玉米品种通育189的雄穗分枝数F1平均优势及遗传分析

针对PH6WC、PH4CV、B20、D1279及PH6WC×PH4CV、PH6WC×B20、PH6WC×D1279、D1279×PH6WC鉴定试验进行雄穗分枝数差异分析,PH6WC×D1279(通育189)组建6世代群体(P₁、P₂、F₁、B₁、B₂、F₂),运用主-多基因混合模型遗传分析方法对雄穗分枝数遗传进行分析。结果表明,通育189雄穗分枝数存在细胞质遗传效应,F₁雄穗分枝数平均优势为28.57%～132.41%;雄穗分枝数遗传模型为2对主基因加、显、上+多基因加、显混合模型,2对主基因为正向完全显性,主基因上位性效应>显性效应>加性效应;主基因效应是多基因效应的41.25倍,主基因遗传率为27.58%～88.87%,多基因遗传率为0～41.78%。     

苦瓜叶片叶绿素含量的遗传分析

为探究苦瓜叶片叶绿素含量遗传特点,加快高产优质新品种选育进程,以苦瓜高代自交系$\otimes$04-17-6和$\otimes$25-6配组产生的6个世代P₁、P₂、F₁、B₁、B₂和F₂为材料,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型和ABC尺度测验2种方法,对苦瓜叶片叶绿素含量进行遗传分析。主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析结果表明,叶绿素含量遗传受1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,且高叶绿素含量对低叶绿素含量为不完全显性。3个分离世代B₁、B₂、F₂的主基因遗传率分别为2.86%、75.35%、79.79%,多基因遗传率分别为87.81%、0%、0%,环境变异为9.33%~24.65%,主基因的加性效应d_a和显性效应h_a分别为17.739和17.682,显性度h_a/d_a 小于1。ABC尺度测验结果表明,叶绿素含量的遗传符合加性-显性模型。2种方法分析结果表明,苦瓜叶片叶绿素含量由1对主基因控制,同时受微效多基因及环境影响,适合进行早代选择。B₂、F₂世代应重点进行主基因选择,多基因在B₁选择效率高,提高品系叶绿素含量应注重对加性效应和显性效应的利用。该研究结果为苦瓜产量及品质育种提供了理论基础。     

基于“华占”的强优势杂交组合的株高与主穗长遗传分析

株高与穗长是水稻品种的关键性状,有效利用水稻性状间的杂种优势是培育高产品种的关键技术手段。以“华占”配制的‘天优华占’‘恒丰优华占’‘五丰优华占’3个杂交组合为供试材料,构建了包含P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、BC_1-1、BC_1-2等6个遗传世代群体。采用植物数量性状“主基因+多基因”混合模型分析了株高和主穗长的遗传方式。结果表明：3个杂交组合的株高和主穗长遗传均符合MX2-ADI-ADI遗传模型。在“华占”为遗传背景中,3个群体F₂、BC_1-1、BC_1-2的株高均以多基因控制为主,多基因遗传率变幅分别为72.11%~75.42%、76.92%~86.28%和68.13%~75.13%,育种后代中应在高世代选择。3个群体F₂代中的主穗长主基因遗传率分别为81.99%、68.95%和90.01%,多基因遗传率分别为12.16%、23.78%和3.52%;在回交群体中,3个组合的主穗长主基因和多基因遗传率与回交亲本密切相关,育种上应根据群体遗传特性进行相应的选择策略。     

玉米子粒油分含量的遗传模型分析

玉米子粒油分含量直接影响着深加工品质,研究子粒油分含量的遗传模型,可以为遗传育种中进一步提高玉米油分含量提供参考。以3个玉米组合济533/PH6WC、济533/H5818和2394/PH4CV的亲本构建各自的六世代群体(P1、P2、F_1、B1、B2、F_2),利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析玉米子粒油分含量的遗传特性。结果表明,3个组合油分含量均符合D-2模型(1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型),主基因+多基因遗传率均以F_2代较高,表明玉米子粒油分特性在F_2世代选择时效率较高。     

苦瓜叶片叶绿素响应白粉病菌侵染的遗传分析

为了探索苦瓜苗期叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总叶绿素响应白粉病菌侵染的遗传规律,以苦瓜高代自交系09-a与09-b为亲本构建的170个F₂个单株和140个F_2:3家系作为材料,利用植物数量遗传的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分别对2个地点的2个群体进行基于单个分离世代群体的遗传分析。结果表明,白粉病菌胁迫下叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总叶绿素含量均会降低,感病品系降低幅度显著大于抗病品系,降解量与病情指数呈正相关,且降解量在2个群体中均呈正态分布。F₂和F_2:3群体中叶绿素a和叶绿素b的降解量均由一对加性主基因决定,2个群体控制叶绿素a降解量的1对主基因加性效应分别为0.3151、0.1670,控制叶绿素b降解量的1对主基因加性效应分别为0.1333、0.1670。总叶绿素降解量受2对加性–显性主基因控制,2对主基因在F₂群体中加性效应分别为0.2601、0.3184,显性效应为?0.3452、?0.2221,在F_2:3群体加性效应分别为0.1892、0.1624,显性效应分别为?0.0465、?0.0897,2对主基因的加性和显性效应共同发挥着重要作用。3个性状的加性效应均为正值,且控制总叶绿素降解量的2对主基因均以加性效应为主。F₂和F_2:3群体中叶绿素a降解量主基因遗传率为76.40%、62.68%。叶绿素b降解量主基因遗传率分别为72.99%、62.86%,控制叶绿素降解量的2对主基因遗传率为65.25%、95.36%,遗传率均大于60%,表明白粉菌胁迫下叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素的降解主要受主基因的控制,但也受部分环境的影响。在苦瓜白粉病抗性育种实践中,可将叶绿素相关性状的降低量结合病情指数在早期世代进行选择。本研究为探索苦瓜白粉病抗病机理和抗病育种提供了理论依据。     

玉米DH系15D969、D1279株高、穗位高的遗传育种效应研究

利用2份低穗位高DH系(15D969、D1279)、5份自交系(A6、PHB1M、B20、PH4CV、PH6WC)进行杂交、回交试验,对株高、穗位高效应进行研究分析。结果表明,DH系15D969所具有的低株高、低穗位高由隐性基因控制。相对于PH6WC×A6,15D969与PH6WC杂交效应不表达;DH系D1279同时具有高株高隐性基因和低穗位高部分显性基因,杂交组合PH6WC×D1279株高、穗位高显著低于先玉335(PH6WC×PH4CV),改良效果显著。     

CRISPR/Cas9系统编辑水稻Wx基因

【目的】 直链淀粉含量与稻米品质密切相关。Wx基因是控制水稻直链淀粉合成的主效基因,通过对Wx基因定点编辑以获得稳定遗传、直链淀粉含量适宜的突变体。【方法】 构建CRISPR/Cas9表达载体pGK03-Wx-gRNA (靶点1和2分别在Wx基因第1和第2外显子),利用工程菌EHA105遗传转化超级稻楚粳27,潮霉素筛选获得转化株系,对转化株系及其后代进行分子检测、测序、基因表达和遗传稳定性分析以及直链淀粉含量测定。【结果】 获得9个独立的T₀代转化株系,靶点1(L1~L5) 5个株系,突变频率100%,靶点2(L6~L9) 4个株系,突变频率75%。由T₀代突变体衍生出T₁和T₂代株系,测序发现T₀、T₁和T₂代株系出现缺失(单、双、多碱基缺失)和单碱基插入两种突变类型;T₀至T₁代部分株系(L1、L2、L3和L6)发生再编辑,T₁至T₂代遗传稳定。与野生型相比,突变株系RNA水平Wx基因表达量显著下降(P<0.01),稻米直链淀粉含量显著降低(P<0.01),从17.5%降到1.93%。【结论】 利用CRISPR/Cas9系统成功编辑水稻Wx基因,获得了稳定遗传、低直链淀粉含量的突变体,为稻米品质改良提供了材料。     

大麦籽粒淀粉含量的主基因+多基因遗传模型分析

为了解大麦籽粒淀粉含量的遗传规律,以Noso Nijo×泰兴9425杂种F1花药培养的191个DH系及其亲本为材料,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析大麦籽粒淀粉含量的遗传规律。结果表明,2010和2012年大麦直链淀粉含量分别符合两对连锁抑制作用主基因模型(B-2-9)和两对连锁互补作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-2-7),支链淀粉含量分别符合两对抑制作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-1-9)和两对连锁显性-上位性作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(E-2-4),支/直比均符合两对抑制作用主基因模型(B-1-9),总淀粉含量均符合三对等比例加性作用主基因+加性多基因遗传模型(G-2)。     

陆地棉杂交组合F1、F2竞争优势研究

以6个陆地棉品种（系）为亲本，采用NCⅡ交配设计配制9个杂交组合，对杂交组合F₁、F₂的表型性状、产量性状以及纤维品质性状进行比较分析。结果表明：大部分组合F₁和F₂在单株果枝数和单株结铃数存在一定竞争优势，F₂铃重和衣分存在竞争衰退现象，导致F₂皮棉产量较F₁明显降低。但有些强优势组合的杂种优势在F₂中仍能很好延续，其中组合5的F₂籽棉和皮棉产量较F₁提高，说明组合5的F₂在产量方面具有一定杂种优势，可以利用其F₂的杂种优势。     

联合QTL定位和转录组分析揭示玉米开花期的遗传基础

开花期对玉米适应不同环境具有决定性作用，是重要的育种目标，对玉米开花期进行QTL定位是进行花期性状改良的基础工作。以玉米自交系黄早四和1462为亲本构建的F_2:3群体为材料，结合高密度SNP标记对玉米抽雄期和散粉期进行QTL定位。结果表明，F_2:3群体的抽雄期和散粉期呈正态分布，且两性状之间呈极显著相关。利用WinQTLcart 2.5软件的复合区间作图法共检测5个控制抽雄期的QTL，分别位于3、5、6、7、9号染色体上，贡献率在6.19%～26.39%；同时检测到4个控制散粉期的QTL，位于3、5、6、7号染色体上，贡献率7.48%～28.28%，这些QTL的基因作用方式以部分显性和超显性为主。共计发现3个主效QTL(贡献率超过10%)，分别位于3号和6号染色体上。利用两个亲本的V6时期的茎尖进行转录分析，在主效QTL置信区间内共发现21个差异表达基因，其中包含可能控制玉米花期的候选基因。     

Oosporenbildung vonPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary

Zusammenfassung Durch Kombination verschiedener Pathotypen vonPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1985 im Freiland gesammelt, mit ?lteren Isolaten aus der Sammlung des Institutes wurde die M?glichkeit der Oosporenbildung geprüft. Bisher konnte bei zwei Kombinationen Oosporen-bildung beobachter werden. Daraus kann man schliessen, dass nunmehr auch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beide Paarungstypen vonP. infestants vorkommen.

     

重铬酸钾对黑麦的细胞遗传毒性及硅的缓解作用

为了解K2Cr2O7的细胞遗传毒性及硅对铬毒害的缓解作用,采用常规染色体压片技术,观察不同浓度的K2Cr2O7(20、40、60、80、100、120mg.L-1)对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响以及硅对铬胁迫缓解效应。结果表明,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均随K2Cr2O7浓度的升高呈先升后降趋势,在K2Cr2O7浓度为40.0mg.L-1时均达到最大值。与蒸馏水对照相比,6个不同浓度K2Cr2O7胁迫处理的微核率和染色体畸变率均有显著升高。对40mg.L-1 K2Cr2O7胁迫的黑麦根尖分别进行60、120和180mg.L-1的Na2SiO3处理,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均显著降低,且随硅浓度的增加呈下降趋势。说明K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂在低浓度时促进,高浓度时抑制,高低浓度处理均对染色体具有明显的致畸效应。外源硅可有效缓解K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的不利影响。     

渭北旱塬农户冬小麦养分资源投入调查与分析

为了解目前我国化肥用量的现状和农民养分资源投入中存在的问题,在渭北旱塬冬小麦种植区域选取3个区/县进行了冬小麦养分资源投入的调查分析.结果表明,2009年小麦产量适中的农户占10.0％,偏低的农户占7.5％,很低的农户占79.2％,偏高的农户占3.3％,很高的农户占0.0％.冬小麦纯N平均用量为191.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5平均用量为121.2 kg·hm-2,K2O平均用量为74.4 kg·hm-.氮肥投入量适中的农户占30.0％,偏低的占5.0％,很低的占4.2％,偏高的占22.5％,很高的占38.3％.磷肥投入量适中的农户占14.2％,偏低的占41.7％,很低的占15.0％,偏高的占15.8％,很高的占13.3％.钾肥投入量适中的农户占2.5％,偏低的占2.5％,很低的占78.3％,偏高的占5.0％,很高的占11.7％.养分资源投入以无机为主,有机为辅;投入形式以基施为主.     

Production of activated carbon from organic by-products from the alcoholic beverage industry: Surface area and hardness optimization by using the response surface methodology

The ability of activated carbon to remove pollutants from water in packed column systems is dependent on granular material with mechanical strength sufficient to avoid attrition caused by stream flow. Therefore, an appropriate balance between surface area and hardness is essential when using activated carbon in real systems. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal production conditions that generate activated carbon with adequate physical properties to be used in packed systems from agave bagasse, a waste product from the mezcal industries in Mexico. Activated carbons were produced by chemical activation (ZnCl₂ or H₃PO₄). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of the activation temperature (250-550 °C), activation time (0-50 min), and the concentration of activating agent (0.2-1.4; g activating agent/g bagasse) on both surface area and hardness. The production conditions that generated optimal characteristics in the activated carbon were 392 °C, 1.02 g activating agent/g bagasse and 23.8 min for H₃PO₄ activated samples and 456 °C, 1.08 g activating agent/g bagasse and 23.8 min for ZnCl₂ activated samples. The surface area and hardness of the activated carbon produced from bagasse under these conditions were similar to activated commercial carbons (surface area > 800 m²/g and hardness > 85%).     

Simultaneous determination of vitamin B1 and B2 in complex cereal foods,by reverse phase isocratic HPLC-UV

The evaluation of nutritional or functional components in grain products is an important feature for the industry, especially when recent regulations require a correct nutrition labelling, valid during all the shelf life of the product. For that reason, industry usually makes many efforts to develop simple and reliable analytical methods that can be easily applied in any quality control laboratories for routine analysis. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of thiamine and riboflavin are sensitive, but need specific equipment. A few HPLC-UV methods have been described but they are less sensitive, and present difficulties due to interfering compounds, particularly in complex food matrixes, as grains and derivatives.     

Inheritance of C3―C4 Intermediate Photosynthesis in Reciprocal Hybrids Between Moricandia Arvensis (C3―C4) and Brassica Oleracea (C3) That Differ in Their Genome Constitution

Abstract

To Elucidate The Genetic Mechanisms Underlying C₃―C₄ intermediate Photosynthesis, We investigated The Structural and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Leaves of Reciprocal Hybrids Between The C₃―C₄ intermediate Species Moricandia Arvensis (L.) Dc. (Mama) and The C₃ Species Brassica Oleracea L. (Cabbage; Cc), Which Differ in Genome Constitution. Moricandia Arvensis Bundle Sheath (Bs) Cells included Many Centripetally Located Chloroplasts and Mitochondria, Whereas Those of Cabbage Had Few Organelles. Hybrid Leaves Were Structurally intermediate Between Those of The Parents and Showed Stronger intermediate C₃―C₄ Features As The Proportion of The Ma Genome increased. The P-Protein of Glycine Decarboxylase (Gdc) Was Confined Mainly To Bs Mitochondria in M. Arvensis, But Accumulated More in The Mesophyll (M) of Cabbage. in The Hybrids, The Accumulation of Gdc in Bs Cells increased With An increasing Ma:C Ratio. Hybrids Exhibited Gradients in Structural and Biochemical Features, Even in Reciprocal Crosses. The Co₂ Compensation Point of Reciprocal Hybrids With High Ma:C Ratios Was Lower Than That of Cabbage But Higher Than That of M. Arvensis. Thus, The Structural and Biochemical Features in Hybrid Leaves Reduced Photorespiration. Moricandia Arvensis Had A Higher Photosynthetic Rate Than Cabbage, But The Photosynthetic Rates of Hybrids Were intermediate Between Those of The Parents Or Comparable To That of M. Arvensis. Our Results Demonstrate That The C₃―C₄ intermediate Characteristics Are inherited Based On The Ratio of The Parent Genomes, and That There Is No Evidence of Cytoplasmic inheritance in These Characteristics.     

Evaluation of the Effect of Photosynthesis on Biomass Production with Simultaneous Analysis of Growth and Continuous Monitoring of CO2 Exchange in the Whole Plants of Radish,cv Kosena under Ambient and Elevated CO2

Abstract

The effects of elevated CO₂ (approximate doubling of atmospheric CO₂ concentration) on the rate of photosynthesis estimated from continuous monitoring of CO₂ exchange in whole plants were investigated in radish cv. Kosena accompanied with simultaneous analysis of growth for 6 days from 15 to 21 days after planting (DAP). The elevated CO₂ increased the dry weights of hydroponically grown radish plants by 59% at 21 DAP.

The increase in dry weight was due to a combined effect of increased leaf area and increased photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Leaf area and the photosynthetic rate were increased by elevated CO₂ by 18-43% and 9-20%, respectively, during 15 to 21 DAP. Namely, an increase in the rate of photosynthesis is accompanied by an increase in leaf area, both having a significant effect on biomass production.     

Design and Synthesis of Novel Xyloketal Derivatives and Their Protective Activities against H2O2-Induced HUVEC Injury

In this work, we designed and synthesized a series of amide derivatives (1–13), benzoxazine derivatives (16–28) and amino derivatives (29–30) from xyloketal B. All 28 new derivatives and seven known compounds (14, 15, 31–35) were evaluated for their protection against H₂O₂-induced HUVEC injury. 23 and 24 exhibited more potential protective activities than other derivatives; and the EC₅₀ values of them and the leading compound 31 (xyloketal B) were 5.10, 3.59 and 15.97 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, a comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) was constructed to explain the structural activity relationship of these xyloketal derivatives. This 3D QSAR model from CoMSIA suggested that the derived model exhibited good predictive ability in the external test-set validation. Derivative 24 fit well with the COMSIA map, therefore it possessed the highest activity of all compounds. Compounds 23, 24 and 31 (xyloketal B) were further to examine in the JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay of HUVECs using flow cytometry (FCM). The result indicated that 23 and 24 significantly inhibited H₂O₂-induced decrease of the cell mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) at 25 μM. Collectively, the protective effects of xyloketals on H₂O₂-induced endothelial cells may be generated from oxidation action by restraining ROS and reducing the MMP.     

QTL identification of kernel composition traits with popcorn using both F2:3 and BC2F2 populations developed from the same cross

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing three main kernel composition traits, starch, protein and oil concentrations, in unselected F_2:3 and selected BC₂F₂ maize populations derived from the same cross of a dent corn inbred Dan232 × an elite popcorn inbred N04 under the same conditions were detected. Four and two QTL for starch, four and three QTL for protein, and four and one QTL for oil were detected in the two populations, respectively, with three QTL jointly detected. The proportion of phenotypic variation explained by a single QTL was 5.2–10.6%, 5.0–14.3%, and 6.2–8.5% for the three traits. Ten QTL had favorable alleles contributed by Dan232. Several QTL detected in this study had identical or similar chromosome regions to those previously identified with other maize germplasms. No QTL with opposite effects for kernel composition traits and popping characteristics were detected in the same or near marker intervals. This reflected that some QTL detected in this study seemed to contribute to trait variation in a diverse array of maize populations and environments, and the opportunity existed for improving popcorn's nutritional quality while maintaining acceptable popping characteristics. Inconsistent broad sense heritability and trait correlation estimates were also observed in the two populations.