日粮Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn含量对产蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

微量元素Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn是影响人和动物营养的重要因素。世界上有些组织(如德国DLG、英国ARC、美国NRC)一直致力于研究蛋鸡Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn的需要量。NRC(1994)推荐的蛋鸡产蛋期微量元素需要量为:Cu未定,Fe为45mg/kg,Zn为35mg/kg,Mn为20mg/kg。为了提高动物生产性能,现代养殖通常在动物基础日粮中添加高剂量Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn。Mabe等(2003)报道,在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加Zn60mg/kg、Mn60mg/kg和Cu10mg/kg,可提高蛋黄中Zn、Mn、Cu的浓度;高剂量的铜可降低鸡肉和鸡蛋中胆固醇浓度(Bakalli和Pesti,1995;Pesti和Bakalli,1998;尹靖东…     

非淀粉多糖酶对蛋鸡玉米——杂粕型日粮离体消化能的影响

选用木聚糖酶(x1)、β-葡聚糖酶(x2)、纤维素酶(x3)和果胶酶(x4)4种非淀粉多糖(NSP)酶制剂,利用胃蛋白酶-胰液素法分别研究其对蛋鸡玉米—杂粕型日粮能量的当量调控。结果表明,4种NSP酶对蛋鸡玉米—杂粕型日粮的离体消化能改进值分别为:木聚糖酶0.5442MJ/kg、β-葡聚糖酶0.4791MJ/kg、纤维素酶0.3345MJ/kg、果胶酶0.4457MJ/kg。4种NSP酶的添加水平与离体消化能(y)进行S曲线拟合,其回归方程分别为:y1=10.6219-0.6354/｛1+exp([x1-446.6123)/146.000](｝R2=0.9961);y2=10.5065-0.5687/｛1+exp[(x2-282.9857)/146.599](｝R2=0.9964);y3=10.3612-0.3464/｛1+exp[(x3-468.4880)/93.931]｝(R2=0.9939);y4=10.4684-0.4669/｛1+exp[(x4-367.4321)/100.142]｝(R2=0.9989)。     

仔猪早期断奶对Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn、Se需要量的研究

采用饲养试验、平衡试验、屠宰试验方法测定二元或三元杂交早期断奶仔猪对不同水平的Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn、Se需要量的研究。初步认为,实行35～40日龄断奶仔猪,每千克风干饲粮中含Fe 105 mg/kg,Cu 200 mg/kg,Mn 3.0 mg/kg,zn 98 mg/kg,Se0.3mg/kg,可获得20kg左右的双月个体重。     

生长肥育猪日粮铜添加水平与组织铜残留量动态关系初探

采用54头杂交猪(杜×大×约)研究大剂量日粮铜添加水平对组织铜含量的影响,建立日粮铜添加水平与组织铜残留量之间的动态模型,探讨保证猪肉及其副产品食用安全性的最适铜添加量。试验采用单因子设计,分别设0、100、200、300、400mg/kg的铜添加水平,试验从20kg开始,100kg结束。结果表明:添加100～400mg/kg的铜不同程度地增加了组织器官中铜的残留量,肝脏和肾脏中铜含量随饲粮添加水平的增加呈二次曲线变化规律。肝脏铜残留量(y,单位为mg/kg)与日粮铜添加水平(x,单位为mg/kg)之间的回归方程为:80kg体重时,y=5.4697-0.0814x+0.0009x2(R2=0.930,P=0.07);100kg体重时,y=11.3963-0.2920x+0.0022x2(R2=0.814,P=0.036)。肾脏铜残留量(y,单位为mg/kg)与日粮铜添加水平(x,单位为mg/kg)之间的回归方程为:y=8.7583-0.0043x+0.0002x2(R2=0.975,P=0.025)。在80kg屠宰时,为了保证肝脏中的铜含量不超过10mg/kg,饲粮铜添加水平不应高于129mg/kg。在100kg屠宰时,为了保证肝脏或肾脏中的铜含量不超过10mg/kg,饲粮铜添加水平不应高于128或90mg/kg。     

日粮锌铜水平对肉仔鸡生产性能和免疫器官发育的影响

试验选用378只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)公雏,采用3×2因子设计,通过饲养试验和屠宰试验研究了日粮添加不同水平的Zn(25mg/kg、85mg/kg、165mg/kg)和Cu(10mg/kg、25mg/kg)对肉仔鸡生产性能和免疫器官发育的影响。饲养试验结果表明:①除在1～3周龄,处理Ⅱ(Zn85mg/kg和Cu10mg/kg)和处理V(Zn85mg/kg和Cu25mg/kg)与处理Ⅲ(Zn165mg/kg和Cu10mg/kg)的日增重差异显著(P<0.05)外,其它各阶段,各处理的生产性能均差异不显著(P>0.05);②Zn水平除对1～3周龄的日增重有显著影响外(P<0.05),对其它各阶段的生产性能无显著影响(P>0.05);③Cu水平及Zn、Cu互作对各阶段的生产性能亦无显著影响(P>0.05)。屠宰试验结果表明:Zn、Cu水平及Zn、Cu互作对肉仔鸡的免疫器官重量及其指数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果表明,肉仔鸡日粮中适宜的Zn添加量为85mg/kg,Cu添加量10mg/kg和25mg/kg均属合理添加量;当日粮中Zn、Cu添加水平分别在25～165mg/kg和10～25mg/kg时,Zn、Cu水平及其互作对免疫器官重量及其指数无显著影响。     

镉胁迫下杂交狼尾草微量元素Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu的吸收和转运

为探究杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P. purpureum)对镉(Cd)胁迫的响应机制,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度Cd胁迫下必需微量金属元素铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)的吸收、转运。结果表明：Cd处理下杂交狼尾草株高、分蘖数和生物产量均显著降低(P <0.05),70 mg·kg^-1 Cd处理下杂交狼尾草仍保持21.26%的生物量。与对照相比,26 mg·kg^-1 Cd处理对根中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu含量无显著影响(P> 0.05),60 mg·kg^-1 Cd处理下根中Fe、Zn含量显著增加、 Mn含量略有增加,70 mg·kg^-1 Cd处理下根中Fe、 Zn、 Mn含量均显著增加,增幅分别高达97.69%、45.14%和13.00%。Cd处理显著降低地上部分Mn含量,对地上部分Fe、Zn、Cu含量无显著影响。Cd胁迫增大了根部Fe和Zn吸收系数、减小了地上部分Zn和Mn吸收系数,降低了Fe、Zn、Mn向上运输的能力。60～70mg·kg<...     

内蒙古白绒山羊生绒期羯羊锌需要量的研究

本研究采用析因法确定内蒙古白绒山羊生绒期锌的需要量。研究4种不同日粮锌水平(Ⅰ组2 8.2 3 mg/kg、Ⅱ组5 0 mg/kg、Ⅲ组7 0 mg/kg、Ⅳ组1 0 0 mg/kg),对生绒期绒山羊机体锌代谢情况的影响以及体锌蓄积情况。结果表明:①进食锌量与排泄锌量之间呈直线回归关系,其回归公式为:y=0.766 2x 0.094 4(R2=0.958 5,P=0.000 1,n=9),由此确定生绒期绒山羊锌的维持需要量为0.094 4 mg/(d.kg)活体重(liveweight,LW);②生绒期绒山羊增重1 kg机体沉积98.04 mg锌,每长1 kg被毛沉积110.87 mg的锌。析因法确定总锌需要量为8.04 mg/d。     

河北省猪、鸡饲料资源中微量元素含量分析

为分析河北省猪、鸡饲料资源中主要微量元素含量,本研究采集河北省内不同地区主要猪、鸡饲料资源178个样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定其中微量元素铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)、硒(Se)的含量。结果表明:不同类型饲料间微量元素含量存在差别(P 0.05);除谷物加工产品中Fe和Se含量外,同类饲料中不同原料间存在一定差异(P 0.05);谷物类饲料中Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Se含量分别为2.73、32.93、14.98、21.00、0.04 mg/kg;谷物加工副产品中Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Se含量分别为9.13、192.54、85.54、59.59、0.09 mg/kg;大豆及油粕类饲料中Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Se含量分别为13.83、152.22、40.06、51.58、0.30 mg/kg。河北省多数饲料中Cu含量偏低,其他4种元素与中国饲料营养成分及营养价值表中对应值也有差异。这些结果为精准满足动物微量元素需要提供了基础数据。     

不同锰源及其锰添加水平对雏鸭组织中其它矿物元素含量的影响

用一日龄北京雏鸭210只,研究不同锰源及其添加水平对雏鸭骨、肝、肾、心、胰组织中Ca、P、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn元素含量的影响。试验随机分为7组,每组30只雏鸭;基础饲粮组(玉米—豆饼型)含锰19mg/kg;2组、3组、4组分别补加试剂级硫酸锰(MnSO_4·H_2O)45mg、85mg、135mg;5组、6组、7组分别补加试剂级碳酸锰(MnCO_3)45mg、85mg、135mg。结果表明,不同锰源影响以下组织元素代谢(P<0.01或P<0.05):骨Mg、Fe、肝Ca、P、Cu,肾Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、心Ca、P、Mg、Fe、Cu。补Mn(MnSO_4H_2O)135mg组,提高骨Fe,肝Ca,胰Mg、Fe,心Fe和Cu(P<0.01或P<0.05),降低肾Fe和心Zn(P<0.01);补Mn(MnCO_3)135mg组,提高骨Fe,肝Ca、P,骨Cu,胰Ca、P、Fe、Cu,心Ca和P(P<0.01)。不同盐源对所测组织Zn及骨Ca和P均无影响(P>0.05),两种锰源及添加水平均提高骨Cu(P>0.01);饲粮Mn的不足,导致雏鸭骨Fe和Cu的缺乏,心和肾Zn上升(P<0.01或P<0.05)。     

日粮铜水平对绒山羊血铜状况的影响

将12只1.5周岁的装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的非产绒期内蒙古白绒山羊半同胞羯羊,按体重随机分为4组,分别饲喂含铜7.38,17.38,27.38和37.38mg/kg的试验日粮,研究日粮铜水平对绒山羊血浆铜浓度、血清铜蓝蛋白酶(Cp)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果显示:①日粮添加铜显著(P<0.05)提高了血浆铜浓度,但添加10,20与30mg/kg彼此之间差异不显著(P>0.05);②随日粮铜水平的提高,血浆铜浓度、血清Cp和SOD活性上升,它们与日粮铜浓度的相关关系分别为:y=0.0074x+0.7394(R2=0.6932,P=0.1674),y=0.6174x+30.183(R2=0.8781,P=0.0629),y=1.0366x+152.25(R2=0.9203,P=0.0407);③非产绒期绒山羊日粮铜的适宜水平为17.38mg/kg。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.