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1.
Most agroforestry-adoption studies are based on surveys of "non-adopters." An understanding of the circumstances that have led to a change of attitude of the adopters will be valuable in our efforts to enhance adoption rates. This study was undertaken to provide such knowledge based on a large agroforestry extension project involving 200,000 farm families and covering 25% of all rural households in Haiti. A questionnaire-based survey of the project participants was conducted covering 1,540 households and 2,295 fields in four regions of Haiti. Information was recorded about each farm and family member through interviews with farmers and visits to their farms. The results confirmed that farmers make decisions about tree culture based on household- and field characteristics. Different farmers consider trees differently depending upon how they fit into their farm-family strategy. In general, farmers installed tree hedgerows on fields of less secure tenure, of lesser fertility, and steeper slope, while on closer, more fertile fields of greater tenure security, tree seedlings and fruit trees were more common and there was a greater density of mature trees (>10 cm DBH). More money was realized from sale of tree products on actively cropped fields in more secure tenure and having more fertile soil. Older farmers managed a greater density of trees, especially when the land was in secure tenure status. This broad-based study shows that agroforestry implementation strategies in poor countries such as Haiti should be based on a thorough knowledge of how farmers use household and field characteristics to make adoption decisions. It also suggests that agroforestry-adoption studies should account for the dynamic changes occurring during extended time periods.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Kiyoshi Miyakuni 《Journal of Forest Research》1999,4(2):67-74
Shifting cultivation is one of the main factors that has caused forest degradation in many tropical countries. In Sabah, Malaysia,
the government has granted land titles to local farmers outside the Forest reserve, and introduced tree cash crops to reduce
farmers’ dependence on shifting cultivation. Granting land titles, however, was not always an incentive for farmers to plant
tree cash crops. Farmers often planted tree cash crops on land without secure legal rights. The Land Ordinance and illegal
logging had introduced exclusive and (semi-)permanent rights to land into this region, and the Forest reserve also was divided
among villagers. The Land Ordinance stipulates that planting trees confers permanent heritable and transferable rights of
use and occupancy but not within Forest reserves. Local farmers who were anxious about their land rights believed that they
could obtain those rights even within the Forest reserve, and applied for land titles. Farmers planted tree cash crops not
only for future income but also to secure their land rights. At present, the policy of Forest reserve has nearly collapsed
in this region and it is impossible to neglect or remove local farmers if the government utilizes Forest reserves for any
purpose. Lands in the interior regions will be reclassified in the near future out of necessity. 相似文献
3.
The potentialities of agroforestry are generally investigated through their biophysiological phenomena, cost–benefit analysis,
and possible impact upon poverty reduction. There have been inadequate studies on the actual impacts of agroforestry intervention
on small landholders and of farmers' attitudes toward these agroforestry programs. Drawing upon the findings of an empirical
study, this article explores the effects of small-scale agroforestry on upland community development in the Chittagong Hill
Tracts, Bangladesh. More specifically, the study clarifies the merits and demerits of different agroforestry systems as perceived
by farmers, their impacts on the rural economy and the environment, farmers' attitudes toward the adoption of agroforestry,
and impacts of various government policies. Field data were collected by administering questions to 90 randomly selected smallholders
of the Upland Settlement Project (USP), as well as from project staff. The research tools employed were semistructured interviews,
group discussions, and uncontrolled observations. The results indicated that the agroforestry interventions have in fact increased
farmers' income through employment and the selling of farm products, as well as by improving the ecological conditions of
these areas through reduction of soil erosion, increasing tree coverage, and maintaining soil fertility. The adoption of different
agroforestry systems was governed mainly by the farmers' interests in following these techniques, their ability to cultivate
the land in the prescribed manner, and the market demand for their products. The major obstacles that prevented increased
agroforestry improvements included lack of confidence in new land-use systems, inappropriate project design (e.g., top-down
innovation approach), and policy issues regarding land tenure. Recommendations are proposed to strengthen social capital in
local organizations to enhance the livelihoods of the upland communities. 相似文献
4.
《林业研究》2017,(5)
Tree diversity in West Africa is threatened by intensified land uses and salinization,and farmers' role in conservation of tree species is unclear.We hypothesized that farmers contribute to conservation of tree diversity through protection of trees in their agroforestry landscapes and compared the diversity and structure of the tree vegetation across landscape classes.Inventories were carried out in three villages in the Groundnut Basin in Senegal,assessing tree diversity,density and crown cover.Tree diversity as assessed by species accumulation curves was high in forests,but cultivated landscapes had comparable or almost comparable diversity,especially in the cases where the forest was planted or was affected by charcoal production.However,the occurrence of exotic species was higher in cultivated parts of the landscape,and although many species were in common,ordination plots indicated that forests and cultivated landscapes to some degree had different species composition.Salinity had a strong influence on vegetation,not only in the tans(salt marshes) but also across the other landscape classes.In conclusion,agroforestry landscapes in the three villages harbor considerable tree diversity,but insufficient to fully conserve the tree species.We argue that informing and including farmers in tree management in the region will contribute to overall conservation of tree genetic resources. 相似文献
5.
As a response to serious deforestation in Vietnam, the forestland allocation (FLA) policy was introduced in the 1990s. The process still continues, having allocated 80% of the forestland to various management entities, among which individual households are the most important one for production forests. While previous studies focusing on local livelihoods reveal negative impacts of the FLA, particularly in the initial stage, studies on forest cover change as well as government statistics indicate positive changes in the longer term. We focused on micro-scale land use change after the FLA, and selected two upland villages with different accessibility in the Northeast region of Vietnam. Though the FLA was initiated in 1995 in both villages, the government reforestation program first reached Village G with paved road, and they did second planting. However, forestland recipients in Village A, with no paved road, also planted timber species as soon as the program was introduced. Though the mean allocated areas in Village A was larger than that of Village G, the mean of tree plantation areas was comparable, 1.39 ha (SE?=?1.09) in Village A and 1.38 ha (SE?=?1.01) in Village G. These results suggest that government support is a determinant of the timing and area of tree planting activities. After the FLA, one of the next policy challenges is how to make small-scale farm forestry financially independent. 相似文献
6.
Fernando Santos Martín Manuel Bertomeu Meine van Noordwijk Rafael Navarro 《Small-Scale Forestry》2012,11(1):47-60
The ‘when, where and how’ of decisions by smallholder upland farmers to plant trees as part of their use of natural, human
and capital resources needs to be understood if policy support is to result in actual recovery of tree cover as part of a
‘forest transition’ trajectory. In large parts of the Philippines the turning point may be close. Data on resource access
and tree planting decisions were gathered from a household survey, with a total of 148 respondents in four rural communities
in Leyte Province in Central Philippines. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis. Household-level results reveal
that the outcomes of the decision-making processes primarily depend on the availability of land and access to remaining forest
resources rather than socio-cultural or economic factors. The total area of land and number of parcels managed by the household
plus security of land tenure through ownership was found to have a statistically significant effect on farmers’ decision to
plant native timber trees. Access to surrounding natural forest is negatively associated with farmer tree planting. 相似文献
7.
Eva J. Garen Kristin Saltonstall Jacob L. Slusser Shane Mathias Mark S. Ashton Jefferson S. Hall 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,76(1):219-236
In the Republic of Panama, reforestation with native species is of great interest, but many landholders often do not participate
in tree planting projects and little information exists about landholder interest in, or experiences with, native trees. This
study evaluates the experiences of farmers participating in a native species reforestation initiative in rural Panama to identify
lessons learned that can guide on-going or future tree planting efforts. Based on the results of a questionnaire administered
to program participants and non-participants (n = 68), we found that trees are important to farmers for multiple reasons, primary a variety of environmental and economic
benefits. No relationship between the size of landholdings or land tenure status and the desire to plant trees was found.
All participants in the program considered their experience to be positive, few had problems with their plantations, and most
were interested in planting more native trees. The program’s frequent and ongoing technical support was an important factor
for farmers. These results indicate widespread interest in, and success with, planting native species and underscore the need
to systematically examine farmers’ interests and perceptions when planning, implementing, and evaluating reforestation initiatives. 相似文献
8.
Hilly topography and inaccessible markets leave limited alternatives for Lao upland farmers who grow rice in slash-and-burn systems. They plant banana, mango, papaya, coconut and other perennials and collect forest products, specially bamboo shoot, banana inflorescence, rattan, cardamom, and benzoin for home consumption and market. Teak is the most important perennial planted on upland fields but farmers having teak are more likely to belong to the lowland ethnic groups and own lowland rice fields. Farmers preferred teak over fruit trees and coffee because of the better market potential and 82% considered cash income or wood for construction and 18% the securing of land tenure as major reasons for planting teak. Insufficient financial resources, non-availability of land, lack of seedlings, lack of labor and lack of experience were regarded as the main reasons for not planting teak by 41, 39, 35, 28 and 13% of non-teak growers, respectively. Plantations are often interplanted with rice for the first 1–3 years. Resource-poor families generally cannot risk the long-term investments and credit or modified systems combining food, livestock, and timber production are necessary to allow them to take part in the potentially lucrative teak production. 相似文献
9.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2006,233(1):1-10
We examined interrelationships among natural vegetation zones, soil redox potential (Eh), and metrics of tree seedling performance (i.e survival, growth, and photosynthesis) for planted Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer saccharinum, Quercus palustris, and Quercus bicolor at two created perched wetlands (two years and five years old) in Michigan, USA. Vegetation zones apparently associated with hydrology were fully developed at both sites. Wetland zones always had lower mean Eh than upland zones, indicating mostly anaerobic and aerobic root environments, respectively. Eh values for transition zones were similar to aerobic upland zones at the five-year-old site, and changed from anaerobic to aerobic conditions over the growing season at the two-year-old site. At the five-year-old site, transition zone trees of all species generally had greater height growth, survival, and were less likely browsed by deer than upland trees. They also had much greater survival and endured shorter periods of anoxia stress than wetland trees. Photosynthesis was positively related to survival and Eh, suggesting that unfavorable carbon balance may help explain low survival in the anoxic wetland zone. Management implications include: (1) vegetation zonation is a good indicator of wetland hydrological factors important to planted tree performance; (2) targeting developed transition vegetation zones for tree planting could increase the success and efficiency of efforts to create forested wetlands; and (3) transition zones extended over only a 9.3 cm vertical elevation gradient, indicating the importance of precise grading when creating perched forested wetlands. 相似文献
10.
Peter Sturmheit 《Agroforestry Systems》1990,10(3):265-289
An agroforestry and soil conservation needs assessment survey conducted in southern Zambia revealed valuable insight into needs, constraints and development options as perceived by smallholders themselves. Inadequate efforts to conserve soil are due to technical and socio-economic factors, they do not result from a lack of awareness of the widespread erosion threat. Fruit tree planting, windbreak establishment as well as the protection of the natural Faidherbia albida regeneration in cropland are popular agroforestry interventions whose positive effects are widely acknowledged. Forty-two perennial species were found to directly contribute to people's diet. Although local fuelwood and fodder shortages as well as the need for fencing are recognized only few respondents envisage agroforestry solutions such as fuelwood and fodder tree planting or live fencing. Most smallholders are interested in tree planting but have so far only planted few trees. Those planted are usually exotic fruit trees. Drought hardly, termite and browse resistant perennials adapted to smallholder tree planting must be provided by the extension services. The widespread exclusion of women from decision making and the lack of tenure security hampers female participation in agroforestry development and consequently threatens sustainable development altogether. 相似文献
11.
Farmers’ Fruit Tree-growing Strategies in the Humid Forest Zone of Cameroon and Nigeria 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ann Degrande Kathrin Schreckenberg Charlie Mbosso Paul Anegbeh Victoria Okafor Jacques Kanmegne 《Agroforestry Systems》2006,67(2):159-175
Many studies have stressed the importance of trees to rural households. Few, however, have focused on actual numbers and densities
of trees in different land-use systems. Based on community-level participatory research in six communities, semi-structured
household interviews and full-farm fruit tree inventories, this study aims to understand farmers’ tree-planting strategies.
Relationships between the diversity, number and density of fruit trees and farm size, land-use system, land tenure, distance
from the homestead, proximity to the forest, market access and household characteristics are investigated. The key factors
determining the differences in tree-growing strategies between communities appear to be market access, land use and access
to forest resources. Within communities, differences between individual households were less easy to explain but tenure was
important as was farm size. Smaller farms had higher fruit tree densities, a relationship that was particularly strong in
communities with good market access. Overall there was a great deal of variability both within and between communities and
many of the factors affecting tree-planting decisions were found to be highly inter-related. Despite this complexity, trees
on farm play an important role in rural household's livelihoods. Therefore, expansion of tree cultivation should be recognized
as a promising pathway to achieve increased income and food production by policy makers and extensionists alike. In addition
to improved tree propagation and management techniques, farmers should be strengthened in the processing and marketing of
agroforestry tree products and more emphasis should be placed on the development of tree enterprises. By doing so, farmers
will be able to earn a more important and consistent income from fruit trees, contributing to the Millennium Development Goals. 相似文献
12.
Over the years farmers of Japanese descent in the Brazilian Amazon have planted indigenous trees that yield various products and services: fruit, seeds,bark, latex, oil, and shade and wind breaks for understory crop plants. Production of timber is often the intended end use of such planted trees. Long-term growth performance of these trees nevertheless has not been well documented. The authors constructed 65-year growth curves for nine indigenous tree species based on measurements of diameter at breast height (dbh), height, and tree age data provided by farmers in the Brazilian State of Pará. An index of wood prices used to calculate state stumpage taxes was then applied to mean stem wood growth curves to produce price curves. These price curves estimate both present value of standing timber, and the value added from annual growth of standing timber in the agroforestry systems studied. The results of this study provide local farmers with a tool to estimate potential annual income from the growth of their trees, and a basis for planning timber harvest rotations. This study's approach may be applicable in other parts of the tropics, where growth information about indigenous trees commonly used in agroforestry is lacking.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Understanding patterns of tree adoption on farms in semi-arid and sub-humid Ethiopia 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Miyuki Iiyama Abayneh Derero Kaleb Kelemu Catherine Muthuri Ruth Kinuthia Ermias Ayenkulu Evelyn Kiptot Kiros Hadgu Jeremias Mowo Fergus L. Sinclair 《Agroforestry Systems》2017,91(2):271-293
Trees on farms are a widespread feature of landscapes across a large part of Ethiopia with an important role in enhancing the resilience of smallholder livelihoods through the provision of ecosystem services. Despite their importance, little is known about what trees are planted or retained from natural regeneration by different types of farmers that results in the pattern of tree cover found in the region. We address this knowledge gap through analysis of household survey data from semi-arid and sub humid areas of Oromia regional state. A set of composite variables that represent distinctive patterns of tree cover on farms were derived from principal component analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. This revealed two major tree adoption strategies: farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR) of trees to meet subsistence needs as well as contributing to other ecosystem services; and, high value agroforestry (HVAF) involving planted trees used largely to produce fruits, timber and fodder. Regression analysis further identified fine-scale variation in ecological and socio-economic factors that affect which of these two broad strategies are adopted by farmers. Favorable climatic conditions coupled with institutional arrangements to control free grazing were pre-conditions for HVAF, whereas poor biophysical potential and sloping land provided a positive incentive for farmers to adopt FMNR. Farmers with preferences for tree species with multiple utilities and locational flexibility favored FMNR while adoption of HVAF was more asset-driven. Our findings reveal that farmers integrate many native and exotic tree species on their farms to meet their variable farm conditions, needs and asset profiles in stark contrast to most tree promotion efforts that focus on a few, usually exotic, tree species. We recommend that future agroforestry promotion should embrace a diversity of tree species appropriate to matching the fine scale variation in ecological conditions and farmer circumstances encountered in the field. 相似文献
14.
Md. Abu Hanif Ranjan Mitra Roy Md. Shafiqul Bari Polash Chandra Ray Md. Shoaibur Rahman Md. Faruq Hasan 《Small-Scale Forestry》2018,17(4):505-522
Agroforestry is one of the most sustainable land management systems practiced around the world due to the socioeconomic benefits that it brings to farmers. In Bangladesh, farmers practice agroforestry, applying indigenous knowledge. The present study was designed to identify the present status, management practices and its role in improving the livelihoods of farmers in northern Bangladesh. Data for the study were collected through quantitative and qualitative methods. A total of 29 tree and 38 agricultural crop species were planted by the102 farmers interviewed. Mangifera indica (relative prevalence 49%) is the most predominant species, followed by Eucalyptus camaldulensis (relative prevalence 35.4%). Farmers of northern Bangladesh plant trees in cropland for fruits (90%), fuel wood (87%) and timber production (79%). Fruit trees were planted with wider spacing while forest and fuel wood species were planted with narrower spacing. Farmer’s livelihoods improved enormously by practicing agroforestry as they have more access to food, fodder and fuel wood which is reflected by greater access to livelihood capitals (except social capital). However, farmers have experienced increased incidences of pests and diseases to the annual crops and trees. Agroforestry practices increases species diversity, ensure economic return and sustain farmer’s livelihoods. 相似文献
15.
Time-tested, indigenous land-use systems can provide valuable information for the design of ecologically sustainable and socially acceptable agroforestry systems. One such traditional system is the growing of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Ex Delile trees, locally known as babul, in rice fields of smallholder farmers in Madhya Pradesh State of Central India, an area with subhumid monsoon climate and hot summer. The functional characteristics of the system were collected through participatory rural appraisal involving intensive interactions with farmers in the region during six years, and through a structured-questionnaire survey in 25 villages, involving a total of 200 farm families. The farms had an average of 20 babul trees, ranging in age from <1 to 12 years, per hectare in upland rice fields, the tree-stand density being greater on smaller than on larger farms (>8 ha). Over a ten year rotation period, the trees provide a variety of products such as fuelwood (30 kg/tree), brushwood for fencing (4 kg/tree), small timber for farm implements and furniture (0.2 cu.m), and non-timber products such as gum and seeds. The babul + rice system was estimated to have a benefit/cost (B/C) ratio of 1.47 and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 33% at 12% annual discount rate during a ten-year period, though at a low level of income. Babul trees account for nearly 10% of the annual farm income of smallholder farmers (<2 ha). By practising the agroforestry (rice + babul) system, farmers get higher cash returns on a short-term (10-year) harvest cycle of trees, and the labour input (both family- and hired) on farms was distributed more uniformly throughout the year than in rice monoculture. Purchased inputs are seldom used in the system. The ease of management of the system, the self-generating and robust nature of the tree and the multiple products and services it provides, and easy marketability of the products are the major factors that encourage farmers to adopt the system. Furthermore, the farmers have secure ownership rights to their land, so that they are interested in long-term measures such as tree plantings on their farms. In spite of its long history and tradition as a sustainable approach to land use, the system has not attracted the attention of development agencies. More detailed investigations on its social, economic, and cultural attributes are warranted to not only improve this system, but provide insights into farmer adoption of agroforestry innovations.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
17.
The response of farmers to personalised forestry and agroforestry extension assistance has not been well documented in the
Philippines, thus providing the impetus for this research in which the effectiveness of extended on-farm assistance was compared
with more limited assistance. In four municipalities in Leyte Island, farmers responded positively to an extended program
which helped them overcome problems in germinating and growing seedlings and establishing trees on their land. A limited assistance
program which sought to make use of farmers’ familiarity with growing and raising plants was relatively unsuccessful, with
less preparation of tree planting sites and a higher rate of abandonment. Allowing farmers freedom to select planting sites
and aspects of technical advice which suited their personal circumstances, encouraged a high degree of cooperation between
extension staff and farmers, but 38% of farmers neglected post-planting weed control and 35% of sites were inappropriate for
growing trees. Destruction of sites by flooding and grazing also caused farmers to blame extension staff even though these
risks had been discussed with them beforehand. This suggested that a more interventionist approach would be appropriate for
site selection although it may reduce recruitment. The number of farmers recruited through local government staff was low,
but attendance by neighbours at locally held demonstrations was high, suggesting an avenue for further recruitment. Overall,
the program was successful in shifting the initiative for further planting from extension staff to those farmers who received
extended extension assistance. 相似文献
18.
D. C. L. Kass 《Agroforestry Systems》1993,23(2-3):195-205
Seven different activities constitute tree domestication: (1) manipulation of tree populations by silvicultural practices; (2) enhancement of site productivity; (3) control of destructive agents; (4) evolution of trees under natural selection; (5) semi-natural selection for survival in the socio-agricultural circumstances in which trees are grown; (6) conscious human selection for desired characteristics; and (7) correlated response to selection (which usually involves reduction of those plant parts that are not desired). Each of these activities is discussed, and its contribution to the present makeup of tree populations used for agroforestry is considered.Although tree domestication has been practiced by farmers for many centuries, selection and breeding programs for multipurpose agroforestry trees have existed for only the past thirty years. Some of the problems faced by existing tree improvement programs are discussed; these include: multiplicity of usable species, great demand for multipurpose trees (MPTs), existence of improvement programs with few species, difficulty of combining desired traits in a multipurpose ideotype, high cost and slow progress with present methods, and the fate of improved material introduced on farms. Among the solutions considered is more involvement of farmers in the process of selection, testing, and propagation of MPTs. The possible use of species mixtures also holds promise. 相似文献
19.
Deforestation and degradation of productive lands are serious threats to the sustainability of forestry/agricultural practices
in Kenya. In the last two decades farm forestry (FF) has been promoted through pilot projects among local communities as an
example of sustainable land use. However adoption of FF is limited outside the project locations because FF improvement measures
focused mainly on biological (e.g. succession, biodiversity and traditional industrial timber production) and technical concerns
(e.g. material input delivery such as providing free tree seedlings for field planting) rather than local values, and interests
and the constraints facing farmers. This study examined the local farm priorities and constraints and the prospects for the
wider implementation of farm-level tree planting in four communities in Rachuonyo District. Using interviews with 597 randomly
selected household heads, the study assessed farmer’s production assets and activities, land tenure, priority tree species
and the constraints to growing trees on farms. Results show that farm labour is represented by a young population, 56.3% under
the age of forty. They are mainly engaged in small-scale mixed cropping integrated with multipurpose trees and some livestock.
Tree products contribute about 32% to household cash income, more than any other source (agricultural products, labour sales,
etc). Females were more often household heads and had considerable influence over productive activities, making them an important
target group in FF development. Farmers preferred exotic tree species due to their ability to provide short-term cash income,
fuel and shade. Farmers’ concerns included population pressure on limited farmlands and the problem of credit for agricultural
inputs. Given the feeling of secured tenure arrangement and influence of tree products on the household economy, farmers are
likely to invest more in efficient land uses such as FF if consideration is given to local priorities. 相似文献
20.
Smallholder perceptions of agroforestry projects in Panama 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
The potential effects of agroforestry systems on conservation and development have been well documented. Panama has seen a
substantial rise in the number of projects with an agroforestry component in the 1990s. There has been insufficient research
on the actual impacts of these projects on smallholders and of farmers' attitudes towards these systems. This study explores
the perceived socioeconomic and environmental impacts of five agroforestry projects in Panama. A total of 68 smallholders
were administered semi-structured interviews. In addition, 13 agroforestry experts from NGOs, government departments and research
institutes were interviewed, and their responses were compared with those of the smallholders. While the projects led to an
increase in the standard of living by providing wood products and fruit for domestic consumption, farm income levels generally
remained unchanged. This was due primarily to limited market development, the lack of marketing organizations and poor access
roads. In terms of environmental impacts, the farmers' responses suggested a slight decline in slash-and-burn agriculture,
and an increase in tree planting activities. Some environmental benefits were observed by farmers, including reduced soil
erosion, increased soil fertility, and improved quality and quantity of water sources. Nevertheless, slash-and-burn agriculture
was still the norm for the majority of farmers. Most farmers continued to harvest wood from primary and secondary growth to
meet their domestic wood requirements, rather than relying on trees planted in agroforestry projects. The main obstacles preventing
increased agroforestry adoption included insufficient agroforestry extension, inappropriate project design or management (such
as top-down management approaches, and the use of food incentives), smallholders' economic constraints, and larger policy
issues. Recommendations are proposed to improve project design and management, and to address the economic and policy constraints.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献