soil with water both led to increased retention of methyl bromide within the soil and less emission to the atmosphere. However, deep injection was unfavorable for effective sterilization of the crop root zone. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

干旱区不同地下水埋深膜下滴灌灌溉制度模拟研究

通过在新疆巴州灌溉试验站进行的膜下滴灌棉花灌溉制度试验,得出了适合当地的常规滴灌制度。为进一步研究浅层地下水对灌溉的补偿效应,利用Hydrus软件对不同地下水埋深下膜下滴灌棉花生育期耗水量进行了模拟。通过引入关键点土壤含水率的概念,提出了膜下滴灌棉花受水分胁迫的标准。结果表明：地下水对棉花的耗水具有一定的补偿作用,地下水埋深越浅,则所需的灌溉定额越小。当地下水埋深小于1.5 m时,滴灌定额为3 300 m³·hm^-2;当地下水埋深为2.0 m时,滴灌定额为4 500 m³·hm^-2;当地下水埋深很大而对作物根区没有补给时,棉花完全依赖于灌溉所需的滴灌定额则为5 550 m³·hm^-2。考虑到干旱区内具有较高的潜在蒸发势,会导致土壤的次生盐渍化,从而危及作物的生长,1.5～3.0 m的地下水埋深是灌区内较理想的水位区间。     

压力水头与土壤容重对微润灌溉水分入渗的影响

为探究微润灌溉条件下水分在不同压力水头、不同容重土壤中的入渗情况,通过室内土箱模拟试验,分别设置h=2.0、1.5、1.0 m的压力水头,土壤容重γ分别为1.20、1.30、1.40 g·cm~(-3),测定累计入渗量、湿润锋及土壤含水率3个指标。结果发现,水分累计入渗量与压力水头为正相关关系,与土壤容重为负相关关系;微润管在空气和地埋出流情况下的流量与压力水头均为线性增函数关系,相同压力下,微润管的空气出流量明显大于地埋流量,微润灌溉系统更适宜采用地下埋管方式;湿润锋是以微润管为中心的近似圆形,水平运移距离与垂直向下运移距离均大于垂直向上运移距离,重力对微润灌条件下水分运移有一定的作用,但该作用随着土壤容重的增加逐渐减小;湿润锋运移距离与时间的关系近似为幂函数关系,入渗指数约为0.5;土壤容重越大,水分在土壤中的入渗速率越小,土壤对水分的蓄持能力越弱;经计算,微润灌溉的灌水均匀性符合要求。     

Impact of consumer-driven changes to crop production practices on lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor

Increasing demands for value-added salad products have triggered revolutionary changes in the production practices of vegetable salad crops in recent years. One of the pivotal changes is the adaptation of 2-m-wide beds for increased vegetable biomass per unit area. The move away from the traditional 1-m-wide raised beds in cool-season vegetable production and the associated irrigation practices potentially can have a major influence on diseases affecting cool-season vegetables. To assess the potential impacts of this shift on lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum, the two bed widths and different irrigation frequencies within each were compared in two separate field experiments over four lettuce crops in 2 years. Treatments included 1- and 2-m bed widths with twice-weekly, weekly and biweekly drip irrigation serving as subplot treatments that were begun immediately following thinning. Incidence of lettuce drop was evaluated weekly thereafter until maturity. For S. sclerotiorum, 36 half-liter soil samples were also collected once each season and assayed for the number of sclerotia, and apothecia were counted weekly in a 10-m(2) area for each plot. Regardless of the species, the effects of bed width and irrigation frequency were both significant. Twice-weekly irrigation and 2-m bed width resulted in higher lettuce drop incidence than other treatments. For S. sclerotiorum, twice-weekly irrigation and 2-m bed width also significantly increased the number of apothecia per unit area and the accumulation of soilborne sclerotia over multiple cropping seasons. Results demonstrated that the 2-m bed width combined with the practiced frequency of irrigations can result in higher lettuce drop caused by S. minor and increased incidence of airborne infection by S. sclerotiorum in the Salinas Valley where, historically, it has not been a serious threat. Increased incidence of S. sclerotiorum infection in commercial lettuce fields in the Salinas Valley between 2001 and 2006 validates these experimental results. These relatively new crop production practices can alter the balance of the two Sclerotinia spp. that has long existed in California.     

民勤绿洲膜下滴灌洋葱节水高产灌溉制度

通过TDR土壤水分测定仪结合PC-2S土壤墒情监测系统及作物生理生态指标常规测定方法测定了膜下滴灌洋葱不同灌水处理下土壤水热动态、生长动态、产量效应、水分利用效率、耗水规律及经济效益,并结合TRM-ZS3全自动气象站气象数据比较不同滴灌处理的优越性,分析了不同灌水处理对水热变化、产量、灌溉水利用、耗水特性及效益的影响。研究表明,膜下滴灌土壤水热变化均匀、利用率高,有利于洋葱生长;适宜的滴灌定额条件下(T4)洋葱单株重、横茎及纵茎均较大,产量较对照(CK)增加8.65%,节水21.6%,灌溉定额降低120 mm,生育期耗水降低136.9 mm,水分利用效率提高37.31%,水分生产力达27.0元·m~(-3),净收入增加13.8%。与对照覆膜畦灌相比,滴灌处理生育期耗水强度较对照均降低0.8 mm·d~(-1)以上,能有效降低棵间无效蒸发损失,减少生育期耗水,改善土壤水热状况,提高作物产量、水分利用效率和经济效益,是一种经济可行、易于推广的节水方法。     

地下水浅埋区盐碱地滴灌条件下土壤盐分运移研究

综述了国内外地下水浅埋条件下土壤盐分运移机理研究,滴灌条件下盐碱地土壤盐分运移机理研究,土壤盐分运移模型研究的相关研究成果,为滴灌技术在改造和利用地下水浅埋盐碱土地资源的应用提供了思路,为预报土壤盐碱化提供科学依据,并为地下水浅埋盐碱土滴灌条件下土壤盐分运移规律的进一步研究提出一些建议,认为地下水浅埋区盐碱地滴灌条件下土壤盐分运移规律的研究仍是今后土壤科学的研究重点.     

Fumigant distribution in forest nursery soils under water seal and plastic film after application of dazomet, metam-sodium and chloropicrin

Adequate concentration, exposure time and distribution uniformity of activated fumigant gases are prerequisites for successful soil fumigation. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate gas phase distributions of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) and chloropicrin (CP) in two forest-tree nurseries. Concentrations of MITC and CP in soil air were measured from replicated microplots that received dazomet, metam-sodium and CP. Half of the plots were covered with high-density polyethylene tarp immediately after fumigation; the other half were not covered but received daily sprinkler irrigation for 1 week to create and maintain a water seal. The magnitude of MITC concentrations was similar between nurseries for metam-sodium in both tarp and water seal treatments and for dazomet in the tarp treatment. Consistently greater MITC and CP concentrations were found in the upper 30 cm of soil in the tarped plots compared with the water-sealed plots. Despite potential environmental and economic benefits with the water seal method, tarp covers were more reliable for achieving and maintaining higher MITC and CP concentrations and less prone to variations due to irrigation/rain, soil bulk density and other environmental conditions.     

玉米膜孔灌农田土壤水氮分布特性

通过大田玉米灌水试验,研究了畦灌和膜孔灌条件下农田土壤水氮运移特性。结果表明:在相同灌水定额条件下,膜孔灌土壤剖面含水率比畦灌土壤剖面含水率变化均匀,0~30 cm土层灌水后1天和灌水后5天膜孔灌土壤含水率比畦灌土壤含水率高19.2%和18.3%;在相同灌水定额条件下,土壤铵态氮含量受土壤水分运动的影响较小,主要分布在30 cm以上土壤层,膜孔灌条件下土壤铵态氮含量随时间分布比畦灌均匀,其含量最大值为41.6 mg/kg,同畦灌相比铵态氮含量增加了4.3%;硝态氮含量受灌水方式的影响较大,在相同灌水定额条件下,10~50 cm各土层硝态氮含量膜孔灌比畦灌分别增加了41.3%、96.3%、55.3%、50.7%和46.5%,膜孔灌土壤硝态氮含量随时间和垂直土壤剖面分布均匀,其硝态氮含量主要集中在0~50 cm土层,有利于作物对氮素的吸收,提高氮素利用率。     

膜下滴灌条件下盐荒地土壤盐分变化规律研究

基于对下野地灌区、金沟河灌区的试验监测,从土壤盐分年内、年际变化及其与地下水埋深的关系两个方面,研究膜下滴灌条件下盐荒地土壤盐分变化规律。研究结果表明:在年际间,下野地灌区、金沟河灌区实施膜下滴灌6～8 a的盐荒地块,深度在60～100 cm的土层土壤含盐率分别保持在0.5%、0.8%上下,形成稳定积盐层,在60cm以上土层土壤盐分基本处于动态平衡;在年内,盐荒地土壤盐分整体上呈现随生育期的推后而降低的趋势,0～60cm土层脱盐效果较为明显,春秋季是两个积盐的高峰期;下野地灌区、金沟河灌区地下水埋深年际均值为3.60、2.26 m,土壤含盐率年际均值为0.49%、0.77%,土壤盐分随地下水埋深的减小而增加,说明石河子垦区土壤含盐量受地下水埋深影响较为明显。     

利用HYDRUS-2D模拟膜下滴灌玉米农田深层土壤水分动态与根系吸水

河套灌区农田地下水埋深普遍较浅且年内波动较大,明确不同膜下滴灌条件下深层土壤水分对根区的补给作用及作物根系吸水的响应差异有利于膜下滴灌技术的完善和推广。本研究开展了连续2 a(2017—2018年)的春玉米田间试验,设置3个膜下滴灌灌溉水平,分别控制土壤基质势下限为-10 kPa(S1)、-30 kPa(S3)和-50 kPa(S5)。利用HYDRUS-2D模型模拟0～120 cm深度土壤含水量、根层下边界(100 cm深度处)水分通量和作物根系吸水速率。结果表明,经过率定后的HYDRUS-2D模型对0～120 cm深度土壤含水量模拟结果的根均方差(RMSE)和决定系数(R~2)分别为0.039～0.042 cm~3·cm~(-3)和0.78～0.73,模拟结果可靠。膜下滴灌农田100 cm和120 cm深度处土壤含水量较高且处理间差异不大,说明不同滴灌条件对于100 cm以下深层土壤含水量影响较小;但不同处理显著影响根区下边界的水分通量和根系吸水速率。基质势下限控制水平越低,深层土壤水分对于根区的补给量(毛管上升)越大,S1、S3、S5生育期内累积补给量在31.9～49.6 mm之间。S5处理根系吸水速率较低,根系吸水受到显著抑制,从而造成作物生长指标和产量显著低于S1和S3处理(P0.05);而S1和S3之间籽粒产量差异不显著。综上,在本研究所设置的3个滴灌处理中,S3生育期内灌溉定额为240～300 mm,既较S1显著减少灌水量、提高水分利用效率,又具有较好的根系活力,有效利用深层土壤水分,因此建议该地区春玉米膜下滴灌的灌水下限为-30 kPa。     

喷灌冬小麦农田土壤水分分布特征及水量平衡

以传统地面灌溉(畦灌)为对照,分析了喷灌条件下,冬小麦农田土壤水分分布特征和水量平衡。结果表明:喷灌条件下土壤水分运动表现出明显的非饱和土壤水运动特征,地面灌溉条件下土壤水分运动具有饱和土壤水运动的特征。喷灌条件下灌溉水主要分布在土壤表层0~50 cm范围内,地面灌溉条件下灌溉水可达地表以下150 cm处。喷灌条件下,没有明显的土壤水分渗漏发生;地面灌溉条件下,土壤水分渗漏量占灌溉水量的10%左右。2003年和2004年试验期间,喷灌蒸散量分别为312.2 mm和324.4 mm,分别比地面灌溉蒸散量少13.1 mm和35.1mm。     

不同灌水水平下少耕地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率的影响

以大田玉米为研究对象,在少耕地膜覆盖和不同灌水水平下,研究了一膜两年用地膜覆盖、秋免耕春覆膜和传统耕作覆膜对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:与传统耕作覆膜和秋免耕春覆膜两种新膜覆盖处理相比,一膜两年用处理在玉米播种到拔节期的增温效果显著低于新膜覆盖,农田0~25 cm土壤平均温度较传统覆膜处理低13.35%,而对玉米拔节期到成熟期的土壤温度无明显影响,且农田0~25 cm土层土壤积温差异也不显著,相同覆膜方式下不同灌水水平间有显著差异,随着灌水水平的降低土壤积温增加;一膜两年用地膜覆盖方式下玉米籽粒产量和WUE与两种新膜覆盖方式相当,中灌水水平下WUE最高,达到17.89kg·mm-1,且在低灌水水平下获得籽粒产量显著高于传统覆膜处理,一膜两年用覆盖、灌溉定额5 700 m3·hm-2较传统耕作覆膜、灌水定额5 700 m3hm-2处理的玉米产量高出16.39%。说明,一膜两年用地膜覆盖在玉米播种到拔节期的增温效应低于新膜覆盖,但并不影响籽粒产量的形成,且在存在水分胁迫的低灌水水平下一膜两年用覆盖模式可减缓干旱胁迫,提高作物籽粒产量,是适于西北绿洲灌区的具有较好经济效益和生态效益的覆膜农田管理新技术。     

井灌区节水灌溉效率与潜力分析——以内蒙古通辽市为例

在对内蒙古通辽市井灌区水资源利用现状和农业灌区用水现状进行实际调查与分析的基础上,按不同灌溉方式、土壤类型、分布位置和灌溉管理水平选择典型样点灌区,分别用田间实测法和水量平衡法科学地测算不同灌溉方式下的样点灌区、灌区和地区的灌溉水利用效率,并分析评估样点灌区、灌区和地区三个尺度的节水效果与潜力。测算得出通辽市所辖的奈曼旗、科尔沁左翼中旗、科尔沁区、开鲁县、库伦旗、科尔沁左翼后旗、扎鲁特旗和霍林郭勒市灌溉水利用系数分别为0.799、0.832、0.813、0.803、0.823、0.806、0.802和0.810。。现状年通辽市地下水灌溉总面积为64万hm~2,其中节水灌溉面积为30万hm~2,还有34万hm~2农田使用传统的灌溉形式。假定未来34万hm~2待改造农田全部发展为低压管灌时,通辽市64万hm~2灌溉面积可节约水量3 860万m~3;全部发展为喷灌时,可节约水量8 298万m~3;全部发展为膜下滴灌时,可节约水量10 904万m~3。各灌区灌溉水利用效率的高低主要取决于不同灌溉方式的面积占总灌溉面积的比例,采用高效节水灌溉可整体提升灌区灌溉效率。     

起垄沟播和常规平播下滴灌棉田土壤水盐的运移

为明确滴灌条件下植棉方式对土壤水盐运移的影响,采用田间调查与室内分析相结合的方法,在滨海重度盐碱地开展了起垄沟播和常规平播植棉方式下的水盐运移试验,调查了滴灌前后两种植棉方式不同点位及不同土壤深度的土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率等指标,分析不同植棉方式土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率的时空分布特征。结果表明：滴灌条件下起垄沟播的水分入渗深度和盐分淋洗深度均明显大于常规平播植棉方式,起垄沟播植棉膜下(0~20 cm)土壤溶液电导率明显低于常规平播植棉;滴灌对两种种植方式膜外土壤水分和盐分运移未产生明显影响。起垄沟播联合滴灌技术更有利于为棉花生长的水盐环境。研究结果可为盐碱地植棉提供理论参考和实践依据。     

地面灌溉水流运动数值模拟研究述评

对近10多年来地面灌溉水流运动数值模拟方面的国内外研究进展进行了归类整理,并就目前研究中存在的不足和未来急待深入研究的问题进行了探讨,认为在今后的研究中应把地面灌溉入渗参数和糙率的确定问题,不同地区和作物条件下合理的田块尺寸与灌水要素的优化组合研究及经济合理的田间土地平整度及平地模式的研究,长畦分段灌、阶式水平畦灌、覆膜灌溉条件下的水流运动和合理灌水技术指标的研究,浑水灌溉和土壤气阻对地面灌溉水流运动的影响机理研究等作为重点内容。     

不同覆盖模式下土壤返盐及水盐运移规律

干旱地区地表蒸发引起土壤水分的散失是造成盐分表聚的重要原因之一,土壤表层进行覆盖处理可改变地表结构,从而影响土壤水分蒸发和盐分迁移过程,本研究旨在通过野外田间试验,研究不同覆盖模式下土壤返盐及水盐运移规律。结果表明:土壤表层进行不同覆盖处理均可有效抑制土壤水分蒸发,土壤保水效果为:覆砂+覆膜覆秸秆+覆砂覆砂覆秸秆+覆膜无覆盖(CK);随土层深度的增加,土壤含水率减小的趋势逐渐减缓。不同覆盖处理也可有效抑制土壤盐分表聚,缩小盐分在土壤中迁移的范围;覆盖处理的土壤盐分向上迁移主要发生在0~20 cm范围内,无覆盖处理在0~35 cm范围内,覆盖后可较好地抑制土壤返盐。综合考虑认为砂石覆盖模式是较适合该试验区的覆盖模式。     

Quantifying the impacts of soil water stress on the winter wheat growth in an arid region, Xinjiang

Wheat growth in response to soil water deficit play an important role in yield stability. A field experiment was conducted for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the period of 2002-2005 to evaluate the effects of limited irrigation on winter wheat growth. 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% and 40% of field capacity was applied at different stages of crop growth. Photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat, such as photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil water content, root and shoot dry mass accumulation were measured, and the root water uptake and water balance in different layer were calculated. Based on the theory of unsaturated dynamic, a one-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the effect of soil water movement on winter wheat growth using Hydrus-1 D. The soil water content of stratified soil in the experimental plot was calculated under deficit irrigation. The results showed that, in different growing periods, evapotranspiration, grain yield, biomass, root water up- take, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic characteristics depended on the controlled ranges of soil water content. Grain yield response to irrigation varied considerably due to differences in soil moisture contents and irrigation scheduling between seasons. Evapotranspiration was largest in the high soil moisture treatment, and so was the biomass, but this treatment did not produce the highest grain yield and root water uptake was relatively low. Maximum depth of root water uptake is from the upper 80 cm in soil profile in jointing stage and dropped rapidly upper 40 cm after heading stage, and the velocity of root water uptake in latter stage was less than that in middle stage. The effect of limited irrigation treatment on photosynthesis was complex owing to microclimate. But root water uptake increased linearly with harvest yield and improvement in the latter gave better root water uptake under limited irrigation conditions. Appropriately controlled soil wate     

膜下滴灌滴水流量对棉花根系分布的影响

为探明膜下滴灌条件下滴水流量对棉花根系分布的影响,采用田间定位试验,设置3组滴水流量,分别为1.69 L·h^-1（W169）、3.46 L·h^-1（W346）和6.33 L·h^-1（W633）,分析膜下滴灌土壤水吸力对棉花根系空间分布特征的影响。结果表明：滴水流量越大,膜外裸地和膜内土壤的基质吸力越小,边行棉花根系吸水受到的胁迫程度也越小,W633处理膜下根区土壤水吸力分布均匀且适合棉花生长,棉花根长密度水平分布不论是初期还是后期均呈双峰抛物线分布;棉花根重密度呈现出相同的变化规律,内、边行棉花根重密度在花期、铃期、吐絮期的差值分别为42.26、-0.22、97.40 g·m^-3。当滴水流量越小时,膜外裸地的基质吸力大于膜内土壤的基质吸力,致使边行棉花的根系吸水受到较大胁迫,W169处理棉花根长密度水平分布由生育初期的双峰抛物线分布变为后期的单峰抛物线分布;内、边行棉花根重密度在花期、铃期、吐絮期的差值分别为299.70、304.86、369.84 g·m^-3。表明随着滴水流量的增加,膜下滴灌行间棉花根系生长更加均匀,研究结果可为棉花膜下滴灌系统设计提供技术参考。     

长期咸水滴灌对灰漠土理化性质及棉花生长的影响

为揭示长期咸水滴灌对灰漠土物理化学特性及棉花生长的影响,研究了咸水灌溉11 a后土壤盐分、容重、水力特性、棉花耐盐生理特征及产量。试验设置3个灌溉水盐度水平:0.35 dS·m~(-1)(淡水)、4.61 dS·m~(-1)(微咸水)和8.04 dS·m~(-1)(咸水)。研究表明:与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加土壤容重、盐分、pH值和土壤含水量,显著降低土壤孔隙度、全氮和有机质含量;土壤饱和导水率在微咸水和咸水灌溉处理下分别较淡水处理降低45%和60%,体积含水率随着灌溉水盐度的增加而增大;与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著降低棉花叶面积、叶水势、气孔导度、叶绿素含量和干鲜质量比,其中叶水势分别较淡水处理下降43.34%和63.46%;微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加棉花叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量,同时SOD、POD和CAT活性也显著增加,脯氨酸含量分别较淡水灌溉增加69.52%和212%;棉花总生物量在微咸水和咸水灌溉处理下分别较淡水灌溉处理降低14.15%和32.88%;籽棉产量分别较淡水灌溉降低12.6%和25.7%。综上所述,长期的微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加土壤盐分含量、降低土壤养分含量,土壤水分的可利用性也显著下降,导致棉花生物量和产量降低。