基于MODIS数据的中国热环境时空变化研究

以2011年1、4、7、10月份的MODIS陆地表面温度产品(MOD11A2)、地表覆盖类型产品(MOD12Q1)为依据,采用GIS的空间分析,方差分析和统计分析方法,研究了中国陆地表面温度(LST)的季节变化规律,以及LST与不同下垫面类型之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)冬季,整个区域昼夜呈现出陆地表面温度随纬度递减而逐渐上升的趋势;夏季白天,北方大部分地区陆地表面温度要比东南沿海地区高,晚上,则相反。(2)不同下垫面类型对陆地表面温度的影响较为显著,整体表现为,白天,林地、草地、水体、耕地、未利用土地、建设用地的陆地表面温度依次升高;黑夜,水体、林地、草地、耕地、建设用地、未利用土地的陆地表面温度依次降低。这种变化趋势和下垫面类型的热容量性质具有密切的关系。     

干旱区典型绿洲地表温度昼夜变化特征研究——以于田绿洲为例

文中利用2012年长时间序列MODIS地表温度产品,以于田绿洲为例进行干旱区地表昼夜温差时间和空间变化特征的研究。结合MODIS土地利用数据,进一步分析了不同土地利用类型下地表昼夜温差的长时序变化特征。结果显示:研究区绿洲地表昼夜温差在0-40℃之间,其年均值小于25℃,而对于地表昼夜温差范围在0-60℃荒漠区其年均值大于25℃;并且绿洲-荒漠交错带呈现出明显的锯齿状效应。不同土地利用类型的地表昼夜温差值的大小依次是未利用土地、林地、草地、耕地及建设用地。尽管土地利用类型对地表昼夜温差有较大影响,但是其时间序列变化特征并未受到土地利用类型的明显影响;不同土地利用类型具有相似的地表昼夜温差时序特征。相比于Terra卫星,Aqua卫星观测数据能够更好的反映地表昼夜温差的变化特征。     

准噶尔无叶豆水分生理生态学特性的初步研究

准噶尔无叶豆是我国荒漠的稀有植物,现已被列入国家重点保护的种类。通过对该植物水分生理生态学特性的初步研究得知:其同化枝水势变化幅度较大,日变化进程为双峰型;蒸腾作用不大,日变化表现为单峰型。蒸腾速率同植物表面温度,大气相对湿度及光照等生态因素有密切关系。经观测统计,在一定的温度范围内,均呈线性关系。     

对陆面过程模型CoLM中关键参数的修正

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地观测数据的分析和模拟,重新修正了陆面过程模型CoLM中的关键参数值和参数化方案。① 采用涡动相关数据和Monin Obukhov理论,对地表动力学粗糙度重新计算;为提高地表比辐射率的精度,采用两种不同的方法进行计算和比较;将地表反照率参数值校正为符合年际变化的参数化方案;重新选择符合沙漠环境的地表热力学粗糙度参数化方案;改变相同的10层土壤导热率为不同值。② 经过参数值的校正与参数化方案的修正,改善了CoLM在沙漠地区对地表通量、地表和土壤温度模拟的缺陷;③ 改善后的CoLM模拟值与观测值的标准误差小于改善前,但不同季节模拟改善效果存在差异,总体上冬季的标准误差小于其他季节。     

浑善达克沙地不同植被下的土壤水分状况

浑善达克沙地的中东段阳坡近裸的流动风沙土 0 - 1 0cm土层整个生长季内平均含水量较低、波动也比较大 ,而在 1 0cm以下则基本稳定在 3%左右 ,尤其是深层。丘间低地草本群落下的土壤湿度随深度增加变化较大 ,2 0cm以上土层含量较高 ,40 - 5 0cm土层的含水量最低 ,波动也剧烈 ,90cm以下达裸沙含水量水平。阴坡灌丛下 ,最低土壤含水量出现在 70 -90cm土层 ,深层土壤含水量长期稳定在 1 .5 %左右。这说明植物的生长使根层土壤含水量下降 ,而且不同植物利用水的土层及利用土壤水的量不同。这可能是引起流动风沙土向固定风沙土转变过程中地表植被演替及决定地区顶级群落的主要原因。在干旱半干旱地区 ,植被影响着降水在土层中的分布及地表的蒸散条件 ,使土壤有效水向浅层分配。而降水在土壤不同深度的分配及入渗深度 ,决定着地表植被的生活型 ,从而影响地表植被的演替方向及顶级类型。需水量较大的灌丛在沙丘阴坡能形成稳定的群落 ,是由于沙丘为植物避免干旱胁迫 ,延长在干旱季节的生存时间创造了条件 ,因此 ,沙丘是沙地的重要环境资源 ,尤其是高大沙丘 ,在这类地区的防风固沙中具有重要的作用。     

AMSR-E土壤水分产品评价及在干旱监测中的应用

土壤水分在地表能量交换和气候变化中有重要作用。干旱为常见的自然灾害,土壤水分是反映干旱最直观的指标,利用微波遥感监测地表土壤水分具有明显优势,微波土壤水分产品也在干旱监测中具有重要作用,但由于地表下垫面的差异和反演算法的精度,使土壤水分产品的应用受到了限制,因此,本研究对广泛使用的AMSR-E(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System)土壤水分产品在中国范围内的精度及在干旱监测中的作用进行评价。结果表明:AMSR-E能较好的反映站点不同深度的土壤水分情况,大多数站点存在极显著相关关系,但20 cm相关性低于10 cm,且高相关系数区域明显缩小;下垫面为白地的农试站观测的土壤水分和AMSR-E土壤水分产品之间的相关性显著高于种植作物下的农田区这2种数据的相关性;对于大多数下垫面类型,站点土壤水分和AMSR-E土壤水分之间存在明显的正相关关系,且达到极显著相关,对10 cm土壤水分观测,相关性最好的是种植高梁下观测的土壤水分,相关性达到了0.579,对20 cm土壤水分观测,相关性最好的是棉花下观测的土壤水分,相关性达到0.528。春季、夏季和秋季的相关性较高,而冬季相关性略低;在种植作物的情况下,东北、华南和西北地区,站点和AMSR-E土壤水分观测相关性较好,仅考虑白地的情况下,西北、西南和华中区域,这2种数据的相关性更高些;AMSR-E较农试站土壤水分取值范围宽,但不同区域AMSR-E土壤水分取值峰值不同,华北区域2种土壤水分观测分布和波动较为一致;AMSR-E基本能反映北方干旱和南方多雨引起的土壤水分差异趋势;大多数站点和大多数作物类型下,10 cm站点土壤水分和AMSR-E土壤水分相关性较好的情况下,20 cm也会有这样的表现。其次,AMSR-E土壤水分产品提取的土壤水分距平百分率与同期的降水距平百分率之间的相关性较好,尤其在西北地区和北方大部分区域更明显,AMSR-E土壤水分产品能较好的反映降水的波动和干旱的发生状况。     

基于SEBAL模型与MODIS产品的松嫩平原蒸散量研究

利用MODIS的地表温度/比辐射率、植被指数、地表反照率3种产品,结合气象站点的观测资料,通过基于地表能量平衡方程的SEBAL模型估算了松嫩平原2008年5月16日、6月16日、7月13日、8月15日、9月13日不同下垫面的地表蒸散量,并采用涡动相关数据对模型估算结果进行验证,发现估算值与实测值的变化趋势大体一致,平均误差在20%以内,基本上可以满足区域蒸散研究的精度要求。此外,还通过GIS空间分析方法探讨了松嫩平原2008年生长季内不同时相蒸散量的时空分布特征,并分析了蒸散量土地利用类型的关系,结果表明松嫩平原蒸散量的空间分布在很大程度上受气候特征、土壤供水条件及土地利用类型的影响,各时相的蒸散量大致表现为从西南部向东北部逐渐增加的变化趋势,水体、林地、沼泽湿地具有较高的蒸散量,耕地、居工地次之,草地的蒸散量最低。     

陇中黄土丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用下土壤水分变化分析

通过对陇中黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型下土壤水分的定期观测,用烘干法测定了5种土地利用类型的土壤水分,分析了土壤水分在植被生长季的变化。结果表明:土地利用类型对土壤水分的影响差异极显著(P<0.01),土壤含水量及储水量大小顺序为:荒草地>沙棘林地>农地>草地>油松林地;土地利用类型对土壤剖面水分的影响随土层的加深呈增大趋势,土壤剖面水分的变异系数随土层的加深呈减小趋势,并且其含水量变化存在季节差异。不同土地利用类型下土壤水分消耗量及补充量均有差异;土壤剖面储水量的盈亏状况为:农地没有亏缺,荒草地的亏缺量最小,油松林地在40cm以下土层均亏缺。因此,在该区的生态植被恢复过程中,应优先考虑草本和灌木植物,以利于土壤水环境及其永续利用。     

不同荒漠化治理措施对植物多样性及其土地肥力变化的影响

采用α-多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、群落均匀度指数Jsw和Js)和β-多样性指数(相似性系数Cs)研究宁夏盐池县草原群落在不同荒漠化治理措施(人工封育、退耕还林、撂荒地)固定样地植物多样性变化。对比2002和2003年不同类型固定样地植物多样性观测数据表明:到2003年,各实验样地的α-多样性指数均有不同程度的提高。β-多样性的研究结果同样表明:在不同治理措施实验样地的种类组成已经发生了一定的变化。此外,本文还进一步分析了引起植物多样性变化的主要原因。     

农田景观中功能植物的类型及其生物控害作用

在作物系统中,不同类型的植物与主要农作物的配置能够有效提高天敌对害虫的生物控害作用,抑制害虫种群。这些植物通常称为功能植物或次生植物,可划分为7类:伴生植物、驱虫植物、屏障植物、指示植物、诱集植物、虫源植物以及银行植物。然而,功能植物的有效性及其对害虫种群的控制功能还未在生物防治中得到很好的应用。这主要是在实际操作过程中,缺乏能够对不同类型植物的利用步骤和过程提供的指导的完善的系统,尤其是缺乏功能植物对3级营养关系的影响的具体论证。目前,实践应用中的难题是专业术语和概念的混用,因此,本文尽量阐明每种植物类型定义和功能,以期为更好地利用功能植物提供科学依据。     

Phototransformation of Triadimefon on Glass and Soil Surfaces

Photodegradation of triadimefon has been studied on glass and soil surfaces. A number of photoproducts have been isolated and characterised by NMR, IR and MS. Photolysis resulted in considerable amounts of 1-(4-chlorophenoxymethyl)-1,2,4-triazole, 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2,2-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propane, 1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one and 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol. Rates of photodegradation on glass and soil surfaces under UV and sunlight followed first-order kinetics with a significant correlation coefficient. Photodegradation was greater on alluvial soil than on laterite soil.     

Relationship between the Spray Droplet Density of Two Protectant Fungicides and the Germination of Mycosphaerella fijiensis Ascospores on Banana Leaf Surfaces

The effect of fungicide spray droplet density (droplet cm^-2), droplet size, and proximity of the spray droplet deposit to fungal spores was investigated with Mycosphaerella fijiensis ascospores on the banana (Musa AAA) leaf surface for two contact fungicides: chlorothalonil and mancozeb. When droplet size was maintained at a volume median diameter (VMD) of 250 μm while total spray volume per hectare changed, M. fijiensis ascospore germination on the leaf surface fell below 1% for both fungicides at a droplet deposit density of 30 droplet cm^-2. At a droplet deposit density of 50 droplet cm^-2, no ascospores germinated in either fungicide treatment. When both droplet size and droplet cm^-2 varied while spray volume was fixed at 20 litre ha^-1, ascospore germination reached 0% at 10 droplet cm^-2 (VMD=602 μm) for both fungicides. At lower droplet densities (2–5 droplet cm^-2 VMD=989 μm and 804 μm respectively), ascospore germination on the mancozeb-treated leaves was significantly lower than on the chlorothalonil-treated leaves. The zone of inhibition surrounding a fungicide droplet deposit (VMD=250 μm) on the leaf surface was estimated to extend 1·02 mm beyond the visible edge of the spray droplet deposit for chlorothalonil and 1·29 mm for mancozeb. The efficacy of fungicide spray droplet deposit densities which are lower than currently recommended for low-volume, aerial applications of protectant fungicides was confirmed in an analysis of leaf samples recovered after commercial applications in a banana plantation. Calibrating agricultural spray aircraft to deliver fungicide spray droplets with a mean droplet deposit density of 30 droplet cm^-2 and a VMD between 300 and 400 μm will probably reduce spray drift, increase deposition efficiency on crop foliage, and enhance disease control compared to aircraft calibrated to spray finer droplets. © 1997 SCI.     

塔里木盆地西北部3种典型下垫面风沙活动特征

风沙流结构是风沙活动特征和土壤风蚀发生过程研究的核心内容。选取塔里木盆地西北部阿克苏地区棉田、枣园和沙漠-绿洲过渡带3种典型下垫面为研究对象,对比分析3次强风条件下不同耕作方式的农田地表和沙漠-绿洲过渡带的风沙流结构特征。结果表明:沙漠-绿洲过渡带由于近似于天然的流沙面,风沙流结构符合幂函数规律,在0~30 cm高度内的输沙量占到总输沙量的88.3%,这一结果高于在塔克拉玛干沙漠其他地区的观测水平;在农田下垫面条件下,由于受到土壤耕作方式和地表植被的影响,风沙流结构发生了很大变异,在0~2 m高度内不再符合幂函数变化规律;沙漠-绿洲过渡带表现出比农田下垫面更大的风沙流的强度,强度从4.08 g·m-1到187.69 g·m-1;覆膜棉花的种植在一定程度上抑制了农田的土壤风蚀。     

Surfaces and other factors modifying the effectiveness of pyrethroids against insects in public health

Features of the evolution of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are reviewed and related to the target function in control. The factors affecting residual activity are discussed and related to the surfaces to which different formulations are applied. Many insecticide/formulation/surface combinations lose effectiveness rapidly. The consequence of this in relation to the recovery of cockroach populations are discussed using mathematical models and field observations.     

Footsteps from Insect Larvae Damage Leaf Surfaces and Initiate Rapid Responses

Plant resistance to insect herbivory involves gene expression in response to wounding and the detection of insect elicitors in oral secretions (Kessler and Baldwin, 2002, Ann. Rev. Plant/ Biol. 53: 299–328). However, crawling insect larvae stimulate the synthesis of 4-aminobutyrate within minutes and imprints of larval footsteps can be visualized within seconds through superoxide production or transient increases in chlorophyll fluorescence (Bown et al., 2002, Plant Physiol. 129: 1430–1434). Here cryo-scanning electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that larval feet, which are equipped with a perimeter row of hook-like crochets, damage leaf tissue and result in larval footprints. Staining for cell death shows that areas of wounding correspond to footsteps detected through increased chlorophyll fluorescence. Superoxide production in response to footsteps was inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of the plasma membrane NADPH oxidase enzyme. Inhibition of superoxide production, however, did not eliminate the detection of cell death. The results demonstrate that larval footsteps damage leaf tissue, and initiate rapid local responses which are not dependent on herbivory or oral secretions. It is proposed that superoxide production at the wound site prevents opportunistic pathogen infection.     

Sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on Stem Surfaces of Tomato Plants and Aerial Dissemination of Inoculum

ABSTRACT Plants exhibiting symptoms of wilt and xylem discoloration typical of Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici were observed in greenhouses of cherry tomatoes at various sites in Israel. However, the lower stems of some of these plants were covered with a pink layer of macroconidia of F. oxysporum. This sign resembles the sporulating layer on stems of tomato plants infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, which causes the crown and root rot disease. Monoconidial isolates of F. oxysporum from diseased plants were assigned to vegetative compatibility group 0030 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and identified as belonging to race 1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The possibility of coinfection with F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was excluded by testing several macroconidia from each plant. Airborne propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici were trapped on selective medium in greenhouses in which plants with a sporulating layer had been growing. Sporulation on stems was reproduced by inoculating tomato plants with races 1 and 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. This phenomenon has not been reported previously with F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and might be connected to specific environmental conditions, e.g., high humidity. The sporulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on plant stems and the resultant aerial dissemination of macroconidia may have serious epidemiological consequences. Sanitation of the greenhouse structure, as part of a holistic disease management approach, is necessary to ensure effective disease control.     

毛乌素沙地三种下垫面土壤吸湿凝结水量的比较

为探讨半干旱区不同下垫面对土壤吸湿凝结水量的影响,采用称重法研究了毛乌素沙地开发整治研究中心院内臭柏群落、油蒿群落和裸地三种下垫面土壤吸湿凝结水量的变化特征。结果表明:植被可以改变试验点的温湿度,裸露沙地凝结量小于有植物区;臭柏群落形成吸湿凝结水最多,油蒿次之,裸地最少;同一下垫面中的凝结水量,地表以上20cm处的>10cm处>地表处。     

新疆策勒4个典型下垫面近地层风速脉动特征

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒沙漠-绿洲过渡带为研究区,对流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地和绿洲内部4个下垫面平均风速、风速脉动和风向脉动特征进行分析,探讨风速、风向脉动差异原因。结果表明:1平均风速与阵风风速之间符合线性相关性,相关性随着距离地表高度的增大而增大,各高度平均风速与阵风风速都呈极显著正相关(P0.01);2从流沙前缘沿主风向至绿洲内部,随着植被盖度的增加,平均风速逐渐降低,且离地表越近降低的幅度越大;3随距离地表高度的增大,各测点风速脉动强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,风速脉动相对值呈减小的趋势。从流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地到绿洲内部,风速脉动强度和风速脉动相对值总体上呈现增大的趋势,而在4个下垫面中,绿洲内部不同高度的风速脉动强度在夏季表现为最小,在冬季表现为最大;4风向脉动幅度以流沙地最小,半固定沙地、固定沙地次之,绿洲内部最大,即随植被覆盖度增加而增大。     

Contribution of Fimbrial and Afimbrial Adhesins of Xylella fastidiosa to Attachment to Surfaces and Virulence to Grape

ABSTRACT The role of fimbrial and afimbrial adhesins of Xylella fastidiosa in biofilm formation was assessed by visualization of cell aggregates of mutant strains after incubation on glass surfaces. FimA- or FimF- fimbrial mutants adhered as solitary cells at a slightly lesser frequency to glass surfaces than the parental strain; however, cell aggregates were not formed, unlike the wild-type strain. Conversely, whereas the XadA- and HxfB- nonfimbrial mutants also exhibited a much lower frequency of adherence to glass surfaces than the wild-type strain, most of the cells retained on the surfaces were in cell aggregates of different sizes, much like that of the parental strain. Neither fimbrial or afimbrial mutants formed a mature biofilm on the sides of flasks of broth cultures, unlike the dense biofilm formed by the wild-type strain. Although FimA- and FimF- mutants did not form cell aggregates on glass surfaces when incubated as individual strains, aggregates of a FimA- or FimF- mutant were observed when co-incubated with either a XadA- mutant or HxfB- mutant, respectively. These results are consistent with a model in which the fimbrial adhesins FimA and FimF are involved preferentially in cell-to-cell aggregate formation whereas the afimbrial adhesions XadA and HxfB preferentially contribute to initial cell binding to surfaces, whereupon further cell aggregation can occur. In each of five separate experiments, FimA, FimF, XadA, and HxfB mutants of X. fastidiosa all were less virulent to grape than the corresponding wild-type strain. Fimbrial and afimbrial mutants might produce a reduced biofilm within vessels of grape and, hence, be deficient in various cell-density-dependent traits required for movement through the plant and, thus, virulence.