木质化枣吊摘心对冬枣坐果率及品质的影响

为提高冬枣单株产量和质量，生产中采取了木质化枣吊摘心的管理措施。为了更好地推广和应用这一技术措施，笔者进行了木质化枣吊摘心对冬枣坐果率、果实品质影响试验。     

木质化枣吊摘心对冬枣坐果率及品质的影响

为提高冬枣单株产量和质量,生产中采取了木质化枣吊摘心的管理措施.为了更好地推广和应用这一技术措施,笔者进行了木质化枣吊摘心对冬枣坐果率、果实品质影响试验.     

提高枣产量和品质的技术措施

介绍了提高枣产量和果实品质的技术措施,根据生态条件选择适宜品种,依据栽培密度选择适宜树形;多施有机肥,根据物候期进行追肥;花期喷赤霉素、喷肥、喷水.进行环剥,提高坐果率;坐果后陆续采用叶面喷施、树干输液、氨基酸涂干等方式,补充营养;生长季修剪进行疏枝、拉枝,对枣头、二次枝、枣吊进行“三摘心”;果实脆熟期搭建避雨棚,预防和减少裂果.     

不同修剪方法对鲁北冬枣盛果期树生长结果的影响

1997～2003年，连续7年进行了不同修剪方法对鲁北冬枣盛果期树生长结果影响的比较试验。结果表明，修剪处理(合理冬剪加花期枣头摘心)树的根量、冠幅、干周、枣头特别是强壮枣头有效二次枝数量、枣股尤其是壮龄枣股数量等均明显大于主干环剥树，产量显著提高，果品质量(果重、全糖含量等)有所改善。对枣股枣吊叶片的测定表明，在6月30日以前及果实发育中后期，其全糖和全氮含量明显提高。树体营养水平的提高，促进了根、枝条和果实的生长发育。修剪加主干环割、修剪加主干环剥处理的效果较单纯主干环剥为好。为好．但也不及合理冬剪加花期枣头摘心处理。     

枣头摘心技术研究

以圆铃大枣、冬枣为试材，对枣头进行不同时间、不同强度的摘心试验．结果表明，各摘心处理均有利于扩大树冠。培养结果枝组，提高产量。与对照相比，效果十分明显。其中．摘心枣头比对照坐果枣吊增加3倍．吊果比提高10倍；5月下旬至6月中旬摘心枣头比对照吊果比增加10倍。产量提高1倍；夏季摘心以留2～3个二次枝效果最好。当年形成的花量大，坐果多．产量高；摘心和夏剪结合可使树体通风透光．减少养分消耗．提高坐果率。     

不同时间摘心和喷赤霉素对骏枣产量和品质的影响

以10年生骏枣为试验材料,探究不同枣吊摘心时间和不同喷施赤霉素GA3时间对其产量及品质的影响,分别以不摘心和喷清水为对照。结果表明:骏枣花期枣吊留5节叶摘心和不同时间开始喷施20mg/kg赤霉素3次,可提高坐果率、产量和果实品质。在新疆阿克苏地区,骏枣6月17日前后摘心效果最好,坐果率和产量高于其他时间摘心,较对照分别提高28.65%和33.26%,平均单果重达20.01g;6月10日前后开始喷施赤霉素,坐果率、产量和果实品质高于其他时间开始喷施,较对照增产35.73%,商品果率达93.57%。     

环剥时期和方式对冬枣坐果、产量和品质的影响

通过对冬枣采用不同环剥方式、不同环剥时期的试验,确定了冬枣树盛花初期至中期(枣开花量30%~50%)环剥1次并留辅养枝是冬枣环剥最适期和最佳方式,坐果率、产量均明显高于其他时期,果实品质也较高。过早过晚均会对冬枣生产产生不利影响。     

提高冬枣风味的技术措施

1合理负载 冬枣产量越高,果实越小,风味越差。因此,6月底7月初,冬枣坐果稳定后应及时疏果。每个枣吊平均留果1～2个,留果形端正、大小一致、无病害的枣吊中部果,667m^2产量控制在500-750kg。     

枣树夏季修剪技术

<正>一般情况下,枣树每年都产生一定数量的新枣头。经过冬剪的枣树,新枣头发生的数量更多。如果对这些新枣头不加修剪,任其自然生长,不但会大量消耗树体营养,也会恶化树冠的光照情况,并影响坐果和产量。枣树夏季修剪的目的在于调节营养,避免无益的消耗,改善树冠通风透光条件,减少落花落果,增加坐果量,促进果实发育,提高果实产量和品质。夏剪     

温室栽培灵武长枣嫁接苗与根蘖苗比较试验

在宁夏灵武市狼皮梁对日光温室促早栽培条件下的灵武长枣根蘖苗和嫁接苗生长特性、产量及果实品质进行调查比较。结果为日光温室灵武长枣嫁接苗较根蘖苗叶片大,叶色浓,生长量大,枣头枝粗;坐果率高,丰产性好;果实口感略差,果个大,光洁度略差,日灼较重,裂果轻。     

不同设施栽培对菜心生长的影响

为减轻因恶劣天气影响造成的露地栽培菜心生长不良、病虫害发生严重等问题,比较了菜心在不同设施内的生长情况。结果表明:与露地栽培相比,设施栽培明显提高了菜心出苗率和产量,品质也得到改善,虫害发生较少,但与大棚栽培相比,防虫网室栽培更有利于改善菜心品相,且经济效益更高,较适宜菜心种植。     

枣树几种修剪方法的对比研究

试验比较了盛果期灰枣树对不同修剪方法的反应。结果表明,枣树连年修剪,根的数量、冠幅、干周均大于(牙刂)枣处理树。萌发枣头的数量、质量和抽生有效枣拐的数量等也表现出相似的结果。修剪树有效枣股数多于(牙刂)枣树,差异显著;百果鲜重较(牙刂)枣处理多40.1g,单株产量提高15.3%。叶片总糖和全氮测定结果:修剪处理在6月下旬含量较高,此时正值枣吊、枣头生长,花芽分化,开花和幼果发育的关键时期,这对树体的生长发育和产量提高都起到良好的作用;其次,修剪与环切结合的效果优于修剪+(牙刂)枣,但次于修剪处理。     

Effects of drought on fruit set,yield and quality of custard apple (Annona spp. hybrid) ‘African Pride’ plants

Summary

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of drought during flowering for both container- and field-grown trees, and during fruit development for container-grown trees, on subsequent growth, flowering, yield and quality of the custard apple ‘African Pride’ in subtropical Australia. Moderate drought (ψ_L=–1.5 MPa) reduced shoot growth by 20–30% and increased the number of flowers per lateral by about 40% compared with well-watered controls due to reduced apical dominance and increased lateral branching. Overall fruit set was not adversely affected by drought. Drought also increased the number of fruit harvested per tree by 47% compared with well-watered controls. This response was mainly due to the increase in flower number per tree. Drought reduced average fruit size by 11% possibly due to effects on cell division in the first 4–6 weeks after fruit set or on net carbon assimilation. In summary, mild to moderate drought during the flowering period and fruit set increased flowering without adversely affecting fruit set, but decreased fruit size.     

Effects of growth retarding treatments on apple tree growth,fruit maturation and fruit abscission

SUMMARY

Eight days after petal fall in 1991, mature 'Delicious'/MM. 106 apple trees and four days after petal fall in 1992, mature 'McintoshVMM. 106 were ringed, scored, root pruned (1 m from the trunk, two sides, 30 cm deep), or treated with ethephon (500 mg 1¹). Only ringing and scoring reduced vegetative growth. Ethephon advanced fruit maturation and fruit abscission, but root pruning did not affect the trees or fruit significantly. Mature 'Cort-land'/M.7a apple trees were root pruned 8 d after petal fall in 1991 and/or at full bloom in 1992. Root pruning reduced shoot growth, even in the year after treatment. Fruit abscission was reduced in 1991 and 1992 by root pruning in 1991, but root pruning in 1992 had no impact on abscission, in 1992. In an additional experiment, mature 'Mcintosh'/ MM.106 were root pruned 4 d after petal fall in 1991 or root pruned both in 1991 and at full bloom in 1992. Growth and preharvest fruit abscission were reduced in both the year of root pruning and the year after.     

5- 氨基乙酰丙酸处理对低温下西瓜叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的影响

 以西瓜幼苗为材料，利用便携式植物效率仪和JIP-test数据分析方法，研究了5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)处理对4 ℃低温胁迫中叶片快速叶绿素诱导荧光特性的效应.结果显示，低温胁迫导致叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导曲线JIP相逐渐降低，而ALA处理可以保持较高的荧光产额.西瓜叶片光合性能指数(PI_ABS)、捕光性能(P_TR)和传递电子性能(P_ET)随着胁迫时间延长而大幅下降，而ALA处理叶片PI_ABS、P_TR和P_ET一直保持较高水平.低温胁迫96 h后，ALA处理叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(φPo)、PSⅡ反应中心吸收光能用于电子传递的量子产额(φEo)以及捕获激子将电子传递到电子传递链QA^-下游其他电子受体的概率(Ψo)等，均显著高于对照，而与反应中心关闭有关的荧光参数Mo和V _j均显著低于对照.ALA处理提高低温下西瓜叶片单位受光面积有活性的反应中心数量（RC/CS），几个与PSⅡ反应中心受体侧性能有关的荧光参数包括F_k-j、F_j-i和F_i-p等均明显提高.以上结果证明，ALA处理对低温下西瓜叶片光合作用的促进效应与其提高PSⅡ反应中心受体侧电子传递链受体获得电子的能力有关.     

断根对冬枣营养生长的影响

 以6年生的冬枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill. ) 为试材, 分别在行间两侧距树干3倍、5倍和7倍胸径距离处对其进行断根处理, 研究了断根对冬枣营养生长的影响。结果表明: 3倍胸径断根与对照相比,枣头一次枝的长度和数量分别减少了27.9%和12.1%。3倍和5倍胸径断根与对照相比, 35 d时叶片N、P、K含量差异不明显, 而断根161 d时差异达显著水平; 叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度及根系玉米素( ZT) 含量, 35 d时较对照略有下降, 161 d时则有所升高; 枣头一次枝顶端生长素(IAA) 含量和根系IAA含量, 35 d时较对照略有升高, 而161 d时有所下降; 枣头一次枝顶端乙烯释放量和根系脱落酸(ABA) 含量, 断根35 d和161 d时较对照均有所升高。与3倍胸径相比, 5倍胸径断根对冬枣营养生长的抑制效应有所减弱。冬枣叶片叶绿素含量以3倍胸径含量最高, 随断根距离的增加, 含量逐渐减少, 但一直高于对照。断根促进了果实维生素C和总糖含量增加, 对总酸含量和产量则无明显影响。综合分析认为, 3倍胸径断根是控制营养生长的最佳距离。     

The rest period of pecan in Egypt

Pecan trees cv. ‘Moneymaker’ and seedling trees growing in Northern Egypt were sprayed with dinitrocresol mineral oil emulsion, to test its effect on male and female flower bud growth, flowering and fruiting. The treatments had a stimulating effect on growth of male and female flower buds. The treated trees flowered from 1 to 3 weeks earlier than the control. Fruit drop was greatly reduced and, consequently, fruit yield was remarkably increased.     

断根和剪枝对盆栽苹果叶片光合蒸腾及WUE的影响

 以5 年生盆栽苹果(Malus domestica Borkh/Malus hupenensis Rhed) 为试材, 研究了断根和剪枝等处理对叶片净光合速率(Pn) 、蒸腾速率(Tr) 、气孔导度(Gs) 、水分利用效率(WUE) 的影响及引起WUE变化的原因。结果表明, 断根明显提高了WUE , 处理后第2～42 天逐渐升高。同时, 断根后Tr、Gs 明显下降, 而Pn 和羧化效率(CE) 迅速恢复, 并在第7 天以后明显高于对照; 新根总数及叶片玉米素核苷(ZR)浓度则于第28 天后恢复至对照水平。剪枝使Pn、CE、Tr、Gs 及叶片ZR 浓度升高, 但WUE 只在28 d 后稍高于对照。断根结合剪枝后第2 天, Pn、CE、Tr 及Gs 下降; 21 d 后Pn 和CE 高于对照, 而Tr 及Gs 与对照相近, WUE 在后期稍有升高。分析认为, 断根通过降低气孔导度极显著地提高了叶片WUE , 剪枝则通过提高CE 而使WUE 升高。     

螺旋环剥对幼龄荔枝树生长结果的调控作用

‘糯米糍’和‘桂味’荔枝幼树不挂果现象相当普遍。采用螺旋环剥能显著促进成花、改善花质、减少落果、增加产量,改善品质。糯米糍、桂味幼树在生理落果期间出现旺盛的根梢生长峰,但其成年树和坐果比较正常的怀枝幼树都没有出现这种旺盛生长,表明了品种和树龄特性的差异。螺旋环剥明显减少生理落果期间的根与梢的生长量,使果实在与根、梢之间的库力竞争中获得优势,因而有利于坐果和果实生长。     

Studies on the induction of flowering in juvenile Prunus avium L.

Juvenile Prunus avium shoot apices produced flowering shoots after grafting to mature trees irrespective of treatment of the apices in the season before grafting with G A or G A + cytokinin. Scions grown from mature shoot apices grafted to seedling stocks failed to flower, again irrespective of prior hormone treatment. Similar treatment of mature shoot apices with these hormones, or with zeatin, inhibited concurrent floral initiation, but G A or GA + zeatin treatments increased flowering of scions grown from the treated apices after grafting to untreated mature trees. Localized shoot tip or root drench treatment of one or two year old seedlings with (2RS, 3RS)-paclobutrazol failed to induce flowering, but treatment of three or four year old plants did stimulate flowering. Branch or stem girdling or root flooding applied alone or in combination to three year old plants did not affect flowering. Floral initiation by three or four year old plants was inhibited by treatment with GAs. The results were consistent with the presence in seedlings of a root- produced, xylem transported, graft-transmissible inhibitor(s), which control the initiation of otherwise competent meristems, and which could include factors other than GAs. Juvenile meristem competence to flower was not affected by prior GA treatment.