作物产量性状QTL定位的研究现状及应用前景

作物的许多农艺性状和经济性状是数量性状。研究作物数量性状遗传对农作物育种具有十分重要的意义。本文综述了数量性状基因座QTL（quantitative trait locus）定位的原理和常用方法及分子标记在水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、大豆、番茄、大麦和油菜等重要作物产量性状基因定位中的研究现状,并对目前产量性状QTL定位存在的问题和发展前景进行了探讨     

棉花数量性状遗传与QTL定位研究进展

棉花许多重要的性状多为数量性状。现代分子生物技术的发展为植物数量性状基因的定位、分离等研究提供了条件。从数量性状基因座(QTL)作图群体类型及其特点,QTL定位方法,QTL精细定位、克隆、利用等方面进行了综述,并对今后QTL研究进行了展望。     

棉花数量性状遗传与QTL定位研究进展

棉花许多重要的性状多为数量性状。现代分子生物技术的发展为植物数量性状基因的定位、分离等研究提供了条件。从数量性状基因座(QTL)作图群体类型及其特点,QTL定位方法,QTL精细定位、克隆、利用等方面进行了综述,并对今后QTL研究进行了展望。     

科技

我国学者发现大豆蛋白数量性状基因位点国际学术期刊《理论与应用遗传学》日前在线发表了河南省农科院研究员卢为国关于大豆蛋白方面的最新研究成果。卢为国在以《大豆中控制水溶性蛋白含量的数量性状基因定位》为题的研究论文中,报道了两个大豆水溶性蛋白的QTL位点,根据目前的文献检索结果,这在国际上尚属首次。大豆是人类重要的蛋白来源,大豆蛋白被广     

植物QTL研究进展

摘要：随着分子生物学和基因组学的发展,作物QTL研究方面取得了极大的进展。采用QTL定位方法研究作物数量性状从通常可见表型发展到基因的表达水平,从某一发育阶段的静态QTL定位发展到全生育期的动态QTL定位。并且作物QTL研究也不断深入,近年来已克隆了番茄,水稻和小麦等多种植物重要农艺性状的QTL,并从分子水平上剖析了它们的作用机理。本文就作物QTL分析的现状,发展趋势以及作物QTL图位克隆中精细定位策略等方面进行了介绍和分析。     

大豆叶柄角的QTL定位分析

叶柄角是大豆株型的重要构成因素,影响大豆冠层结构、光合作用效率以及最终产量。解析大豆叶柄角的遗传基础对提升大豆产量具有重要意义。本研究以2个叶柄角具有显著差异的亲本BLA和SLA以及它们衍生的RIL群体为材料,构建高密度的遗传图谱,对大豆不同部位的叶柄角进行QTL分析,并利用近等基因系验证部分QTL。遗传分析结果显示,叶柄角呈连续正态分布,符合数量性状遗传特征。利用GBS技术构建了包含859个Bin标记的大豆高密度遗传图谱,总遗传长度为2326.9cM,标记间平均距离为2.763cM;共检测到14个调控叶柄角的QTL,LOD值在2.58~4.80之间,可解释遗传变异范围在6.9%~12.4%之间,其中5个QTL定位在第12染色体上且成簇存在;构建的qLA12和qLA18的近等基因系表型结果显示,叶柄角在同一对近等基因家系间差异显著,表明qLA12和qLA18是2个可信的QTL。本研究为进一步克隆调控叶柄角功能基因奠定了基础,为大豆理想株型育种提供了遗传材料。     

作物数量性状(QTL)克隆研究进展

此文首先简述了数量性状基因（QTL）克隆研究方法,然后较全面的总结了作物QTL克隆的研究进展,最后讨论了QTL调控的分子机理。对37个已成功克隆的QTL进行汇总分析表明：控制作物数量性状的有转录因子、蛋白激酶、细胞分裂素氧化酶类等基因;其中12个已成功克隆的QTL编码转录因子,说明转录调控因子是新的植株形态进化和变异的重要原因。随着测序技术的发展,海量的基因组数据将为QTL的遗传定位和分子剖析提供更多便利,越来越多的QTL将会被克隆出来。     

陆地棉中G6主要性状主效和上位性QTL分析

利用基于混合线性模犁的复合区间作图法对重组近交系(recombinant inbreed line,RIL)"中G6"进行QTL定位,生育期性状共定位了主效QTL位点5个,上位性QTL位点4对,纤维品质性状定位了主效QTL位点1个,上位性QTL位点6对,产量性状定位了主效QTL位点3个,上位性QTL位点5对.其中定位的果枝始节、吐絮期、上半部平均长度、衣分的主效QTL位点均距离最近标记1 cM以下,这有利于在育种实践中主效QTL跟踪检测.定位的霜前花率主效QTL位点具有较高的加性效应和遗传贡献率,应进行QTL精细定位、图位克隆,将会对早熟性育种工作有一定的推动意义.定位的马克隆值、衣分和予指总的遗传贡献率均在30%以上,对性状特征均影响显著.对主效及上位性QTL位点进行遗传效应分析,验证了前人有关数量性状遗传符合主基因与多基因混合遗传的论断,认为此模型是研究数量性状遗传的有效途经;对主效及上位性QTL位点进行A、D亚基因组定位,并对主效及上位性QTL位点在A、D亚基因组上的分布及互作方式进行了详细的分析.全文认为上位性QTL位点和主效QTL位点一样在物种遗传变异和聚合育种中起着重要作用.     

我国学者发现大豆蛋白数量性状基因位点

国际学术期刊《理论与应用遗传学》日前在线发表了河南省农科院研究员卢为国关于大豆蛋白方面的最新研究成果。卢为国在以《大豆中控制水溶性蛋白含量的数量性状基因定位》为题的研究论文中，报道了两个大豆水溶性蛋白的QTL位点，根据目前的文献检索结果，这在国际上尚属首次。     

大豆蛋白及百粒重 QTL 研究进展

大豆在我国有悠久的种植历史，是重要的粮油作物。传统的大豆育种方法耗时长，随着分子遗传学的不断发展以及分子标记技术的不断改进，分子标记辅助育种为加快育种进程提供新的思路。综述了 QTL 在农作物研究中的应用、不同大豆QTL 定位方法的优点与不足、大豆 QTL 作图群体的不断探索与应用以及不同作图群体的优缺点、大豆重要的品质蛋白和产量性状百粒重 QTL 的研究进展以及应用现状，并且对 QTL 定位技术以及研究存在的不完善之处进行讨论与展望，为未来更加深入的研究提供参考。     

构建数量性状基因图谱的统计方法

随着分子生物学研究的迅速发展和人类基因组统计的深入，数量遗传学在数量性状基因（ＱＴＬ）的定位方面正在经历着一场深刻的变化。人类和动、植物基因组计划的早期成果之一，就是建立人类以及实验、家养动物和栽培植物的遗传连锁图、利用这些连锁图，可以对许多ＱＴＬ进行单个分离测定和定位。许多复杂疾病和具有重要农 生物学意义的性状都属于数量性状。在ＱＴＬ定位的研究中，统计分析起着很重要的作用。近年来有许多新的统计方     

Association mapping of yield-related traits and SSR markers in wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.)

Wild soybean, the progenitor of cultivated soybean, is an important gene pool for ongoing soybean breeding efforts. To identify yield-enhancing quantitative trait locus (QTL) or gene from wild soybean, 113 wild soybeans accessions were phenotyped for five yield-related traits and genotyped with 85 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to conduct association mapping. A total of 892 alleles were detected for the 85 SSR markers, with an average 10.49 alleles; the corresponding PIC values ranged from 0.07 to 0.92, with an average 0.73. The genetic diversity of each SSR marker ranged from 0.07 to 0.93, with an average 0.75. A total of 18 SSR markers were identified for the five traits. Two SSR markers, sct_010 and satt316, which are associated with the yield per plant were stably expressed over two years at two experimental locations. Our results suggested that association mapping can be an effective approach for identifying QTL from wild soybean.     

作物QTL分析的原理与方法

作物的许多性状为数量性状,数量性状基因座（QTL）定位的理论依据是Morgan的连锁遗传规律;定位的群体有初级作图群体、次级作图群体和高级作图群体;分析的方法有零区间作图法、单区间作图法、复合区间作图法、混合线性模型;影响QTL定位精确性的因素有群体的大小、分析方法、QTL的分布及作用模式等。传统的作图群体和作图方法存在一些问题,因此有必要开发新的作图群体、研制新的作图方法,以缩短QTL分析与育种实际应用之间的距离。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci underlying seed protein and oil contents of soybean across multi‐genetic backgrounds and environments

Seed protein and oil contents are important quantitative traits in soybean. Previously, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with seed protein and oil were mostly identified in single genetic background. The objective of this work was to identify QTL and their epistatic effects underlying seed protein and oil contents in three recombinant inbred line populations (two of them used one common female parent) across eight environments by composite interval mapping. Forty QTL underlying protein content and 35 QTL underlying oil content were identified. Among them, nine were universal QTL underlying protein content and four were universal QTL underlying oil content. Epistatic interactions between QTL underlying seed protein/oil and different genetic backgrounds were detected. Different pairs of epistatic interactions were observed in diverse genetic backgrounds across multi‐environments. Common marker intervals were observed to simultaneously underlie seed protein and oil contents with different epistatic interactions. The results in this study suggested that a specific genotype with high oil content and low protein content might significantly affect the selection of soybean lines for high seed protein.     

Use of component analysis in QTL mapping of complex crop traits: a case study on yield in barley

Genes contributing to the quantitative variation of a complex crop trait can be numerous. However, using existing approaches, the number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected for a trait is limited. Therefore, rather than looking for QTL for a complex trait itself, determining QTL for underlying component traits might give more information. In this study the potential of component analysis in QTL mapping of complex traits was examined using grain yield in spring barley as an example. Grain yield was divided into three components: number of spikes/m², number of kernels/spike, and 1000‐kernel weight. These traits were measured for individuals of a recombinant inbred‐line population in field trials conducted over 2 years. By the use of an approximate multiple QTL model, one to eight QTL were detected for each trait in a year. Some QTL were mapped to similar positions in both years. Almost all QTL for yield were found at the position of or in close proximity to QTL for its component traits. A number of QTL for component traits were not detected when yield itself was subjected to QTL analysis. However, relative to the QTL for yield itself, all component‐trait QTL did not explain the variation in yield better. The results in relation to the potential of using component analysis in studying complex crop traits are discussed.     

Association analysis for detecting significant single nucleotide polymorphisms for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance at the seedling stage in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.]

Tolerance to low-phosphorus soil is a desirable trait in soybean cultivars. Previous quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance were mainly derived from bi-parental segregating populations and few reports from natural population. The objective of this study was to detect QTLs that regulate phosphorus-deficiency tolerance in soybean using association mapping approach. Phosphorus-deficiency tolerance was evaluated according to five traits (plant shoot height, shoot dry weight, phosphorus concentration, phosphorus acquisition efficiency and use efficiency) comprising a conditional phenotype at the seedling stage. Association mapping of the conditional phenotype detected 19 SNPs including 13 SNPs that were significantly associated with the five traits across two years. A novel cluster of SNPs, including three SNPs that consistently showed significant effects over two years, that associated with more than one trait was detected on chromosome 3. All favorable alleles, which were determined based on the mean of conditional phenotypic values of each trait over the two years, could be pyramided into one cultivar through parental cross combination. The best three cross combinations were predicted with the aim of simultaneously improving phosphorus acquisition efficiency and use efficiency. These results will provide a thorough understanding of the genetic basis of phosphorus deficiency tolerance in soybean.     

基于贝叶斯统计的谷物胚乳性状QTL多区间作图方法

贝叶斯统计学已被广泛地应用在现代科学的各个研究领域。本研究将贝叶斯统计方法和谷物三倍体胚乳性状数量遗传模型相结合,以F₂群体中各植株的分子标记基因型以及植株上若干粒自交种子胚乳性状的单粒观测值为数据模式,提出了胚乳数量性状基因座(QTL)多区间作图的贝叶斯方法。该方法首先构建胚乳性状的多区间多QTL遗传模型,然后通过基于Gibbs抽样和Metropolis-Hastings算法实现的马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)方法同时获得多个QTL效应和位置的估计。方法的有效性通过一条长染色体的模拟实验进行了验证,结果表明,本文提出的贝叶斯多区间方法能够准确地估计胚乳性状QTL的位置和效应,并可有效区分两种显性效应。     

Quantitative trait loci for agronomic traits in soybean

There continues to be improvement in seed yields of soybean by conventional breeding, but molecular techniques may provide faster genetic gains. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the agronomic traits seed yield, lodging, plant height, seed filling period and plant maturity in soybean. To achieve this objective, 101 F₆‐derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a population developed from a cross of N87‐984‐16 × TN93‐99 were used. Experiments were conducted in six environments during 2002–2003. Heritability estimates on an entry mean basis from data combined across environments ranged from 0.12 to 0.65 for seed yield and seed filling period, respectively. Composite interval mapping detected one QTL for yield (near Satt076), two for lodging (near Satt225 and Satt593) and four for maturity (near Satt263, Satt292, Satt293 and Satt591) in this population. Additional environmentally sensitive QTL for these traits, and for seed filling period and plant height are also reported. The QTL associated with agronomic traits that we report and the recently released germplasm (PI 636460) from this population may be useful in soybean breeding programmes.     

Bayesian mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling soybean cyst nematode resistant

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is one of the most economically important pathogens of soybean. Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to SCN is a proven useful strategy in order to assist in the development of resistant soybean cultivars. In the present study, a Bayesian modeling approach was performed to map QTL controlling genetic resistance to SCN races 3 and 14. For this purpose, a population of recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between line Y23 (susceptible) and cv. Hartwig (resistant) was used. A total of 144 microsatellites markers (Simple Sequence Repeats) were selected and synthesized for mapping purpose. Posterior marginal parameter distributions were computed using the Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo (RJ-MCMC) algorithm. It was determined the existence of four QTLs on three linkage groups (LG); that is LG A2 for race 3, LG C2 for race 14, and LG G for both races. The estimates of posterior modes of the heritability were 0.038 and 0.53 for the LGs A2 and G respectively (race 3). For the race 14 the posterior modes of the heritability were 0.044 and 0.05 for the LGs C2 and G. The identified QTLs explained about 57 and 9 % of the total phenotypic variance, for the races 3 and 14, respectively. These results confirm the effectiveness of the Bayesian method to map QTL controlling resistance to SCN in soybean. Accordingly, integrating QTL mapping with Bayesian methods will enable response to selection for quantitative traits of interest in soybean to be improved.