不同地理株及其杂交株柔嫩艾美耳球虫细胞免疫水平研究

本文首先培育了5个不同虫株柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Emeria tenella):3个不同地理株吉林株[J]、山东株[S]、黑龙江株[H]和2个杂交株F1(山东株×黑龙江株)、F2(F1×吉林株).将300只AA肉鸡鸡雏随机分成6组,每组50只,12日龄时分别用不同株柔嫩艾美耳球虫进行免疫,首免剂量为1 × 104卵囊.24日龄时攻虫,剂量为1×104卵囊.攻虫后10日龄时翼下静脉采血1 mL检测学液中的CD4 ,CD8 的数量,以此判断柔嫩艾美耳球虫的细胞免疫功能,结果证明:杂交株柔嫩艾美耳球虫CD4 ,CD8 的数量远远高于其它组,F2组更高.各组的CD4 ,CD8 的数量依次为F2＞F1＞S＞H＞J. CD4 ,CD8 的数量的比值也不同.即各组的细胞免疫功能不同,从数值上反应出,F2株细胞免疫水平最高,其次是F1,再次是山东株,黑龙江株和吉林株最低.     

复方地克珠利可溶性粉剂抗鸡球虫病效果试验

分别以0.5、1.0和1.5mg/L复方地克珠利可溶性粉(以地克珠利有效成分计)饮水,预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染。并用地克珠利可溶性粉(1.0mg/L)饮水、地克珠利(1.0mg/kg)混饲和硫酸新霉素(50.0mg/L,以效价计)饮水为对照。结果发现,复方地克珠利可溶性粉3种浓度饮水均能有效预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染,抗球虫指数均在176.46以上,优于地克珠利混饲给药组。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫2个抗药株的抗药性评估

为检测实验室长期保存的柔嫩艾美耳球虫马杜拉霉素抗药株和地克珠利抗药株的遗传稳定性,采用鸡体试验法,以抗球虫指数、最适抗球虫活性百分率、病变记分减少率和相对卵囊产量4项指标,评价2个抗药株对地克珠利、癸氧喹酯、马杜拉霉素等3种抗球虫药物的抗药性,并以柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株为对照。结果显示,柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株对3种抗球虫药物均无抗药性,4项指标全部阴性。柔嫩艾美耳球虫马杜拉霉素抗药株对马杜拉霉素为完全耐药,4项指标全部阳性;对地克珠利、癸氧喹酯则表现为无抗药性,4项指标全部阴性。柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利抗药株对地克珠利表现为完全耐药,4项指标全部阳性;对马杜拉霉素表现为中度耐药,2项指标阳性;对癸氧喹酯则表现为无抗药性,4项指标全部阴性。结果表明,在实验室已繁殖保存10余年的柔嫩艾美耳球虫2个抗药虫株对其诱导药物具有明显抗药性,实验室保种繁殖方法可行,虫株遗传稳定性良好,为利用该虫株进行球虫抗药性机制等相关研究奠定了基础。     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫沈阳分离株的抗药性诱导试验

为了获得柔嫩艾美耳球虫抗地克珠利虫株,试验采用连续递增药物浓度的方法对柔嫩艾美耳球虫沈阳分离株进行实验室诱导。结果表明:地克珠利从0.05 mg/kg的起始药物浓度开始经18次传代,获得了对浓度为1.4 mg/kg地克珠利的抗药性;经抗球虫指数(ACI)、病变记分减少率(RLS)、相对卵囊产量(ROP)、最适抗球虫活性百分率(POAA)检测,沈阳新民分离株对地克珠利失去了敏感性。说明短时间应用地克珠利,球虫也能够产生抗药性。     

地克珠利抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫凤阳地理株的效果观察

将 60只 1日龄蛋公鸡于无球虫条件下饲养至 30日龄时随机分为 5组 (Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组 )。Ⅰ组用地克珠利饮水 (每千克水 1mg) ;Ⅱ组地克珠利混饲 (每千克饲料 2mg) ;Ⅲ组为药物对照组 (每千克饲料克球粉 5mg) ;Ⅳ组为感染不给药 ;Ⅴ组为不感染不给药组。于给药当天 ,除Ⅴ组外 ,其他组鸡每只接种 1× 1 0 5个柔嫩艾美耳球虫凤阳地理株孢子化卵囊。根据各组鸡的存活率 ,相对增重率 ,病变记分 ,血便记分和抗球虫指数来观察药物疗效。试验结果表明 ,地克珠利能有效的控制凤阳地理株柔嫩艾美耳球虫。     

不同地理株柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenela)杂交虫株(F2)的培育

将山东株(S)与吉林株(J)柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊通过单卵囊技术接种雏鸡,收获卵囊后提取基因组DNA,利用RAPD技术分析DNA,筛选出杂交株(F1),再用该F1代与黑龙江株(H)柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊单卵囊接种雏鸡,相同方法鉴别筛选,确定了1株为山东株、吉林株和黑龙江株三个地理株的杂交(F2)卵囊。该结果为深入研究球虫的免疫机制奠定了基拙。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利耐药株与敏感株基因组SNP杂合度的比较分析

鸡球虫病是阻碍养禽业健康发展的重要寄生虫病。地克珠利作为一种低毒、广谱、高效的抗球虫药物得到了广泛使用,但长期使用导致鸡球虫耐药株广泛出现。为了探究鸡球虫对地克珠利产生耐药性的分子机制,本试验采用药物浓度递增的方法诱导耐药株,通过全基因组重测序分析柔嫩艾美耳球虫耐药株和敏感株之间单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的杂合度差异。结果显示,与敏感株相比,耐药株在蛋白激酶(EVM0000192)基因存在2个非同义突变,推测其与柔嫩艾美耳球虫的地克珠利耐药性的产生有关,本试验为后续利用更多耐药株的SNP来发掘地克珠利耐药基因提供了科学依据。     

基于SNP密度分布分析柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利耐药虫株与敏感虫株的差异

为明确地克珠利耐药虫株与敏感虫株在基因水平的差异,进而解析地克珠利耐药性产生的分子机制,本研究以实验室保存的2株柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利耐药虫株和2株柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利敏感虫株为研究对象,将4个虫株进行全基因组重测序(NGS),通过单核苷酸多态性(SNP)密度分布解析耐药株与敏感株之间的差异。结果显示,与敏感株相比,耐药株在第13号染色体0.1～1 Mb区间内的SNP比较富集。本研究结果为解析鸡球虫14条染色体上抗原变异位点和耐药性位点等的研究提供了科学依据。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫果洛分离株的耐药性试验

雏鸡分组后人工感染果洛地区柔嫩艾美耳球虫分离株2.4×105个/只,分别采用地克珠利、氨丙啉、尼卡巴嗪、磺胺氯吡嗪钠、复方磺胺对甲氧嘧啶等5种常用抗球虫药进行治疗观察,以POAA、RLS、ROP、ACI作为评定指标.结果表明,柔嫩艾美耳球虫果洛分离株对氨丙啉、地克珠利高度敏感,对尼卡巴嗪、磺胺氯吡嗪钠均产生不同程度的耐...     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫对四种抗球虫药的交叉抗药性试验

为了测试柔嫩艾美耳球虫的４种抗药虫株（抗地克珠利、抗拉沙里菌素、抗盐霉素和抗克球粉虫株）对４种抗球虫药（地克珠利、拉沙里菌素、盐霉素和克球粉）的敏感性进行了本试验。结果表明：柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利抗药虫株对拉沙里菌素、盐霉素和克球粉均表现敏感,拉沙里菌素抗药虫株、盐霉素抗药虫株和克球粉抗药虫株对地克珠利也表现为高度敏感,因此,柔嫩艾美耳球虫对地克珠利与拉沙里菌素、地克珠利与盐霉素、地克珠利与克球粉３组药物不存在交叉抗药性。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.