福建建瓯水青冈种子雨特征研究

2018年9月14日至11月28日,在福建省建瓯市水青冈Fagus longipetiolata天然林内选取42株不同胸径(D)成年水青冈进行种子雨收集,研究水青冈的种子雨时序特征。结果表明:(1)水青冈种子雨从9月中旬开始持续至11月下旬,共76 d;(2)水青冈种子降落的时序特征随着时间推移呈波浪式变化,降落高峰出现在种子雨后期,有活力的种子降落高峰也出现在种子雨后期;(3)40 cm≤D50 cm,50 cm≤D60 cm的水青冈种子雨密度高于D40 cm和D≥60 cm的;(4)种子雨密度大于200粒·m-2时,在空间上呈聚集分布,种子雨密度小于150粒·m-2时,在空间上呈随机分布。     

林窗与凋落物对人工云杉林早期更新的影响

为阐明林窗和凋落物对云杉人工林更新的作用,在川西米亚罗人工云杉林制造林窗(40m2)。通过对林窗环境因子进行动态监测,并跟踪调查天然下种、人工播种和去凋落物播种3种方式的云杉种子萌发和幼苗存活情况,以及进行云杉凋落物水浸液对其种子萌发及根、茎生长影响的室内观察,对林窗与凋落物对云杉种子萌发和幼苗存活的影响进行研究。结果表明:林窗环境具有异质性;林窗位置以及播种方式对种子萌发和幼苗存活都有影响,天然下种(2.75株·m-2)和去凋落物播种(21.25株·m-2)均在林窗中心幼苗萌发数量最多,人工播种(10.75株·m-2)在林窗边缘种子萌发数量多;靠近林窗中心位置幼苗死亡率略低;3种播种方式以天然下种种子萌发数量最少,去凋落物播种最多。云杉凋落物水浸液对其种子萌发和幼苗生长均有显著抑制作用,对根和茎生长的抑制率分别是68.62%和66.39%。初步认为,林窗有利于森林更新;可采取人工播种措施促进更新;凋落物对云杉人工林更新产生不利影响。     

凋落物对迷人杜鹃幼苗更新和种子萌发的影响

【目的】“百里杜鹃”是全国唯一以保护杜鹃花科杜鹃属植物为对象的自然保护区,迷人杜鹃是保护区内重要的保护树种。本文采用野外调查和室内控制相结合,阐明凋落物,迷人杜鹃幼苗更新和种子萌发的影响。【方法】野外踏查百里杜鹃林迷人杜鹃群落不同厚度凋落物下幼苗更新情况;采用人工模拟用凋落物厚度和播种位置的试验,探讨凋落物对迷人杜鹃种子萌发和幼苗生长的物理影响;以迷人杜鹃为主的凋落物水浸提液的乙醚相、乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相溶液浇灌进行迷人杜鹃种子萌发试验,并对三相溶液进行 GC-MS检测,探讨凋落物对迷人杜鹃种子萌发影响的生物化学原因。【结果】自然条件下,过厚的凋落物影响迷人杜鹃幼苗更新,凋落物厚度＜4 cm处,幼苗数量最多,随着凋落物厚度的增加,幼苗数量逐渐减少。盆播试验发现,对照的种子萌发率最高;凋落物上方播种的种子萌发速率和幼苗发生率低于下方播种;随着凋落物厚度的增加,下方播种种子萌发率和幼苗发生率逐渐降低;3种有机相浸提液浇灌种子,均随着浓度的升高种子萌发率降低,尤以乙醚相溶液对种子发芽率和幼苗生长的抑制作用最为显著,在浓度为12 mg·mL －1时,发芽率降低82.98%,苗高降幅为68.75%,且胚根停止生长。因此认为,凋落物具有物理阻碍作用和化感作用,其物理原因：一是过厚的凋落物层的机械障碍导致萌发幼苗难于扎根或生长;二是凋落物层加厚,导致种子萌发所需的光照发生变化,从而影响种子萌发。其化学原因是凋落物水浸提液中存在丰富的化感物质抑制了种子萌发和成苗,其中乙醚萃取相含29种,乙酸乙酯相含有16种,正丁醇相含有4种。【结论】在杜鹃林抚育管理中应合理地清理林下凋落物,以促进迷人杜鹃幼苗的天然更新。     

九龙江口秋茄红树林储碳固碳功能研究

以福建九龙江口24年生、48年生的秋茄红树林为研究对象,通过测定秋茄林木层各器官、凋落物层、土壤层含碳率和土壤呼吸,结合各组分生物量和年净生产量,计算秋茄红树林的碳储量和年净固碳量。结果表明:24年生、48年生秋茄林碳储量分别为183.31、244.45 t·hm-2,其中林木层碳储量分别为162.45、222.95 t·hm-2,凋落物层碳储量分别为15.05、16.99 t·hm-2,土壤层和林木层碳储量在生态系统碳储量中的比例均随林龄增大而升高。24年生、48年生秋茄林均表现出了碳汇功能,其中24年生秋茄林年净固碳量较大,为18.51 t·hm-2·a-1;而48年生秋茄林的碳汇功能较低,为7.01 t·hm-2·a-1。     

生活污水排放对红树林植物生长的影响

经过 1a的实验结果表明 :生活污水的排放使红树林湿地系统的水体DO值下降 ,BOD5和CODMn值升高 ,TN、TP 增高。排污对红树林植物秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤的生长 (包括树高、茎径和生物量的年增长量以及年净生产力 )有促进作用 ,同时使秋茄、桐花树的年凋落物量增加而白骨壤的年凋落物量减少。表明红树植物对生活污水的适应能力较强 ,利用红树林湿地系统净化生活污水有一定可行性     

桃儿七凋落物对自身种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

为了研究凋落物对桃儿七种子萌发影响的生物化学原因,阐明凋落物对桃儿七种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响,采用野外调查和室内控制相结合的方法,对桃儿七凋落物浸提液进行GC-MS检测,研究凋落物对桃儿七自身种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明,凋落物提取液对种子萌发和幼苗生长起到一定程度的抑制作用,并且浓度越高抑制作用越明显;当提取液浓度低于0.08g/mL时,种子萌发和幼苗生长过程中各指标与对照均无显著差异(P0.05);提取液浓度高于0.08g/mL时,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根长随提取液浓度的增加急剧降低(P0.05),并且凋落物提取液延长了种子发芽时间;高浓度(0.48g/mL)凋落物提取液致使种子失活。统计检验表明,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜透性与提取液浓度呈显著的线性正相关,叶绿素含量、根系活力(TTC)、保护性酶(POD、SOD、CAT)和非保护性酶(PPO、PAL)活性与提取液浓度呈显著的线性负相关。GC-MS检测凋落物提取液主要为烷烃、环烷烃、苯环和酯类等物质,以烷烃类物质最多,其中甘菊环烃、十二烷和邻苯二甲酸甲酯含量最高,这几种化感物质抑制种子的萌发和幼苗的生理特性。由此可知,凋落物提取液对其种子萌发和幼苗生长存在一定程度的自毒作用。研究结果为野生桃儿七资源的保护提供依据。     

凋落物浸提液对连香树种子萌发的化感作用

为了明确凋落物是否为连香树天然居群更新困难的因素,对不同浓度凋落物浸提液条件下的种子萌发情况进行了研究。结果表明,当凋落物浸提液浓度较高时(20～80 g/L),对连香树种子萌发表现出抑制作用;当浓度较低(10 g/L)时,则表现为促进作用,且萌发率最高。同时,凋落物浸提液在高浓度时(80 g/L),对连香树种子萌发的抑制效应表现出了极其显著的差异(p0.01),说明连香树林下的凋落物中包含相关的化感物质,并对连香树种子萌发有着自毒作用。因此,凋落物中的化感自毒作用可能是连香树天然林更新困难的因素之一。     

凋落物分解与细根生长的相互作用

本文综述了细根在凋落物层的觅食行为与策略,细根生长与凋落物数量、质量及分解过程的关系,细根生长与凋落物分解的相互作用机制及影响因素等以期为理解森林生态系统中细根对凋落物分解的作用机制以及凋落物分解对细根生长的影响提供依据。一方面,凋落物的数量和质量影响细根生长,地上凋落物的数量影响细根的觅食行为,并驱动细根在凋落物层的生长动态,凋落物质量的差异也对细根的生长产生影响,不同性质的地上凋落物对细根的生长是促进还是阻碍主要取决于分解过程中所产生的养分以及多酚含量的正平衡或负平衡;另一方面,生长进入凋落物层的细根通过根际激发效应、养分吸收以及共生真菌等作用综合影响凋落物的分解过程,生活的细根对凋落物分解的激发效应主要表现在根系分泌物控制微生物群落的活力及组成,进而加速或抑制凋落物分解;N的有效性是影响凋落物分解的重要因素,处于分解后期的凋落物层中生长的细根,通过吸收凋落物表面矿化形成的大量无机N,避免过量的N对微生物群落及其生境的不利影响;根系的共生伙伴——菌根真菌也对凋落物的分解产生重要影响,这与真菌类型及其分泌的酶和有机酸有关。未来该领域应注重全球变化背景下细根生长对凋落物分解作用机制以及细根的分支结构与其获取凋落物层养分功能的联系等方面的研究。     

马尾松人工林近自然化改造不同阶段森林凋落物持水特性研究

笔者以湖北省团风县马尾松人工林近自然林经营过程中不同阶段森林凋落物数量及其持水量等水文特征进行了研究,结果表明:不同阶段林下凋落物的现存数量依次为:竞争选择阶段>恒续林阶段>质量形成阶段>建群阶段;不同阶段半分解层和未分解层的凋落物持水量依次为:建群阶段<质量形成阶段<竞争选择阶段<恒续林阶段。     

柏木水土保持林凋落量的研究

通过定位观测,对柏木水土保持林凋落物的数量、组成、养分含量及养分归还量进行了系统的研究,并分析了柏木凋落物的月变化规律,建立了凋落物量预测模型,论证了柏木水土保持林凋落物对改良土壤、涵养水源、保持水土具有重要作用。     

Spatial Pattern of Bird-Dispersed Seed Rain ofDaphniphyllum macropodum in an Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest

Abstract

We investigated how the locations of conspecific fruiting trees, other fruiting species, and canopy gaps affected spatial patterns of bird-dispersed seed rain for a common ornithochorous tree: Daphniphyllum macropodum.In a mature evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Japan, seed rain was monitored with seed traps in a 1.2 ha plot on a site with a generally closed canopy. Many of the bird-dispersed seeds of D. macropodumwere concentrated near the conspecific fruiting trees, while other seeds were scatter-dispersed. The spatial distribution of scatter-dispersed seeds was independent of the distance from conspecific fruiting trees. The scatter-dispersed seed rain of D. macropodumwas biased by abundant and widely distributed fruiting trees of Cleyerajaponica.Other rare fruiting species and canopy gaps had no clear effect on the seed rain of D. macropodum.Results show that the spatial pattern of bird-dispersed seed rain in this forest is affected by the location of fruiting trees of the same and different ornithochorous species rather than by canopy gaps.     

福建省平潭沿海秋茄人工林群落的生物量研究

对福建平潭沿海秋茄群落的现存生物量进行了研究。测定结果表明:秋茄群落的生物量为20.842 t·hm-2,其中地上部分为10.733 t·hm-2,地下部分为10.109 t·hm-2。地下部分中94.2%的根分布于地面以下0~60 cm层。由于不同滩面的环境因素差异较大,位于不同滩面秋茄群落的生物量也有所不同,位于内滩、中滩、外滩的群落生物量分别为35.429 g·m-2、16.066 g·m-2、11.031 g·m-2。     

Seed supply and the regeneration potential for plantations and shrubland in southern China

Assessing the characteristics of seed supply will be vital to better understand the dynamics of forest regeneration. In this study, we surveyed the aboveground vegetation, the seed rain, the seed bank, and natural seedling emergence in four typical 24-year-old plantations (eucalyptus, mixed-native, mixed-legume, and mixed-conifer) and a naturally successioned shrubland in southern China. The dominant species in the understory were similar among the five plant communities. The seed rain and the seed bank were dominated by shrubs and herbs but indigenous tree species were rare. Species that were common to all five-plant communities represented a great proportion of the seeds in the seed rain and seed bank. The seed rain consisted mostly of seeds derived from the local plant community. Seed abundance was greater in the seed bank than in the seed rain, and species richness was greater in the seed bank and in the corresponding plant community than in the seed rain. Species composition similarity between the seed rain, the seed bank, and the aboveground vegetation was low, because the seed rain contained much fewer species, and the seed bank and aboveground vegetation contained many different species, respectively. These findings indicate that both the seed rain and the seed bank play important roles in providing seeds for plant recruitment in the understory, but the seed bank contributes more than the current seed rain to the diversity of recruited plants. The current plant community has little impact on the qualitative composition of the seed rain and seed bank. Based on these data, it appears that succession to the desired zonal, mature forest community is unlikely to result from seeds in the seed rain or seed bank. Lack of seed availability of desired zonal mature forest species is the main bottleneck currently limiting succession in the plantations. Reintroduction of late-successional species could facilitate the desired succession.     

缙云山常绿阔叶林种子雨组成及其时空动态

【目的】分析缙云山常绿阔叶林种子雨组成及其时空动态,为常绿阔叶林种子生态学大尺度和长时序的研究提供数据支持,并为受损常绿阔叶林近自然恢复过程中的种源收集和种子撒播提供参考信息。【方法】 2014-01—2016-12,收集缙云山常绿阔叶林1 hm 2标准地中172个种子收集框内的种子,鉴定物种并计数,风干后称质量。根据果实类型及种子特征并结合野外实地观察,确定每个物种种子(果实)的散布方式。【结果】 3年间共收集到成熟种子36 298粒,种子雨密度为140.69粒·m -2 a -1;种子分属于19科21属27种,占群落木本植物物种总数的36.49%;种子雨具有明显的季节动态,在秋季出现高峰,其中有17个物种在干季(1—4和10—12月)成熟并散布,6个物种在湿季(5—9月)成熟并散布,4个物种在干、湿季均有散布;种子雨密度年际变异系数为0.36~1.73,空间变异系数为1.54~15.20。【结论】缙云山种子雨产量在常绿阔叶林中处于较低水平;优势种对群落种子雨产量贡献较大,种子雨物种组成与群落物种组成相似性较低;群落水平种子雨具有明显的季节动态,且存在很大的年际变异和空间变异,反映出亚热带常绿阔叶林种子雨时空动态的典型特征。在区域植被近自然恢复中的种子采集和撒播环节,应当充分参照不同物种的种子雨掉落的时空动态。     

深圳福田无瓣海桑+海桑-秋茄人工林结构的研究

深圳福田自然保护区天然林前缘种植无瓣海桑、海桑、秋茄的试验表明，7a后，群落明显分为乔木层、幼树层和幼苗层3层。乔木层的无瓣海桑、海桑、秋茄的平均高分别为9.1、8.06、2.89m。在群落形成过程中，物种多样性先下降，后上升，并超过种植时的多样性；无瓣海桑和海桑的死亡率第1年最高，后趋于稳定，秋茄的死亡率最高是第4年，后趋于降低；7年生时无瓣海桑、海桑、秋茄的存活率分别为56．3％、51％、39％。无瓣海桑和海桑的高度和地径的生长速度明显比秋茄快。     

Sensitivity to chilling temperatures and distribution differ in the mangrove species Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina

We compared the effects of short-term (hours) and long-term (days) exposure to chilling temperatures on the photosynthetic gas exchange, leaf characteristics and chlorophyll a fluorescence of seedlings of the mangrove species Kandelia candel Druce and Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Both species occur along the west coast of Taiwan, but K. candel occurs further north than A. marina. We hypothesized that temperature was one of the major environmental factors limiting the northern distribution of A. marina. Avicennia marina was more sensitive to chilling temperatures than K. candel. Leaves of both species showed reductions in light-saturated photosynthetic rates (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs) and quantum yield of photosystem II after a 1-h exposure to 15 degrees C, with A. marina showing significantly greater reductions in Amax and gs than K. candel. No significant differences in Amax, gs and electron transport rate (ETR) were found between leaves of K. candel grown at 15 and 30 degrees C for 10 days. However, leaves of A. marina grown for 10 days at 15 degrees C had significantly lower Amax, gs and ETR than plants grown at 30 degrees C. After 20 days at 15 degrees C, leaf mass per area of both species was increased significantly, whereas area-based chlorophyll concentrations were reduced, with significantly greater changes in A. marina than in K. candel. We concluded that sensitivity to low winter temperatures is a primary limiting factor in the distribution of A. marina along the western coast of Taiwan.     

永顺落叶木莲开花与结实物候学研究

首次报道永顺落叶木莲开花与结实物候学特征。其花期在3月中旬至5月上旬,果期在4月中旬至10月上旬。其间有3次花周期和3次果实发育期,每次花周期和果实发育期天数不同。低海拔比高海拔开花早,落花期亦早,开花周期较短;低海拔较高海拔的果发育期长,种子散落期晚,果实最佳采集期在9月20日至9月30日。     

Fruiting behavior of dipterocarps in two consecutive episodes of general flowering in a Malaysian lowland rain forest

We examined fruiting behaviors of 24 dipterocarp species in a lowland rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia during two consecutive episodes of general flowering (GF). The first GF episode (GF2001) occurred from August 2001 to February 2002, and the second GF episode (GF2002) followed immediately, from March to September 2002. The magnitude of GF2002 was greater than that of GF2001 at the community level. Significant positive size dependence of fruiting behavior at the community level was found in both GF2001 and GF2002, but there was no significant association between the fruiting behaviors in GF2001 and GF2002 except for one species. These results imply that tree size was one of the explanatory factors for fruiting behavior of dipterocarp species, but there was no evidence that adjacent reproduction caused the absence of reproduction and decreased fecundity in the subsequent fruiting event. In contrast, strong spatial aggregation of fruiting trees was found in GF2001, suggesting that external factors may affect fruiting behavior of dipterocarps in a minor GF episode. Among the 12 study species, there were large variations in fruiting behavior, but growth type (e.g., fast-growing or slow-growing) did not simply explain the inter-specific pattern of fruiting behavior. Thus, tree size may account for fruiting behavior of dipterocarps during the consecutive GF episodes through species-specific differences in phonological responses to internal and external conditions.     

青刺果的植物学特性及其人工栽培技术

从形态特征、生长习性、分布状况及其生境，种子的自然变异等论述了青刺果的植物学特性；又从采种育苗、造林技术、促进实生幼林早实早丰技术等方面，记述了青刺果的人工栽培技术，为建立青刺果人工原料基地提供了技术支持。     

Long-lasting effects of unplanned logging on the seed rain of mixed conifer-hardwood forests in southern South America

Understanding the effects of disturbance on seed rain is critical to predict changes in forest species composition and diversity.Logging effects on seed rain in a mixed conifer-hardwood forest complex in southern Brazil were evaluated.One year of seed rain data were collected from a large-scale observational experiment in logged and protected forests and quantity and average seed size weighted by species abundance(CWM) were compared between old-growth and logged stands 55 years after logging activities.Using these data,variations in frequency of functional groups of species in the seed rain were examined to see if they could be attributed to logging.Results show that the number of seeds per trap was highly right-skewed,ranging from 13 to 12,788 seeds per trap in one year.Seed rain was affected by logging history,with seed traps in old-growth plots receiving significantly less seeds than traps in logged plots.All species included mean seed size weighted by species abundance were significantly smaller in logged than in old-growth forests.This difference persisted after the exclusion of Arawcaria a large-seeded pioneer which was intensively logged,although the difference of seed size between the two forest classes was greatly reduced.Species abundance in the seed rain differed significantly from the established tree community,between logged and oldgrowth stands.The composition of the seed rain was much more variable than the composition of the established tree community and its points more scattered over the ordination space than the points corresponding to the protected forests.The number of collected seeds across different functional groups of species significantly differed between logged and old-growth plots.The seed rain of logged forests reflects their arrested succes sion as indicated by reduced abundance of functional groups such as pioneers,large seeded pioneers and A raucaria,as well as reduced functional diversity.S eed rain differences between logged and old-growth stands reflect the intensive logging of A.angustifolia.