Depressive disorders: toward a unified hypothesis

Our scientific understanding of psychiatric syndromes, including the phenomena of depression, has been hampered because of: (i) the use of metapsychological concepts that are difficult to test; (ii) methodological and linguistic barriers that prevent communication among psychoanalysts, behaviorists, experimental psychologists, and psychiatrists; and (iii) the reluctance of psychiatrists to accept animal models as possible approximations of certain aspects of human psychopathology. We have attempted to demonstrate that the animal models simulate some of the central features of clinical depression (for example, helplessness and object loss), thereby allowing one to rigorously investigate them from developmental, behavioral, and biochemical perspectives. The object loss model, as a concrete version of a metapsychological-psychoanalytic concept, has enabled primatologists to study the disruption of an attachment bond. The behavioral model accommodates this concept to a broader generalization: loss of reinforcement or loss of control over reinforcement. We have reviewed the evidence that these processes involve the diencephalic centers of reward or reinforcement, thereby permitting integration of the psychoanalytical and behavioral formulations with the biochemical hypotheses. Also, we have presented data strongly suggesting that the breaking of an attachment bond in the primate represents significant loss of reinforcement that induces helplessness and disrupts motivated behavior. Finally, we have argued that the depressive syndrome could be caused by interactions of genetic, chemical, developmental, and interpersonal factors, all of which impinge on the diencephalic centers of reinforcement.     

医学一体化情报语言的发展历程及未来前景

 

以医学一体化情报语言的发展历程为主线,回顾了不同类型的医学一体化情报语言的结构与应用,重点阐述中医药一体化语言系统的创新与突破,并展望医学一体化情报语言系统发展的未来前景。

     

A unified description of linear and nonlinear polarization in organic polymethine dyes

An internal or external electric field F can drive the chemical structure, bond order alternation, and electronic structure of linear polymethine dyes from a neutral, bond-alternated, polyene-like structure, through a cyanine-like structure, and ultimately to a zwitterionic (charge-separated) bond-alternated structure. As the structure evolves under the influence of F, the linear polarizability alpha, the first hyperpolarizability beta, and the second hyperpolarizability gamma are seen to be derivatives, with respect to F, of their next lower order polarization (for alpha) or polarizability (for beta and gamma). These derivative relations provide a unified picture of the dependence of the polarizability and hyperpolarizabilities on the structure in linear polymethine dyes. In addition, they allow for predictions of structure-property relations of higher order hyperpolarizabilities.     

土壤中重金属元素统一制备液测试方法的研究

针对目前不能同时检测土壤中总镉、总铬、总铅、总汞、总砷、总铜、总锌和总镍等现状,本试验通过对样品前处理、消解方法及消解条件的选择及优化,探索出一套可以同时消解和测定8种重金属元素检测方法,此方法具有操作简便、快速、准确、干扰少等优点,适用于大批土壤样品的测定,可提高土壤中重金属检测效率。     

成品油管道开泵方案统一优化模型

优化成品油管道沿线泵站开泵方案可以降低管道运行能耗。以包含泵机组并联运行模式及配备变频泵的成品油管道为研究对象,考虑沿线节点压力、过泵流量等约束,基于已有批次输油计划,建立以运行时间内管道全线运行能耗总和最小为目标的混合整数线性规划模型(Mixed Integer Linear Programming,MILP),并利用分支定界算法求解。利用该模型求解了中国某条成品油管道的优化配泵方案,计算耗时213.76 s,所得结果符合约束限制,具有较强的实用性,可为中国成品油管道优化运行提供指导。     

Patches with links: a unified system for processing faces in the macaque temporal lobe

The brain processes objects through a series of regions along the ventral visual pathway, but the circuitry subserving the analysis of specific complex forms remains unknown. One complex form category, faces, selectively activates six patches of cortex in the macaque ventral pathway. To identify the connectivity of these face patches, we used electrical microstimulation combined with simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging. Stimulation of each of four targeted face patches produced strong activation, specifically within a subset of the other face patches. Stimulation outside the face patches produced an activation pattern that spared the face patches. These results suggest that the face patches form a strongly and specifically interconnected hierarchical network.     

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