不同空间尺度上侵蚀产沙模型研究

土壤侵蚀模型在空间尺度上可以划分为坡面、小流域和区域3个不同层次。在坡面尺度上,主要考虑坡面侵蚀的垂直分带性及其相互影响;小流域尺度上,不但考虑坡面侵蚀的特点,还要考虑坡面来水来沙对沟道侵蚀产沙的影响、重力侵蚀及泥沙输移情况;在区域尺度上则主要考虑小流域各自的侵蚀产沙特点及其相互影响。因侵蚀的空间尺度不同,在建立土壤侵蚀模型时,要考虑由于空间变化所引起的侵蚀因子对侵蚀产沙响应的不同。通过分析国内外常用的不同尺度上的侵蚀产沙模型及其最新发展情况,提出模型建立中存在的问题,可以为以后建立土壤侵蚀产沙模型提供借鉴。     

黄土区不同空间尺度土壤侵蚀预报模型研究

土壤侵蚀预报模型在空间尺度上可以划分为坡面、小流域和区域三个层次。坡面尺度主要考虑坡面侵蚀的垂直分带性及其相互影响;小流域尺度不但要考虑坡面侵蚀的特点,还要考虑坡面来水来沙对沟道侵蚀产沙及泥沙输移的影响;区域尺度主要考虑小流域各自的侵蚀产沙特点及其相互影响。因侵蚀的空间尺度不同,在建立土壤侵蚀模型时,要考虑由于空间变化所引起的侵蚀因子对侵蚀产沙响应的不同。     

流域侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律研究

 侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律,是当今土壤侵蚀研究的前沿,它涉及的研究范围广泛,小到土壤颗粒,大到全球气候变化与碳循环过程。特别是不同尺度流域之间侵蚀产沙和输移,究竟有什么样的内在联系,小流域所获得的研究成果是否能推广应用到大中流域,已成为迫切需要解决的重要科学问题。有关流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究,国际上刚刚开始,国内有关流域尺度研究主要涉及于水文学领域的一些尺度研究,关于流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究不多。作者对国外当前土壤侵蚀模型的最新进展进行了综述,并对侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律进行了分析。由于具有GIS强大的空间数据管理和分析能力,它将在流域侵蚀产沙尺度变异这一侵蚀产沙的问题研究中发挥重要作用。     

MIKE-SHE与MUSLE耦合模拟小流域侵蚀产沙空间分布特征

为有效认识流域侵蚀产沙来源,并探讨MIKE-SHE在中国黄土高原区域侵蚀产沙模拟的适用性,该研究采用分布式流域水文模型MIKE-SHE与修正的土壤侵蚀模型MUSLE耦合,对黄土高原典型小流域侵蚀产沙进行了空间分布模拟与评价。研究结果表明：流域侵蚀产沙主要来自于坡耕地和村庄、厂矿及居民用地,二者对于流域次降雨侵蚀产沙贡献平均为44%和34%。对于不同地貌单元,沟坡是流域侵蚀产沙的重要来源,其侵蚀产沙贡献高达68%。总体来看,73%的流域面积无明显侵蚀特征,而约17%为强度、极强度以及剧烈侵蚀区,剧烈侵蚀区多分布于沟坡和部分斜梁坡,这与现实流域植被覆被特征及侵蚀特征基本相符。沟道重力侵蚀是影响MIKE-SHE与MUSLE耦合模拟流域出口侵蚀产沙总量精度的重要因素之一。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域侵蚀产沙的地貌分带研究

根据黄土丘陵沟壑区的侵蚀产沙规律,将晋西羊道沟小流域划分为坡面、沟坡和沟道3个大的地貌单元;并在坡面、沟坡和沟道不同的地貌部位建立了相应的侵蚀产沙关系式;在GIS空间分析的基础上,计算出流域的汇流网络,并引入到地貌分带研究中,计算结果反映了小流域不同地貌单元的侵蚀产沙规律,揭示了水沙汇流在小流域产沙中的重要意义.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区中大流域侵蚀产沙模型与尺度转换研究

由于侵蚀产沙因子时间和空间上的变异性,中大流域的侵蚀产沙过程模拟相对于小流域更为复杂化,目前已存在的物理模型和经验模型均难以很好地运用在中大流域。分析了中大流域的侵蚀产沙特点及已有的模型,认为尺度转换技术是实现大中流域侵蚀产沙模拟研究重要的途径,并对尺度转换的方法进行了探讨。     

不同尺度下冻融作用对东北黑土区产流产沙的影响

通过对东北黑土区坡面8年和小流域7年的降雨产流产沙过程观测,对比每年受冻融作用影响的降雨和其余不受冻融作用影响的降雨产流产沙的特征,研究冻融作用在坡面和小流域尺度上对东北黑土区产流产沙的影响,为东北黑土区在冻融作用下多尺度土壤侵蚀定量评价及其转换模型的建立提供科学依据。结果表明:冻融作用减小了坡面和小流域的产流,径流系数分别减小0.07和0.03,坡面产流延迟71.7%,而小流域无明显延迟。坡面和小流域土壤流失量、土壤可蚀性K值及含沙量均显著增加,更易在较小降雨侵蚀力下产生较大流失量;与不受冻融的降雨事件相比,受冻融影响的降雨事件因径流减弱,在相同降雨量下的侵蚀量低,而在相同径流深下的侵蚀量高。冻融作用在径流较小时对坡面细沟的发育及产沙影响明显,在径流较大时对小流域切沟中松散堆积物的搬运及产沙影响明显。     

砒砂岩区小流域坡沟系统地形及侵蚀分异规律

作为黄河流域典型生态脆弱区之一的砒砂岩区,水土流失治理难度大,区域地形、侵蚀在坡沟系统的分布迥异。区域土壤侵蚀研究多集中于刻画侵蚀空间分布及不同地类差异性研究,从坡沟系统细化开展研究工作较少,不能较好地为后续精细化治理提供支撑。因此,选取位于准格尔旗的3个典型砒砂岩区小流域,结合目视解译的流域沟沿线,开展了流域地形、水力侵蚀分布规律及其关联性研究。结果表明:流域地形因子分布特征与地貌特征分布一致,高值集中分布在沟道,低值则集中在坡面,且特拉沟小流域(覆沙)沟道处的地形因子统计值最大;砒砂岩典型流域水力侵蚀在坡面、沟道空间分布存在差异,流域坡面以微度侵蚀为主,占比达87%~97%,沟道微度侵蚀占比较坡面该值下降54%~72%,什卜尔泰支沟(裸露)沟道处的水力侵蚀模数均值最高,达97.5 t/(hm²·a);坡度、地表粗糙度、地表切割深度与水力侵蚀模数呈显著正相关关系(p<0.001),阳坡成为强度侵蚀以上单元的主要分布坡向,占比达56.8%~75.8%。因此,该区在后续小流域综合治理过程中,沟道及其阳坡是亟待加强的区域。     

不同尺度域的侵蚀模数

概述了点、地块、坡面、流域、区域等不同尺度域侵蚀模数的物理概念和数学表达式,分析了其相关关系;介绍了不同尺度域侵蚀模数的测定和计算模型,对今后侵蚀产沙的监测研究工作提出了建议。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域侵旬产沙的地貌分带研究

根据黄土丘陵沟壑区的侵蚀产沙规律,将晋西羊道沟小流域划分为坡面、沟坡和沟道3个大的地貌单元;并在坡面、沟坡和沟道不同的地貌部位建立了相应的侵蚀产沙关系式;在CIS空间分析的基础上,计算出流的汇流网络,并引入到地貌分带研究中,计算结果反映了小流域不同地貌单元的侵蚀产沙规律,揭示了水沙汇流的小流域产沙中的重要意义。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。