福建茶园土壤六六六和滴滴涕残留水平及来源分析

采用现场采样及室内测试方法,分析了福建茶园土壤中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）类有机氯农药（OCPs）的分布、组成和来源。结果表明,∑HCHs和∑DDTs浓度分别为0.251-1.120 ng.g^-1和0.210-2.406 ng.g^-1,属于清洁背景范围;漳浦、福鼎和福州茶园土壤∑OCPs浓度显著高于其他样点。除福州外,其他样点HCH同系物中γ-HCH相对含量最高,占HCHs总量的26.3%-76.3%。DDTs中以o,p′-DDT相对含量最高,为34.7%-60.8%。0-15 cm土壤HCHs和DDTs浓度（分别为0.593 ng.g^-1和1.340 ng.g^-1）均高于15-30 cm（0.451 ng.g^-1和0.862 ng.g^-1）。除福州β-（/α＋γ）-HCH和α-/γ-HCH值较高外,其他样点均较低,表明福州HCHs为历史污染,其他样点均存在HCHs新输入,并可能存在林丹的使用或输入;除福鼎p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT值较高外,其他样点均较低,表明除福鼎外其他样点均有DDTs的新输入;o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT值均较高,表明可能有大量三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入。     

河西走廊及兰州地区土壤中典型有机氯农药残留研究

应用Agilent7890-5975CGC-MSD对甘肃省河西走廊及兰州地区17个表层土壤样品中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）的残留水平进行分析,并对其来源进行初步解析。研究结果表明：研究区土壤中DDTs残留范围为0.22~53.69ng·g-1,平均值为8.58ng·g-1;HCHs残留范围为0.07~9.16ng·g-1,平均值为1.32ng·g-1;DDTs的残留较HCHs占优势,约占二者总残留量的87%。（DDE＋DDD）/DDT比值介于0.12~0.48之间,平均值为0.27,o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT比值在0.11~0.79之间,平均值为0.34,表明研究区土壤中的DDTs主要来源于工业源DDTs残留。α-HCH/γ-HCH介于0.64~15.5间,平均值为3.19,可推断研究区近期内不存在HCHs的使用,土壤中的HCHs残留主要来源于历史上工业HCHs和林丹的共同输入。与国内外其他地区土壤相比,该地区HCHs和DDTs的残留量处于较低水平;依照土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）的要求,研究区各采样点土壤环境处于相对安全的状态。     

福州地区不同土地利用类型土壤中六六六和滴滴涕的残留特征

采集福州地区106个表层土壤样品,运用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-μECD）,分析了不同土地类型土壤中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）残留水平、组成特征及来源。结果表明,福州土壤HCHs总浓度为0.581～66.9μg·kg-1,DDTs总浓度为0.782～110μg·kg-1。不同土地利用类型土壤中HCHs残留量为未利用地〉水田〉旱田〉草地〉林地。4种HCHs异构体中,草地、旱田和林地土壤中分别以α-HCH、β-HCH和γ-HCH相对含量最高,水田和未利用地土壤中δ-HCH含量最高。不同土地利用类型土壤中DDTs残留量为未利用地〉旱田〉水田〉林地〉草地,除未利用地土壤中相对含量最高的同系物是p,p′-DDD外,其余4种类型土壤中均是p,p′-DDE相对含量最高。来源分析表明,福州可能有林丹（主要成分为γ-HCH）输入,草地可能还有工业HCHs的输入;未利用地、旱田、林地土壤还存在新的DDTs输入,水田和草地土壤近期无工业DDTs输入;旱田、水田、未利用地可能还有少量三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入。     

Assessment,Composition and Possible Source of Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Soils from rmqi,China

Twenty-eight surface soil samples from 5 functional zones(park, traffic roadside, business/residential area, rural area, and industrial area) of¨Ur¨umqi, China were collected and analyzed for the concentrations of 14 organochlorine pesticides(OCPs), such as 3 isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs)(α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH), 4 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs)(p, p′-DDT and its metabolites p, p′-DDD(1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) and p, p′-DDE(1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chorophenyl)ethylene), and o, p′-DDT), and methoxychlor, aiming to survey the residue levels and compositions of these 14 OCPs, to identify possible sources of the OCPs, and to assess their potential risks to human health and the environment in surface soils of¨Ur¨umqi. The concentrations ranged from non-detected to 30.86 μg kg-1for HCHs(sum of α-, β-, and γ-HCH), from non-detected to 40.03 μg kg-1for DDTs(sum of p, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDD, p, p′-DDE, and o, p′-DDT), and from non-detected to 11.95 μg kg-1for methoxychlor. The total concentrations of the OCPs ranged from 16.40 to 84.86 μg kg-1, with a mean of 41.89 ± 16.25 μg kg-1. According to the measured concentrations and occurrence rates of the 14 OCPs, DDTs, HCHs, and methoxychlor were the most dominant compounds. Among the 5 functional zones, the total concentration of OCPs was in the order of rural area traffic roadside park business/residential area industrial area. The different compositions of DDTs and HCHs indicated that the residues of these compounds in most soil samples originated from historical application, besides slight recent introduction at some sampling sites. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil total organic carbon played an important role in the residue levels of HCHs, but such relationships were not found with DDTs or other OCPs. The soil quality of¨Ur¨umqi was classified as Class I based on the guidelines of the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soil(GB15618-1995), indicating that the residue levels of OCPs have little risks to the environment and human health in the study area.     

北京官厅水库有机氯农药分布特征及健康风险评价

为了研究北京官厅水库中有机氯农药（OCPs）对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,从位于官厅水库、洋河和妫水河的9个采样点采集了水样和沉积物样品,采用气相色谱法对其中的有机氯农药残留状况进行了测定。结果表明,水样中,17种有机氯化合物的总浓度范围为10．06～87．37ng·L^-1,其中六六六（HCHs,即：α—HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH和δ-HCH）和滴滴涕（DDTs,即：o,p＇-DDT、p,p’-DDT、p,p＇-DDE和p,p＇-DDD）的含量范围分别为3．93～38．94ng·L^-1和3．71～16．03ng·L^-1,官厅水库及其支流水体受到有机氯农药轻度污染,其周边地区农田排放水是水库中农药的重要来源。沉积物中有机氯农药总含量范围为8．48～24．40ng·g^-1,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量高于其他OCPs的含量,其含量范围分别为1．11～7．73ng·L^-1和2．97～10．52ng·g^-1,沉积物中六六六异构体和滴滴涕类似物的含量组成表明这些农药来自环境中的早期残留。利用健康风险评价模型对官厅水库表层水体中的OCPs所致健康风险的评价结果表明,目前官厅水库中有机氯农药类污染物对人体健康的风险处于较低水平。     

滇池周边大棚土壤中六六六和滴滴涕残留特征

采用气相色谱(ECD)对滇池周边不同年限大棚土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)残留量进行了测定, 探讨其残留分布特征。结果表明: (1)大棚种植年限对土壤中残留量影响显著, 种植年限长于10 年的大棚土壤中HCHs 和DDTs 的残留量显著高于年限短于10 年的大棚, DDTs 是有机氯农药(OCPs)的主要组成成分;短于10 年的大棚间, 土壤中HCHs 和DDTs 残留量差异不显著。(2)不同土层中, HCHs 残留量在土壤剖面上的变化趋势不明显, 而DDTs 在表层土壤(0~20 cm)中残留量显著高于下层。(3)从HCHs 和DDTs 的同系物组成来看, HCHs 以β-HCH 残留量最高, 部分样点中p,p′-DDT/(DDD+DDE)比值大于1。可判断HCHs 残留主要是过去施用的残留物, 而DDTs 仍有新的污染输入, 有待进一步调查研究。     

污染土壤中六六六和DDT在温室中的分布特征及动态变化研究

应用PUF材料空气被动采样技术,研究了密闭温室条件下污染土壤中有机氯农药[DDT和六六六（HCH）]含量的动态变化及其向空气中扩散的规律。结果表明：土壤中∑HCHs和∑DDTs总量随着培养时间的延长而降低;空气中HCH和DDT浓度在20d时达到峰值,20d以后浓度逐渐降低。培养60d后,土壤中∑HCHs的浓度随土层深度增加而增加,0~2cm土层中∑HCHs的浓度（9.4±0.69）mg·kg-1显著低于6~8cm土层中的浓度（12.11±0.83）mg·kg-1;∑DDTs在土壤中浓度随土壤层次呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。在温室条件下有机氯农药的异构体和降解产物的组成也发生一定变化,土壤中HCHs和DDTs在一定程度上被激活,温室条件也可能促进HCHs和DDTs的土-气交换过程;温室环境促进了p,p′-DDT和o,p′-DDT向p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDE转化,从而增大DDT和HCH的环境风险。     

吉林省典型工农业地区多介质样品中有机氯农药和多氯联苯分布特征

采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器分析了吉林省典型工农业地区表层土壤、水稻、玉米及稻田水样品中包括HCHs、DDTs在内的有机氯农药（OCPs）和7种多氯联苯（PCBs）指示性单体的含量。结果表明,表层土壤中OCPs（HCHs＋DDTs）平均含量排序为梅河口夏季（98.9ng·g-1）〉长春市（81.2ng·g-1）〉吉林市（72.6ng·g-1）〉梅河口秋季（25.2ng·g-1）,PCBs排序为梅河口夏季（98.7ng·g-1）〉长春市（平均61.0ng·g-1）〉吉林市（50.3ng·g-1）〉梅河口秋季（27.1ng·g-1）,梅河口土壤中PCBs异构体中以PCB28和PCB52为主;DDTs含量较高的地区为吉林市和长春市,其旱地土壤有利于DDTs的残留;所有水稻籽粒样品中均检出了HCHs和DDTs残留,水稻和玉米中HCH和DDTs的残留均低于国家食品卫生标准的限值,水稻秧苗和玉米秆茎样品中∑7PCBs含量都分别高于水稻和玉米籽粒样品中∑7PCBs含量;水稻田水中OCPs含量都低于国家地表水质标准限值。     

辽东与山东半岛土壤中有机氯农药残留特征研究

2005—2008年在辽东半岛和山东半岛15个市县采集了265个土壤样品,对其10种有机氯农药进行了分析,研究该地区土壤中硫丹、HCH和DDT残留情况及其空间分布特征。结果表明,山东半岛土壤中硫丹残留量为6.30μg kg-1,为辽东半岛的9倍;HCHs残留量为4.82μg kg-1,为辽东半岛的1.3倍;辽东半岛土壤中DDTs残留量为45.70μg kg-1,为山东半岛的2.5倍。山东半岛α-HCH、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDT的检出率均高于80%,辽东半岛β-HCH、p,p′-DDE检出率均高于80%。不同种植方式,辽东半岛土壤OCPs残留量:果园玉米地菜地草地水稻田;山东半岛土壤OCPs残留量:果园菜地玉米地麦田棉田。与国内其他地区相比,该地区硫丹残留量相对较低,HCHs和DDTs残留量超过国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-2008)一级标准的土壤样品分别占样品总数的4.53%和9.05%。     

黑藻对有机氯农药去除特性研究

水生植物在水体污染修复中所起的作用越来越受到关注。采用室内培养方法,选取常见水生植物黑藻对α-HCH、γ-HCH和p,p′-DDT的去除特性进行了研究。结果表明,黑藻对α-HCH、γ-HCH和p,p′-DDT的降解符合一级反应动力学,降解速率常数分别为0.086、0.103d-1和0.077d-1;α-HCH、γ-HCH和p,p′-DDT在黑藻中的富集系数均显著大于1,顺序为p,p′-DDT〉γ-HCH〉α-HCH,主要富集在叶中;实验样品中均检出有p,p′-DDT的厌氧降解产物p,p′-DDD生成。     

天津郊区土壤与作物中有机氯农药残留现状与来源初析

通过在天津塘沽和宁河地区野外实地采样分析,了解研究区域有机氯农药各异构体在土壤及作物各部位的残留水平,并通过特征比值推测其来源。结果表明,塘沽和宁河地区土壤中六六六的残留浓度均值分别为88.76μg·kg^-1与98.46μg·kg^-1,β-HCH占绝对优势而γ-HCH均未在土壤样品中检出,α-HCH手性分析结果显示为非消旋体,均表明土壤中六六六来自历史残留而非新近输入或林丹的使用。塘沽和宁河地区滴滴涕的残留浓度均值分别为30.87μg·kg^-1与1.30μg·kg^-1,亦来自历史残留,在个别点位可能曾使用过三氯杀螨醇。作物样品中六六六与滴滴涕的含量较高,经对数变换的生物富集系数变化范围分别为0.24～0.73与2.02～2.90。六氯苯、七氯、艾氏剂、异艾氏剂、反式氯丹、顺式氯丹、狄氏剂与异狄氏剂在大部分土壤与作物样品中也有不同程度的检出。     

崇明岛不同典型功能区表层土壤中有机氯农药分布及风险评价

通过测定崇明岛不同功能区（农场、普通农业区、城镇和自然保护区）表层土壤样品中的有机氯农药（OCPs）,对其残留现状、来源和潜在生态风险状况进行研究。结果表明,不同功能区土壤中OCPs残留水平为农场（39.2 ng.g^-1）〉普通农业区（8.0 ng.g^-1）〉城镇区（6.7 ng.g^-1）〉自然保护区（4.7 ng.g^-1）。与HCHs相比,DDTs残留污染要较高一些。不同功能地区土壤中HCHs没有新的污染源,而DDTs则仍有少量新污染源输入。农场（前进农场、富民农场）和城镇（堡镇长江边湿地）表层土壤中DDTs对鸟类和生物具有一定的生态风险,而普通农业区和自然保护区土壤中DDTs对该地区鸟类生态风险则较低。     

运用红边参数估算叶片叶绿素含量

Soil samples collected from several sites along an altitudinal transect on the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed for hexachlorobenzenes(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs).The results showed that HCHs and DDTs were found in the soil samples from the remote high altitude areas away from source regions,which confirmed the long-range atmospheric transport phenomenon of these organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) insecticides.The OCP concentrations in the soils had a significant negative correlation with altitude;they showed a trend to increase with decreasing altitude,but the increase was not continuous,being interrupted at some moderate-altitude sites on the transect.The distances from the source region,landforms,soil properties,and physical-chemical properties of OCPs were more important than total organic carbon content to the distribution of OCPs in soils disturbed by human activities.An analysis of the compositions of HCH isomers and DDTs revealed predominantly low ratios of α-HCH to γ-HCH,ranging from 0.06 to 4.79,which suggested current lindane inputs.On the other hand,low p,p-DDT/p,p-DDE and o,p-DDT/p,p-DDT ratios were observed,indicating mainly aged historical DDT residues in the study area.     

京杭大运河（徐州铜山段）沉积物表层样品中有机氯农药残留状况

京杭大运河（徐州铜山段）位于南水北调东线工程路线上,利用GC—ECD检测了该段河流7个断面上的沉积物样品中的有机氯农药含量,主要检测出六六六（HCHs）、滴滴涕（DDTs）、六氯苯等。结果表明,总有机氯农药含量范围是57．80～236．65ng·g^-1,其中HCHs、DDTs的含量较高,分别为12．19-43．08ng·g^-1和3．29-135．08ng·g^-1,从蔺家坝到解台闸沿程沉积物中有机氯农药的含量呈下降的趋势,显示有机氯农药的残留物可能主要来自于农田土壤的残留,并且近期无新的污染源输入。     

漳州土壤中有机氯农药残留研究

A soil survey was conducted in Zhangzhou City,an important agricultural region in south of the Fujian Province,China.93 surface soil samples were collected in the paddy fields,vegetable lands,orchards and tea plantations from Zhangzhou City.An additional soil profile was sampled in a paddy field as previous research had indicated high concentrations of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in the paddy fields.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs) ranged from 0.64-78.07 ng g 1 dry weight and hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs) ranged from 0.72-30.16 ng g 1 dry weight in the surface soil of the whole study region.Ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH < 4 and o,p-DDT/p,p-DDT > 1 in all soil samples suggested that lindane and dicofol were widely applied in this region in the past.Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in soils from the four land use types followed the orders:paddy fields > vegetable lands > tea plantations > orchards and tea plantations > orchards > paddy fields > vegetable lands,respectively.Analyses of the data showed no correlation(r < 0.1) between elevation and OCPs contents in paddy fields,orchards and vegetable lands,indicated no significantly different features in distribution of HCHs and DDTs in the soils from low lying plains and mountains and the unsystematic usage of OCPs,and highlighted the fragmented nature of agricultural production in Zhangzhou,as well as the reemission of OCPs from the soils,where high OCPs concentrations were found,in Longhai of Zhangzhou.In addition,no obvious relationship between the OCPs and total organic carbon(TOC)(r < 0.3) was observed in the soil profile.The mean contribution of dicofol in total DDTs was 66% in the whole Zhangzhou region.The approximate burdens of HCHs and DDTs in the surface layer of 0-20 cm were 0.44 and 1.55 t,respectively.The storage of both HCHs and DDTs in soil surface layer(0-20 cm) accounts for 40% burden of the soil layer of 0-50 cm(1.10 t HCHs and 3.87 t DDTs),in which the highest concentrations of OCPs were observed in soil profile.     

渤海湾主要入海河流入海口沉积物有机氯农药污染特征及其来源分析

本文以渤海湾主要入海河流（蓟运河、永定新河、大沽河、独流减河、子牙新河、北排河）入海河口为研究区域,利用超声提取技术,使用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）方法测定了样品中的有机氯农药的含量。研究结果表明,上述主要入海河流河口沉积物的OCPs含量在34.0～518.3 ng.g-1之间（以干质量计）,以大沽河的污染最为严重。各河流的主要OCPs分布模式不同,其中永定新河、子牙新河OCPs污染以DDTs为主,蓟运河和北排河则以HCHs为主,独流减河七氯污染最为严重。与国内外其他地区沉积物相比,该地区沉积物中OCPs污染处于较高水平。主成分分析结果表明主要入海河流中都存在着OCPs的近期输入。