磷肥对小麦籽粒HMW-GS积累及GMP粒度分布的影响

在112.5 kg hm^-2和225 kg hm^-2两种氮水平下,检测了施磷量对强筋小麦山农12籽粒高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)积累及谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)粒度分布的调控效应。结果表明,小麦籽粒HMW-GS在花后14 d已形成, 成熟期籽粒HMW-GS含量表现为施磷处理高于不施磷处理。在低氮条件下,施磷有助于HMW-GS的积累,而在正常施氮条件下过多施磷则不利于其积累。在低氮条件下,粒径<10 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比随施磷量增加而显著降低;在正常氮水平下,施磷降低粒径<10 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比,其效应表现施磷0 kg hm^-2处理最大,其次为施磷40 kg hm^-2和100 kg hm^-2处理,施磷160 kg hm^-2处理最小。两种施氮水平下分别增施磷肥,粒径在10~100 μm和>100 μm GMP颗粒的体积百分比均呈现随磷肥用量增加而增加的趋势。在正常氮水平下,各施磷处理间籽粒中GMP颗粒数目百分比无明显差异。成熟期籽粒中HMW-GS含量与粒径<10 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比呈显著负相关,而与10~100 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比呈显著正相关。说明较大粒径GMP颗粒具有较高的HMW-GS含量。     

不同钾肥用量对长绒棉养分吸收、分配和利用的影响

 南疆长绒棉高产区,不同钾肥处理下长绒棉氮、磷、钾的吸收符合Logistic生长函数模型。各处理棉花钾素的吸收集中在出苗后的60~110 d内,在这50 d左右时间内吸收钾的量占生育期总吸收量的近60%。在一定范围内增加钾肥的用量可以促进棉株对氮、磷养分的吸收。棉株对氮、磷、钾的吸收速率均呈一单峰曲线,钾素吸收速率在出苗后80～85 d达到速率最大值;氮素的吸收速率明显高于钾和磷素吸收速率;与氮、钾不同的是,磷吸收峰相对平缓,施用钾肥对磷素吸收速率没有明显影响。吐絮期棉铃中的钾、氮、磷素随施钾量的增加在一定范围内均有所增加,施钾对棉铃的生长发育有一定的影响。氮素分配总体规律和钾素分配一致,施用钾肥对长绒棉磷素各器官的分配影响不大。合理施用钾肥,可以显著提高长绒棉的皮棉产量,明显促进棉株对氮、磷养分的吸收,过量施用钾肥会降低钾肥的利用效率。     

氮磷钾配施对小麦植株养分吸收利用和产量的影响

采用大田试验,研究了不同氮水平与磷、钾配施对小麦植株氮磷钾含量、土壤速效氮磷钾含量和产量的影响。结果表明,在低氮（135kg N/hm ²）、中氮（225kg N/hm ²）和高氮（315kg N/hm ²）与2个磷钾用量（P₂O₅-K₂O,90-120、135-180kg/hm ²）处理组合中,各处理不同生育时期植株干重、氮钾含量、氮钾累积量随供氮水平提高而增高;等氮条件下,增施磷钾使植株含氮量降低,植株氮、磷和钾累积量随磷钾用量增加而增多。各施肥处理生育期间土壤碱解氮含量呈波动性变化,表现为起身期较冬前降低,起身至开花期不断增高,开花期至灌浆期明显下降,灌浆期至成熟期有所回升的特征。随生育进程,各处理土壤速效磷含量不断降低,土壤速效钾含量呈“V”字形变化,在开花期达到谷底。高氮水平各生育时期的土壤速效磷、钾含量低于低氮处理;等氮水平下增施磷、钾肥处理的土壤速效磷、钾含量提高。单位面积穗数随供氮增多而增加,穗粒数和千粒重以中氮处理最高;产量表现与穗数相似,但中、高氮处理差异较小。等氮水平下,增施磷钾可明显改善各产量构成因素和产量。随供氮增多,单位氮素生产子粒能力降低,氮肥利用率下降;单位磷、钾素生产子粒能力随氮素用量增多呈低—高—低变化。研究表明,中氮（225kg N/hm ²）配施磷钾（P₂O₅-K₂O,90-120kg/hm ²或135-180kg/hm ²）有利于调节生育期间土壤养分供应,改善植株养分吸收、干物质生产和产量形成能力。     

高花青素甘薯新品种‘绵紫薯9号’优化施肥技术研究

为筛选出川中丘陵区高花青素甘薯新品种‘绵紫薯9号’适宜的施肥量,采用三元二次通用组合正交设计方法,研究氮、磷和钾施用量对‘绵紫薯9号’鲜薯产量和花青素含量的影响。结果表明：块根鲜薯产量和花青素含量三元二次回归方程的回归项均达到了极显著水平,干物质率三元二次回归方程的回归项未达到显著水平。3种施肥因素对鲜薯产量的影响依次为氮素>磷素>钾素,对块根花青素含量的影响依次为钾素>氮素>磷素。鲜薯产量大于37500 kg/hm²优化施肥量：氮素207.27~218.22 kg/hm²,磷素97.18~147.11 kg/hm²,钾素207.27~218.22 kg/hm²;块根花青素含量大于102 mg/100 g以上优化施肥量：氮素126.16~158.43 kg/hm²,磷素110.13~136.74 kg/hm²,钾素119.62~151.69 kg/hm²。     

钾对不同类型水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

以常规粳稻武运粳7号、武香粳14和杂交粳稻86优8号、泗优422为材料,研究了钾对水稻氮素吸收、分配和利用的影响。结果表明,钾对水稻有明显增产效应,增产率4.56%~14.77%;钾提高了水稻不同生育阶段植株吸氮量,以拔节期到抽穗期氮素积累增量最大,但吸氮比例下降;钾促进了抽穗后氮素转运量和转运率,提高了氮素在不同器官分配量及叶片、穗分配比例,但降低了茎鞘分配比例;钾增强了植株对肥料氮吸收,基肥氮素利用率、全生育期氮素利用率和氮素收获指数显著增长,但降低了植株氮生产效率;以180 kg hm^-2K₂O处理产量最高,氮素积累量、转运量和转运率以及不同器官分配量最大,基肥氮素利用效率、植株对肥料氮吸收量和全生育期氮素利用率最大,但拔节期到抽穗期氮素吸收比例、茎鞘氮素分配比例和植株氮生产效率最低;常规粳稻产量高于杂交粳稻,其氮素利用率相对较大。     

减氮条件下分期施钾对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为探究钾肥分期施用对冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响,确定减氮条件下冬小麦高产高效的钾肥运筹方案,本试验选用高产强筋冬小麦品种藁优5766作为试验材料,于2018—2020年度冬小麦生长季,采用二因素随机区组设计,设置3个施氮水平:常规施氮水平(240 kg hm^–2, N1)、减氮20%(192 kg hm^–2, N2)、减氮40%(144 kg hm^–2, N3),两种钾肥运筹方案:钾肥全部底施(K1)和分期施钾(底施50%、拔节期追施50%, K2)。结果表明,相同钾肥运筹方案下, N2处理的籽粒产量与N1处理无显著差异, N3处理的籽粒产量比N1处理显著降低,降幅达9.0%～11.6%。在相同施氮水平下,分期施钾可显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。与K1处理相比, K2处理显著抑制硝态氮向深层土壤的淋溶,增加冬小麦植株氮素积累量,提高旗叶光合速率和硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒灌浆速率、穗粒数和千粒重;籽粒产量和氮素利用效率在常规施氮水平下两年度分别提高21.7%和20.2%,在减氮20%水平下两年度分别提高26.9%和...     

滨海盐碱地玉米施肥效应及土壤供肥潜力研究

在典型滨海盐碱地区,采用随机区组试验设计,研究了玉米需肥特性、施肥效应及土壤供肥能力,以期为滨海盐碱地区合理施肥提供参考。结果表明,玉米籽粒养分含量平均为：N 1.224%,P2 O50.480%,K2 O 0.377%;秸秆养分含量平均为：N 0.820%,P2 O50.142%,K2 O 2.552%;生产100 kg经济产量所需养分量平均为：N 1.92 kg,P2 O50．60 kg,K2 O 2.55 kg。肥料增产率高低顺序为氮肥(44.39%)>磷肥(13.79%)>钾肥(6.55%);每千克氮、磷、钾肥可分别增产9.44,8.38,2.83 kg籽粒;玉米氮、磷、钾肥当季利用率分别为19.96%,5.60%,30.64%。通过建立玉米施肥效应模型,获得本试验条件下最佳经济施肥量为氮(N)348.5 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)133.6 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)19.1 kg/hm2。本试验条件下土壤氮、磷、钾养分校正系数分别为52.06%,190.30%,32.67%;氮、磷、钾肥相对产量分别为69.26%,87.88%,93.85%,土壤养分丰缺程度氮处于低水平,磷、钾处于中等水平,高低顺序为钾肥>磷肥>氮肥。因此,滨海盐碱地区玉米施肥应重视氮、磷肥的施用,不施或少施钾肥,即可获得高产并取得较高的经济效益。     

不同地力条件下不同养分水平对超级稻产量及养分利用率的影响

在不同土壤养分条件下,对氮、磷、钾三大营养元素设置不同水平施用量,研究地力条件和养分水平对超级稻产量和养分利用率的影响。结果表明:随着施氮量的增加,产量呈现先升后降的趋势,平均以施180 kg/hm2产量最高。土壤氮素背景值与空白区产量呈正相关关系,R=0.8930,也就是说土壤氮含量高,不施氮肥水稻也能高产。氮素利用率与施氮水平呈极显著的负相关关系,与土壤背景氮呈单峰曲线关系。氮素收获指数随施氮水平的提高而下降,土壤氮含量对其并无影响。在土壤严重缺磷和钾素情况下,施磷钾有显著的增产效果,产量和施肥量有正相关关系,R分别为0.9841和0.9408,随着土壤磷素和钾素量的上升,施肥增产效果逐渐下降,在土壤含磷>10 mg/kg状态下甚至出现施磷减产的现象。磷钾肥农学利用率和表观利用率与其施用量呈极显著负相关,磷肥R分别为-0.9611和-0.9049,钾肥R分别为-0.9534和-0.9472,生理利用率受土壤背景值影响,与施用量的关系表观较复杂。磷肥农学利用率、表观利用率均与土壤背景磷含量呈单峰曲线关系,以土壤磷含量在少量缺乏的情况下,磷肥利用率最高。钾肥农学利用率与土壤含钾量的关系和磷肥相似,但其表观利用...     

化肥减量配施有机肥对粤西地区水稻产量和养分利用的影响

针对水稻生产过程中化肥施用过量、养分吸收利用率低和面源污染风险高等问题,通过研究化肥减量配施有机肥对植株养分吸收量、肥料偏生产力、土壤养分平衡以及水稻产量的影响,提出稳产条件下适宜的化肥施用量以及有机无机肥配比措施,以期为水稻化肥减量增效与土壤培肥提供理论依据。本研究于2021年在粤西地区早稻生长季开展田间试验,研究了当地4种优化施肥方式：优化施肥处理(OPT)、增有机肥处理+化肥减量处理1 (OM1)、增施有机肥处+化肥减量处理2 (OM2)、增施有机肥处+化肥减量处理3 (OM3)对水稻产量、肥料偏生产力以及养分平衡的影响,从生产目标、环境效应和土壤肥力进行综合评价。结果表明：不同施肥方式下水稻籽粒产量和谷杆比分别在5667～5967 kg/hm²和1.09～1.31之间,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥偏生产力分别在30.4～47.2、96.0～122.1、47.2～105.9 kg/kg之间;农田氮素、磷素、钾素表观平衡在54.2～115.3、17.1～29.8、1.2～67.0 kg/hm²之间。4种施肥措施氮素、磷素和钾素平衡均处于盈余状态。在增...     

不同施肥量对稻田一年生黑麦草产量及氮磷钾吸收的影响

通过大田试验,研究不同施肥量对黑麦草产量及养分吸收的影响,找到南方稻田种植黑麦草的最佳基肥肥料配比。氮、磷、钾肥施用量分别设4个水平,试验设11个处理。测定每次刈割黑麦草的干草产量和氮、磷、钾养分含量,计算氮磷钾的养分吸收量。结果表明：花岗岩发育的水稻土上种植黑麦草,施肥尤其是氮肥能增加黑麦草的株高和产量;基施磷肥和追施氮肥能促进黑麦草的再生。增加氮、磷肥施用量,黑麦草氮、磷含量也增加,钾肥施用达到一定量后,再增加施用量,黑麦草钾含量变化不大。增加氮、磷、钾肥的施用能提高黑麦草氮、磷、钾的吸收量。南方花岗岩发育的水稻土上种植黑麦草的N、P、K肥基肥最佳施用量（折纯）分别为：210.0 kg/hm² N、108.0 kg/hm² P₂O₅、117.5 kg/hm² K₂O。     

长江流域直播冬油菜氮磷钾硼肥施用效果

冬油菜直播种植的推广应用对提高我国油菜籽总产量和保障食用油安全有重要意义。2009-2010年度在长江流域6个冬油菜主产省布置36个大田试验,研究当前生产条件下我国直播冬油菜的氮磷钾硼肥施用效果和肥料利用率,比较农民习惯施肥与推荐施肥的差异,并与移栽油菜施肥效果进行对比,以探讨直播冬油菜的施肥管理措施。结果显示,在推荐施肥量和施肥方法条件下,氮磷钾硼肥配合施用(NPKB)处理直播冬油菜的油菜籽产量和产值平均分别为2001 kghm^–2和8205元hm^–2,显著高于农民习惯施肥(FFP)处理,施用效果为N > P > B > K。NPKB配合施用显著促进直播冬油菜的养分吸收,N、P、K累积量分别为104.2、20.4和160.2 kg hm^–2。NPKB配施条件下,直播冬油菜的氮、磷、钾肥表观利用率平均分别为35.8%、22.3%和45.9%,明显高于农民习惯施肥的20.8%、7.2%和28.0%。说明合理施肥对直播冬油菜生产有重要作用,现阶段应积极推行氮磷钾硼肥配施技术,并根据生长发育特点和养分吸收规律调整肥料的施用时期和比例。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中施肥对饲料产量、养分吸收与土壤性质的影响

大田试验条件下采用苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)与黑麦草(Lolium L.)轮作,分别设CK(不施肥)、NP(施氮磷肥)、NK(施氮钾肥)、PK(施磷钾肥)、NPK(施氮磷钾肥) 5个处理研究施肥对饲草产量、养分吸收及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾肥配施显著提高苏丹草与黑麦草鲜草产量,2005—2006年与2006—2007年两季饲草分别为162.7 t hm^-2、114.9 t hm^-2,分别比同期PK、NK、NP处理增产312.9%、26.9%、17.9%和338.5%、20.3%、17.2%。施肥影响饲草的氮、磷、钾含量,且氮磷钾配施可以改善饲草养分吸收,2005—2006年NPK处理的饲草N、P、K吸收量分别为500 kg hm^-2、91 kg hm^-2和997 kg hm^-2,2006—2007年NPK处理的饲草N、P、K吸收量分别为312 kg hm^-2、56 kg hm^-2和402 kg hm^-2。轮作系统中,氮磷钾肥配施条件下氮、磷盈余最少,而钾亏缺。在苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,随着种植次数的增多,各施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮均有不同程度上升,施磷(NPK、NP、PK)处理的速效磷、施钾(NPK、NK、PK)处理的速效钾均有上升,而NK处理的速效磷、NP处理的速效钾略有下降。     

氮素实时管理对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响

为实现氮素效率和小麦产量的协同提高,以山东省泰安市和兖州市为试验地点,连续2年在4个田块上进行了基于土壤硝态氮测试的氮素实时管理试验。与农民习惯施肥相比,优化施氮处理提高产量0.87%～10.44%,平均5.82%;而氮肥用量减少38.61%～53.29%,平均46.70%;氮素吸收效率、氮素表观利用率和氮素农学效率分别增加36.67%～85.69%、58.49%～267.69%和34.16%～410.58%;氮肥偏生产力升高74.23%～124.87%;产/投比提高78.50%～112.09%。说明应用土壤硝态氮测试进行小麦氮肥实时实地管理达到了减少氮肥用量,提高氮素利用效率,增加产量和经济效益的目的。     

Drip Irrigation Frequency: The Effects and Their Interaction with Nitrogen Fertilization on Sandy Soil Water Distribution, Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency Under Egyptian Conditions

Irrigation frequency is one of the most important factors in drip irrigation scheduling that affects the soil water regime, the water and fertilization use efficiency and the crop yield, although the same quantity of water is applied. Therefore, field experiments were conducted for 2 years in the summer season of 2005 and 2006 on sandy soils to investigate the effects of irrigation frequency and their interaction with nitrogen fertilization on water distribution, grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of two white grain maize hybrids (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted by using a randomized complete block split‐split plot design, with four irrigation frequencies (once every 2, 3, 4 and 5 days), two nitrogen levels (190 and 380 kg N ha^?1), and two maize hybrids (three‐way cross 310 and single cross 10) as the main‐plot, split‐plot, and split‐split plot treatments respectively. The results indicate that drip irrigation frequency did affect soil water content and retained soil water, depending on soil depth. Grain yield with the application of 190 kg N ha^?1 was not statistically different from that at 380 kg N ha^?1 at the irrigation frequency once every 5 days. However, the application of 190 kg N ha^?1 resulted in a significant yield reduction of 25 %, 18 % and 9 % in 2005 and 20 %, 13 % and 6 % in 2006 compared with 380 kg N ha^?1 at the irrigation frequencies once every 2, 3 and 4 days respectively. The response function between yield components and irrigation frequency treatments was quadratic in both growing seasons except for 100‐grain weight, where the function was linear. WUE increased with increasing irrigation frequency and nitrogen levels, and reached the maximum values at once every 2 and 3 days and at 380 kg N ha^?1. In order to improve the WUE and grain yield for drip‐irrigated maize in sandy soils, it is recommended that irrigation frequency should be once every 2 or 3 days at the investigated nitrogen levels of 380 kg N ha^?1 regardless of maize varieties. However, further optimization with a reduced nitrogen application rate should be aimed at and will have to be investigated.     

养分专家系统推荐施肥对潮土夏玉米产量及肥料效率的影响

为实现潮土区夏玉米科学施肥, 通过2年田间试验研究了玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米产量、收益、养分积累量及肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明, 沙壤质潮土夏玉米施肥两年增产6.55%~39.32%和5.53%~21.19%, 玉米养分专家系统和Agro Services International Inc推荐施肥较农户习惯施肥分别增产4.06%和5.04%, 增收21.90%和27.44%。基于玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥的氮、磷、钾肥农学效率分别为11.46、25.89和9.93 kg kg^-1, 氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别为41.13%、31.48%和50.35%, 化肥偏生产力平均为36.62 kg kg^-1。玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了沙壤质潮土区夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量, 促进了氮磷钾的吸收利用, 增加了干物质积累量, 具有增产增收效应, 肥料利用效率较高, 可作为该地区夏玉米推荐施肥方法推广应用。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on nitrate leaching in relation to grain yield response on loamy sand in Sweden

High rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer may increase N leaching with drainage, especially when there is no further crop response. It is often discussed whether leaching is affected only at levels that no longer give an economic return, or whether reducing fertilization below the economic optimum could reduce leaching further. To study nitrate leaching with different fertilizer N rates (0–135 kg N ha⁻¹) and grain yield responses, field experiments in spring oats were conducted in 2007, 2008 and 2009 on loamy sand in south-west Sweden. Nitrate leaching was determined from nitrate concentrations in soil water sampled with ceramic suction cups and measured discharge at a nearby measuring station. The results showed that nitrate leaching per kg grain produced had its minimum around the economic optimum, here defined as the fertilization level where each extra kg of fertilizer N resulted in a 10 kg increase in grain yield (85% DM). There were no statistically significant differences in leaching between treatments fertilized below this level. However, N leaching was significantly elevated in some of the treatments with higher fertilization rates and the increase in nitrate leaching from increased N fertilization could be described with an exponential function. According to this function, the increase was <0.04 kg kg⁻¹ fertilizer N at and below the economic optimum. Above this fertilization level, the nitrate leaching response gradually increased as the yield response ceased and the increase amounted to 0.1 and 0.5 kg kg⁻¹ when the economic optimum was exceeded by 35 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively. The economic optimum fertilization level depends on the price relationship between grain and fertilizer, which in Sweden can vary between 5:1 and 15:1. In other words, precision fertilization that provides no more or no less than a 10 kg increase in grain yield per kg extra N fertilizer can be optimal for both crop profitability and the environment. To predict this level already at fertilization is a great challenge, and it could be argued that rates should be kept down further to ensure that they are not exceeded due to overestimation of the optimum rate. However, the development of precision agriculture with new tools for prediction may reduce this risk.     

The Effect of Fertilizer Type and Level of N Fertilization Before and After Grassland Renewal on N Leaching Losses

When grassland is ploughed and reseeded this results in an increased mineralization of organically bound nitrogen (N) in the soil. Greater amounts of nitrate in autumn are at risk of being leached during the winter half of the year. In two field experiments, nitrate leaching was measured over 2 years after reseeding of a 9‐year‐old grassland field in spring on a sandy soil in northwest Germany. During the experiments, major management factors that can influence the intensity of mineralization were varied: Type of fertilizer, mineral N fertilizer or organic manure, and the level of fertilization, 0, 160 or 320 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹, before renewal of the grassland, and level of fertilization, 0, 160 or 320 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in mineral form, after renewal of the grassland. The type of fertilization as well as the level of N fertilization before ploughing had no significant effect on the soil mineral nitrogen content (SMN) in autumn and N leaching in the year following the grassland renewal. N fertilizer level after sward renovation had a significant effect on the nitrate leaching losses in the two following years. Fertilization at a rate of 320 kg N ha⁻¹ resulted in leaching losses of 7 and 61 kg N ha⁻¹ in the first and second subsequent years, respectively. At fertilizer rates of 0 and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ leaching losses were lower than 5 kg N ha⁻¹. It is concluded that for mown grassland no restriction of the N fertilization before the renovation of the sward is necessary to reduce the nitrate leaching risk as long as the amount of N fertilized does not exceed the N‐uptake by the crop. Similarly, the N fertilization after the sward renewal does not bear a particular leaching risk.     

稻麦连作中超高产栽培小麦和水稻的养分吸收与积累特征

以2个小麦品种和2个水稻品种为材料,大田种植,稻麦连作,重复2年, 设置超高产栽培和当地高产栽培两种栽培模式,旨在探明超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累特征。超高产栽培中,采用实地氮肥管理及水稻轻干湿交替灌溉和小麦控制土壤水分灌溉等关键技术。与当地高产栽培(小麦产量< 8 t hm^-2,水稻产量< 10 t hm^-2)相比,超高产栽培(小麦产量> 9 t hm^-2,水稻产量> 12 t hm^-2)小麦和水稻的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)总吸收量显著增加,并表现为拔节前的吸收和积累量显著降低,拔节至开花、开花至成熟的吸收积累量显著提高。超高产栽培的N、P、K的总吸收量,小麦分别为265、58和256 kg hm^-2,水稻分别为256、79和321 kg hm^-2。上述3种元素于生育中后期(拔节至成熟)的吸收量占总吸收量的比例,小麦为50%~60%,水稻为60%~-70%。超高产栽培显著提高了N、P、K偏生产力(产量/N、P、K施用量)、养分吸收的养分籽粒生产率(籽粒产量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量)和养分收获指数(籽粒N、P、K吸收量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量),降低了生产单位籽粒产量的养分吸收量(成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量/籽粒产量)。本研究结果显示,超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累具有生育前期较低、生育中期和后期较高的特点,且养分吸收利用效率提高。     

不同施氮水平对超高产夏玉米氮磷钾积累与分配的影响

为探明不同施氮水平下玉米超高产(≥13 500 kg hm^-2)群体氮磷钾积累及分配规律,通过苏玉20、浚单20两品种3年不同氮肥运筹方案的试验,实现了籽粒最高产量14 753 kg hm^-2的目标。结果表明：(1)随着生育进程,两品种氮磷钾在植株、籽粒中积累逐渐增大,在叶片、茎秆、叶鞘中呈先单峰变化趋势,叶片氮钾峰值在大口期,磷峰值在开花期。增大灌浆期植株氮积累量及叶片氮转移率,促使成熟期籽粒氮磷较大积累量,利于超高产玉米群体的形成。(2)籽粒产量、1 kg氮生产籽粒量、氮肥的农学效率、氮素利用率、植株(及叶片、茎秆、叶鞘、籽粒等器官)氮磷钾含量在450 kg hm^-2施氮水平时达到最大值,其值(苏玉20)分别为14753 kg hm^-2、44.0 kg、19.24%、38.63%、335.4 kg hm^-2、178.2 kg hm^-2、230.7 kg hm^-2,过高过低施氮均使氮磷钾积累量及产量下降。(3)由两品种产量与施氮水平的回归方程,确定了超高产时的最佳施氮量、超高产施氮水平和最佳施氮范围,苏玉20分别为457.0 kg hm^-2、418.3~495.7 kg hm^-2、418.5~495.4 kg hm^-2;浚单20分别为452.7 kg hm^-2(最佳施氮量)、410.8~494.6 kg hm^-2 (最佳施氮范围)。     

Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) Competition with Three Winter Cereals as Affected by Nitrogen Supply

Two field experiments were carried out in northern Greece during the 1993–94 and 1994–95 growing seasons to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) supply on interspecific competition between wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare =distichum L.) and triticale (Triticosecale). The presence of 140 S. arvensis plants m⁻² until early March (averaged over N levels) did not have any adverse effect on the dry weight of all crops. However, its further presence significantly reduced the dry weight of wheat and triticale, but not that of barley. N fertilization (150 kg N ha⁻¹ regardless of application time) slightly increased the dry weight of wheat and triticale grown without weed competition compared with that of control (0 kg N). On the contrary, the presence of wild mustard, until harvest, reduced dry weight of wheat and triticale by 31 and 26 %, respectively, while the corresponding reduction for barley was only 1.5 %. Furthermore, N fertilization (150 kg N ha⁻¹) increased dry weight of wild mustard grown with wheat and triticale by 10 and 16 %, respectively, compared with that of control (0 kg N). Grain yield of wheat and triticale was reduced to 26 and 27 % by the competition of wild mustard, respectively, while the corresponding reduction for barley was only 3.5 %. Moreover, the wild mustard presence reduced total N content of wheat and triticale by 20 and 19 %, respectively, but this was not the case for barley.