Do the introductions by botanical gardens facilitate the invasion of Solidago canadensis (Asterceae) in China?

Many invasive plants have long been suspected of firstly being introduced and cultivated by a local botanical garden or nursery and then escaping into the field after adapting to the novel environment. The role of botanical gardens in the spread of invasive plants has not yet been explored experimentally. In this article, we studied the possible roles of two botanical gardens in the spread of invasive Solidago canadensis (Asterceae) in China by analysing genetic relationships of invasive and native (United States) populations with intersimple sequence repeats markers. Our results showed a high genetic variation (mean He = 0.292) and a large proportion of genetic variation (85.6%) residing within populations. Solidago canadensis was possibly introduced firstly into eastern China. The plants from Lushan Botanical Garden showed distant genetic distance from all of the other populations, suggesting that this botanical garden had little effect on the invasion of S. canadensis. Populations from Wuhan Botanical Garden in central China, however, showed close genetic relationships with local populations and populations in west and south‐west China, suggesting gene exchange between these populations. Thus, risk assessment is critical for plant introduction and conservation, as introductions of alien plants by botanical gardens may facilitate plant invasions, while plants conserved in botanical gardens may be at risk by surrounding plant invasions.     

Adjustment of precipitation measurements using Total Rain weighing Sensor(TRwS)gauges in the cryospheric hydrometeorology observation(CHOICE)system of the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

Precipitation is one of the most important indicators of climate data,but there are many errors in precipitation measurements due to the influence of climatic conditions,especially those of solid precipitation in alpine mountains and at high latitude areas.The measured amount of precipitation in those areas is frequently less than the actual amount of precipitation.To understand the impact of climatic conditions on precipitation measurements in the mountainous areas of Northwest China and the applicability of different gauges in alpine mountains,we established a cryospheric hydrometeorology observation(CHOICE)system in 2008 in the Qilian Mountains,which consists of six automated observation stations located between 2960 and 4800 m a.s.l.Total Rain weighing Sensor(TRwS)gauges tested in the World Meteorological Organization-Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment(WMO-SPICE)were used at observation stations with the CHOICE system.To study the influence of climatic conditions on different types of precipitation measured by the TRwS gauges,we conducted an intercomparison experiment of precipitation at Hulu-1 station that was one of the stations in the CHOICE system.Moreover,we tested the application of transfer functions recommended by the WMO-SPICE at this station using the measurement data from a TRwS gauge from August 2016 to December 2020 and computed new coefficients for the same transfer functions that were more appropriate for the dataset from Hulu-1 station.The new coefficients were used to correct the precipitation measurements of other stations in the CHOICE system.Results showed that the new parameters fitted to the local dataset had better correction results than the original parameters.The environmental conditions of Hulu-1 station were very different from those of observation stations that provided datasets to create the transfer functions.Thus,root-mean-square error(RMSE)of solid and mixed precipitation corrected by the original parameters increased significantly by the averages of 0.135(353%)and 0.072 mm(111%),respectively.RMSE values of liquid,solid and mixed precipitation measurements corrected by the new parameters decreased by 6%,20% and 13%,respectively.In addition,the new parameters were suitable for correcting precipitation at other five stations in the CHOICE system.The relative precipitation(RP)increment of different types of precipitation increased with rising altitude.The average RP increment value of snowfall at six stations was the highest,reaching 7%,while that of rainfall was the lowest,covering 3%.Our results confirmed that the new parameters could be used to correct precipitation measurements of the CHOICE system.     

Management of banana leafspot (Sigatoka) disease in the Windward Islands∗

Abstract

The rugged terrain and large number of smallholdings are important factors in the control of yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella musicola Mulder) in the Windward Islands. A network of reference points has been established in each island where the disease level is monitored by the simple method of Stover and Dickson (1970) and a new method that assesses early infections on the young leaves. This information is used to decide spray applications. The use of Piche evaporimeter data to forecast spray applications has been investigated and is considered useful. Several fungicides have been tested and tridemorph, biloxazol and imazalil found to give satisfactory control with a view to introducing a rotation programme to avoid the continued sole use of benzimidazole formulations and possible occurrence of tolerance.     

The metabolism of the nonionic surfactant 14C-labeled α[p-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-ω-hydroxyhexa(oxyethylene) in the goat

A goat given a single dose of ¹⁴C-labeled α-[p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-ω-hydroxyhexa(oxyethylene) ([¹⁴C]TOP-6EOH) eliminated 18% of the ¹⁴C in the urine and 77% in the feces within 96 hr after dosing. Another goat (surgically modified for total bile collection) given a single dose of [¹⁴C]TOP-6EOH eliminated 81% of the ¹⁴C in the bile, 17% in the urine, and only 6% in the feces. When ¹⁴C-bile from the animal in the second study was perfused into the small intestine of a third goat, 72% of the ¹⁴C was eliminated in the feces, 20% in the bile, and 6% in the urine within 96 hr. Eighteen different types of metabolites accounting for most of the ¹⁴C in the bile and urine were isolated, derivatized, and then characterized by mass spectral analysis. The [¹⁴C]TOP-6EOH was metabolized by: (i) oxidation of the alkyl group to give alcohols and acids, (ii) oxidation of the terminal ethylene oxide moiety to an acid, (iii) cleavage of the polyoxyethylene side chain, (iv) combinations of i–iii, and (v) conjugation of the products of i–iv.     

权威农药工具书 The Pesticide Manial (16 the dition)中译本——《农药手册》(16版)即将问世

<正>由中国化工信息中心胡笑形教授主译,英国农作物保护委员会(The British Crop Protection Council,BCPC)出版的The Pesticide Manual(16th edition)中译本《农药手册》已经完稿,将于2014年下半年由化学工业出版社正式出版发行。The Pesticide Manual是一本世界公认的权威性农药工具书。于1968年首次出版,目前已发行至第16版。该手册的特点:1涵盖的农药品种新且全。与15版(2009年)相比,16版又增加了40多个新农药化合物。其收录品种的选择是动态的,即根据品种的性能、安全环保、市场变化等因素决定取舍。本版既包含新一代农药品种,也保留了经过重新登记、目前仍适合农药需要的早期发明。正文中收录了920个农药品种,附录中收录了710个农药品种。2系     

Virulence of select entomopathogenic fungi to the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

The brown marmorated stink bug. Halyomorpha halys, (BMSB) is an exotic pest causing damage to fruits and vegetables. They also transmit diseases. Integrated pest management strategies are lacking for this invasive. For the first time, information is presented on the virulence of several entomopathogenic fungi against BMSB. Three Beauveria bassiana and two Metarhizium anispoliae isolates were bioassayed against adult BMSB. One B. bassiana isolate was the active ingredient in BotaniGard^® which produced 85 and 100% mortality in 9 and 12 days post treatment, respectively. Experimental isolates ERL 1170 and ERL 1540 were also efficacious. Metarhizium anispoliae isolates produced lower mortalities than the B. bassiana isolates. Data presented showed the potential for management of BMSB with entomopathogenic fungi. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cigar‐end disease of banana in the southern region of Oman (Dhofar)

Abstract

Cigar‐end disease of banana, Verticillium theobromae has become apparent in the southern region of Oman, and is prevalent under warm and humid conditions. Benomyl and thiabendazole were found to effectively control V. theobromae in artificially induced cigar‐end disease.     

Susceptibility to neonicotinoids and risk of resistance development in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

BACKGROUND: In recent years, outbreaks of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), have occurred more frequently in China. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility of N. lugens to neonicotinoids and other insecticides in major rice production areas in China. RESULTS: Results indicated that substantial variations in the susceptibility to different insecticides existed in N. lugens. Field populations had developed variable resistance levels to neonicotinoids, with a high resistance level to imidacloprid (RR: 135.3–301.3‐fold), a medium resistance level to imidaclothiz (RR: 35–41.2‐fold), a low resistance level to thiamethoxam (up to 9.9‐fold) and no resistance to dinotefuran, nitenpyram and thiacloprid (RR < 3‐fold). Further examinations indicated that a field population had developed medium resistance level to fipronil (up to 10.5‐fold), and some field populations had evolved a low resistance level to buprofezin. In addition, N. lugens had been able to develop 1424‐fold resistance to imidacloprid in the laboratory after the insect was selected with imidacloprid for 26 generations. CONCLUSION: Long‐term use of imidacloprid in a wide range of rice‐growing areas might be associated with high levels of resistance in N. lugens. Therefore, insecticide resistance management strategies must be developed to prevent further increase in resistance. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Studies on the biology of Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in the Bartin and Karabük regions of Turkey

The purpose of this study is to investigate the biology of Cryphalus piceae (Ratz.) (Col., Scolytidae) living in Abies bornmülleriana (Mattf.) in fir forests in the Western Black Sea region in Turkey. The dates of swarming, tree attack, egg-laying, and different stages of development are given. The species had two generations per year.     

Coexpression with Auxiliary β Subunits Modulates the Action of Tefluthrin on Rat Na(v)1.6 and Na(v)1.3 Sodium Channels

The erythrocyte, due to its role as O₂ and CO₂ transporter, is under the constant exposure to reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of 2,4-D to induce oxidative stress in blood of male wistar rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: a control group and three treated groups receiving by gavage 15, 75 and 150 mg, respectively, of 2,4-D/kg/BW/day for 28 days. Results showed that 2,4-D caused significant negative changes in the investigated biochemical parameters. In fact, 2,4-D exposition strongly increases LDH, by contrast, there is a statistically significant decrease in Hgb levels. The malondialdehyde level was significantly increased in 2,4-D treated groups. Fatty acid composition of the erythrocytes was also significantly changed with 2,4-D exposure, in favor of the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR) activities in erythrocytes were significantly decreased. Thus, our results indicated the potential effects of 2,4-D to cause oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes. Therefore, at higher doses, 2,4-D may play an important role in the development of vascular disease via lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.     

《生物防治(一)～(四)》介绍

为适应国内生物防治工作的需要,自1977年以来,由中国科学技术情报研究所重庆分所编辑,科学技术文献出版社重庆分社出版了《生物防治》文集,至今已出版了四集,基本上每年一本。本书的特点之一是内容比较广泛。四集共有文章67篇,除有关生物防治的进展、动     

索引(一)

(按农药登记证号)LS 200019金都尔原药批准正式登记的国外农药产品 (包括变更登记)续展临时登记的国外农药产品PD 327一2000LS 93002PD 328一2000高特克5。%悬浮剂(重量/容量)农地乐52.25%乳油(重量/容量)高特克原药精禾草克原药LS 95001PD 329一2000PD 330一2000LS 95016LS 96     

索引(一)

(按农药登记证号)批准正式登记的国外农药产品 (包括变更登记)续展临时登记的国外农药产品PD 338一2000Ls LS LSLSd孟乙人即339一2000PD 340一2000d‘n‘PD 341一2000PD 342一2000安棉特2既乳油(重量/容量)安棉特母液安民乐40%乳油(重量/容量)安民乐原药好年冬原药LS 93019LS 9     

东非(进口)植物检疫法规的明细表(续)

植物植物的部分来自何地对策}禁人的原因和准许的条件第十七节观赏树木 Baeeharis叩P.,B肠,a,n饱:pp.鸳鸯茉莉属,多花决明,夜香树属,倒挂金钟属,球兰属,L盯eud公aspp.,半边莲属,拘祀属,露兜树属,萝属,Rosemari-nus spp.,Salpichroa SPP·,鼠尾草属,接骨木属,Str-eptosolen spp.,山牵牛属,锦葵科(除棉属)无性繁殖材料荷兰申请许可证准许的条件:〔a)检疫证书,(b)附加申明:(i)植株或其母株在生长过程中检查无蕃茄斑点凋鉴病毒或其他病毒病。(五)产地国无梨园介壳虫,(Quadra印主diotus件rnieiosus)(151)如有根则是在无菌培养基中繁殖生长的…     

Occurrence of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari,Tenuipalpidae) in the Southeast region of the state of Pará, Brazil

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst attacks coconut, banana and açai trees. In 2007, the mite was recorded for the first time in South America....     

索引(一)

(按农药登记证号)LS 97024批准正式登记的国外农药产品 (包括变更登记)PD 356一2001PD 364一2001PD 365一2001PD 366一2001PD 367一2001PD 368一20012.5%澳氰菊酷乳油毗虫琳原药20%毗虫琳可溶性液剂(重量/容量)戊哇醇原药2%戊哇醉湿拌种剂10%氯氰菊酷乳油(重量/容量)LS 97027LS     

索引(一)

(按农药登记证号)续展正式登记的国外农药产品 (包括变更登记)15 20Ox63氰霜吵原药LS 200264 9.4%氰霜”坐悬浮剂LS 200115255%丁硫克百威颗粒剂PDI一85续展临时登记的国外农药产品PD 11一86PD 17一86PD 19一86PD 20一86PD 24一86PD 139一91PD 143一91PD 184一93PD 225一972.5%澳氰菊醋乳油〔重量/容量)3%克百威颗粒剂20%氰戊菊酷乳油4。%稻瘟灵可湿性粉剂50%杀螟丹可溶性粉剂3既禾草灵乳油50%甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂78.4%2甲·禾敌·西乳油48%异嗯草酮乳油普力克72.2%水剂(重量/容量)宝丽安原药98%杀螟丹可溶性粉剂10%硫线磷颗粒剂65%…