果树破眠剂在日光温室甜樱桃栽培的应用试验

在日光温室甜樱桃栽培的生产中,升温前1周内,应用含50%单氰胺的果树破眠剂2号喷布甜樱桃枝条。结果表明,应用果树破眠剂2号60倍液催芽,可提前萌芽10～16d,果实成熟提早9～15d,并且使甜樱桃开花整齐,花期集中,使果实成熟均匀。     

50%单氰胺生长季处理设施栽培无核白鸡心葡萄冬芽试验

在辽宁营口设施栽培无核白鸡心葡萄生产上,第一茬果实采收35～40天后,应用含50%单氰胺的破眠剂2号涂抹葡萄冬芽芽眼,结果表明,应用破眠剂2号药液20倍催芽,葡萄冬芽萌芽率为74.6%,第二茬葡萄坐果率为74.5%,平均单穗重597.0 g,每667m2产量1 700 kg,果实可溶性固形物含量增加,于当年12月下旬采收,可在生产中应用。     

石灰氮和水杨酸对破除葡萄芽休眠的影响

 2003年12月～2004年3月, 在江苏省镇江市南山农业科技示范园葡萄园, 以藤稔品种为试材, 分别在树体的初休眠期(12月上旬) 、深休眠期( 1月上旬) 和休眠后期( 2月上旬) , 取芽体饱满、生长充实的1年生枝条, 用不同浓度的石灰氮(CaCN2 ) 和水杨酸( SA) 进行涂芽破眠处理; 之后放入温室进行发芽培养, 并每5 d取冬芽测定H2O2及其抗氧化酶系统的变化, 21 d后统计各处理最终萌芽率。结果表明: 施用CaCN2和SA能不同程度的提高H2O2含量和POD活性, 降低CAT活性; 但在不同休眠期对SOD活性的影响不一致。而破眠或促进萌芽效果好的化学药剂处理, 花芽在培养前期的H₂O₂含量、POD和SOD活性增幅较大, CAT活性下降较明显。对萌芽率的统计表明, 初休眠期施用石灰氮和水杨酸对葡萄破眠无效; 到深休眠期及以后施用25%的石灰氮对葡萄破眠效果较为明显, 萌芽较对照提前4～6 d, 最终萌芽率达41.6%～90.0%; 而水杨酸处理对葡萄花芽破眠基本无效。     

北疆温室葡萄夏季单氰胺处理冬芽促二次果试验

2014~2016年分别对新疆兵团设施葡萄生产基地八师石总场的弗雷无核葡萄、149团的87-1葡萄、九师170团的夏黑葡萄进行促二次果试验。结果表明,在第一茬果采收30~35天后修剪,每个结果母枝留6~10个芽,用50%单氰胺破眠剂25倍液涂抹结果母枝顶端2个冬芽芽眼破眠催芽效果最好。葡萄冬芽萌芽率平均为94.2%,第2次果坐果率平均为95.5%,当年11月初成熟上市,可在生产中推广应用。     

葡萄破眠剂使用的小技巧

正1破眠剂常见的葡萄破眠剂主要成分以石灰氮、单氰胺,其最终都是以单氰胺为有效物质。作用机理:主要是促进葡萄休眠中生长一致物ABA(脱落酸)提前降解,一定程度上代替低温需寒量的生物学效应(理论上能够代替20%的需寒量)。人工处理温度:扣棚保温法,加盖草毡,夜晚揭开,打开风口,低温处理,白天关闭风口,保温,此方法具有局限性。     

不同浓度的破眠剂对设施葡萄发芽的影响试验

<正>1试验目的设施葡萄栽培对吐鲁番地区来说是一项新的技术,所以为了初步明确破眠剂在吐鲁番设施气候条件下最适浓度进行试验、示范。2试验地点吐鲁番市恰特克勒乡卡拉郭加卡尔村,阿里木家的设施大棚;葡萄品种:全球红、2年生葡萄。3试验设计和处理使用的破眠剂是《九九叶绿》牌果树破眠催芽剂,一瓶装200m L的液体。在同一个大棚,对同一个品种进行6个不同浓度处理,分别1瓶药兑水5、10、15、     

单氰胺对南方葡萄的催芽试验

春季萌芽前用主要成分为单氰胺的破眠3号涂抹葡萄品种巨峰、巨玫瑰、户太8号、V28、无核早红结果母枝。结果表明:春季采用破眠3号药液催芽萌芽期比对照提早10天左右;成熟期提前15～20天。株产和果实品质均较对照有明显的提高。     

大棚葡萄破眠剂应用试验

山东省蒙阴县大棚栽培葡萄已具一定的规模,大棚栽培的葡萄萌芽早、萌芽率高,这是其早成熟、早上市的关键.我们用石灰氮涂葡萄芽取得了较好的效果,但石灰氮涂芽存在着葡萄枝蔓发芽不整齐、费工、费时等缺点.2002年12月,我们在大棚栽培葡萄凤凰51上试用德国产破眠剂3%朵美滋,打破其休眠,促进提早萌芽、成熟,取得了较为满意的结果.     

化学物质打破桃休眠的效应初探

以油桃品种华光和寿星桃为试材，应用石灰氮、氰胺、苯基噻二唑基脲、赤霉素、6－苄基腺嘌呤、硝酸钾进行打破桃休眠的试验。结果表明，石灰氮破眠效果最佳，可使中芽提早萌发13－14天，花芽提早7天萌芽，提早开花7－13天，且萌芽率显著提高，其余供试药剂也有不同程度的破眠效应，只是效率较低，使用破眠剂的时期和浓度不同，效果也异。休眠芽中可溶性糖含量增加，淀粉含量下降，是解除休眠的标志。     

破眠剂1号对葡萄冬芽休眠解除及萌芽过程中呼吸代谢的影响

以中需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’为试材,采用呼吸抑制剂法、借助氧电极,研究破眠剂1号解除葡萄冬芽自然休眠及促进萌芽过程中芽呼吸代谢的变化。结果表明:破眠剂1号处理葡萄休眠冬芽比对照萌发早、整齐,且萌芽率显著高于对照;破眠剂1号处理前期(休眠解除期)暂时抑制葡萄冬芽的总呼吸速率,后期(萌芽准备期)促进葡萄冬芽总呼吸速率迅速上升,并显著高于对照。破眠剂1号处理前期暂时抑制葡萄休眠冬芽的三羧酸循环和细胞色素途径的运行活性,激活磷酸戊糖途径和交替途径的运行活性,从而促进自然休眠的解除;处理后期抑制磷酸戊糖途径和交替途径的运行活性,促进三羧酸循环和细胞色素途径的运行活性,促进葡萄冬芽的萌发。综上所述,破眠剂1号可代替葡萄冬芽的部分需冷量,使其自然休眠解除并促进萌芽,冷量不足则阻碍这一过程。     

上海地区使用单氰胺打破甜樱桃休眠的效果

通过对上海栽培的早红宝石甜樱桃进行喷施2%单氰胺、遮阴和2%单氰胺+遮阴等3种打破休眠措施比较,发现喷施2%单氰胺对打破休眠和提高着果率最有效,与对照(空白)相比能提前萌芽5天,花期持续时间明显缩短,着果率达到20%。对早红宝石进行单氰胺处理后,单叶面积增大,单位新梢叶面积相应增加,着果率提高了18.8个百分点,发育正常子房的比例由12%提高到58%。单氰胺处理先锋品种,显著增加了果实可溶性固形物含量,提高了糖酸比,明显改善了品质,但对果实硬度和大小无显著影响。     

The influence of fruiting on the bud sprouting and flower induction responses to chilling in Citrus

Summary

The effect of chilling temperatures on bud sprouting and flower formation was compared on fruiting and non-fruiting ‘Owari’ satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc) trees. On non-fruiting trees, bud dormancy was weak, and a significant proportion of buds were able to sprout at high temperatures without being chilled. Separate effects of low temperatures on bud sprouting and flower induction were demonstrated. On fruiting trees these two effects of low temperatures were also demonstrated on summer-flush buds, but not on older (spring-flush) buds. The spring-flush buds from fruiting trees scarcely sprouted without being chilled. These buds required a longer chilling period for dormancy release than for flower induction, and it was not possible to separate the effect of low temperature on flower induction from the effect on dormancy release. The presence of fruit reduced flower formation by reducing bud sprouting. Furthermore, fruit had a direct inhibitive effect on vernalization which resulted in increased formation of vegetative shoots. The effect of fruit and low temperature on flowering was unrelated to carbohydrate accumulation in the leaves or the roots.     

打破巨峰葡萄种子休眠及实生苗阶段发育中内源激素的研究

研究表明,巨峰葡萄成熟种子种壳含有很高的ABA或类似物.用40%石灰氮浸出液处理18h打破休眠的效果最好.葡萄童期阶段细胞分裂素含量低,并且随节位升高变化迟缓,当临近阶段转变时,含量急剧上升.GA_3含量童期阶段高于转变期.GA_(4+7)在阶段转变部位含量急剧下降,CTK/GA_3急剧上升.生长素含量在童期阶段随着节位升高急剧增加,临近阶段转变时含量又急剧降低.脱落酸的含量则随着节位升高有缓慢上升的趋势.     

Effects of shading and thidiazuron + oil treatment on dormancy breaking,blooming and fruit set in apricot in a warm-winter climate

Overcoming dormancy represents one of the major limitations to fruit tree production in warm areas. High temperatures during the chilling period have a negative effect on breaking of dormancy. Shading of trees reduces the incidence of radiation and the temperature. Previous works on shading did not take into account the stage of dormancy. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of shading during different periods of endodormancy, in an area having relatively warm winters, and the effects of a treatment of thidiazuron ([TDZ] N-phenyl-N-1,2,3-thiodiazol-5-il-urea) and winter oil, on apricot blooming, fruit set and ripening. The study was carried out during three years which showed marked differences regarding chilling accumulation. Autumn shading did not affect blooming or harvesting. Regarding harvest date, 2–3 days of precocity were achieved by shading during endodormancy, relative to the control. The TDZ + oil treatment increased blooming percentage, made blooming more uniform and brought forward the blooming (by 7–14 days) and ripening (3–8 days) dates. However, pistil abortion percentage was strongly increased by using TDZ and winter oil when there was low chilling accumulation, which led to reduce fruit set percentage. Shading during late endodormancy produced 5 days precocity for the harvest date in the year with lower chill accumulation. Shading of trees during endodormancy and TDZ + oil treatment could be suitable for increasing precocity in warm-winter climates. Significant year-to-year variation has been shown for blooming, pistil abortion, fruit set and fruit/bud percentages. Correlations among these variables are also discussed. Under conditions of marginal chill accumulation, the distribution of chilling during autumn and winter had an important role in the overcoming of dormancy, blooming and fruit set.     

黄土高原苹果树各生育期需水特征研究

【目的】准确界定苹果树在各个生育期的需水量及需水特征的季节性变化是指导果园节水灌溉的重要依据。【方法】利用热扩散树干液流测定技术,连续2年监测了旱作果园苹果树(盛果期)的树干液流速率,计算了单株的耗水强度,并与同步观测的叶面积指数、物候特征进行关联分析。【结果】2017、2018年苹果树年耗水量分别为295.5 mm、215.3 mm,分别占同期降水量的88%和58%。在整个年生育周期中,果实膨大期耗水量最多,占果树整个生育期耗水总量的51%(2017年)和41%(2018年),其次依次为果实成熟期、幼果形成期、花期、萌芽期、落叶期和休眠期,不同生育期果树的耗水量与同期降水量具有相似的季节变化趋势。在萌芽期,果树耗水强度快速上升,到果实膨大期时最高可达2.17 mm·d^-1;之后逐渐下降,在落叶期时耗水强度最高值为1.19 mm·d^-1;休眠期树液仍有流动,此阶段的耗水量占年蒸腾总量的5%,日蒸腾强度最高为0.53 mm·d^-1。冠层叶面积指数(LAI)的季节变化表现为从4月初展叶开始快速增加,到5月上旬达到3.2,日增速平均为0.07;之后LAI基本维持不变,日增速仅为前期的1%,最高值为3.4。在11月中旬左右遇到大风天气后快速落叶,LAI在数天内降至零。【结论】苹果树在不同生育期的需水特征有明显的差异,且与叶面积指数的季节变化并不完全同步,需结合不同生育期的水分需求特征开展合理的灌溉、控水等管理措施。     

Effect of Hydrogen Cyanamide on Vegetative Growth,Yield, and Fruit Quality of Fig cv. Zidi in a Warm Production Area

The fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region under warm climates. Fig yield is governed by the previous crop load and is strongly dependent on shoot length. Special cultural practices are required to stimulate new vegetative growth that will ensure regular and high productivity. The present study focused on the use of the rest breaking agent hydrogen cyanamide (HC) as Dormex to enhance vegetative growth, which influences the yield. A field trial was held in northern Tunisia (36° 49′ N; 9° 48′ E) on mature fig trees cv. Zidi. In reference to untreated trees as control, two hydrogen cyanamide treatments at 1% and 1.5% HC were considered. Bud break rate, vegetative growth, starch content of shoots, yield, and fruit characteristics were assessed. Results indicated that 1.5% HC significantly increased shoot length, fruit number per shoot, and yield. It advanced bud break by 10 days and fruit ripening by 7 days compared to the control. However, leaf number, leaf area, and starch content seem to be unaffected by hydrogen cyanamide treatments. Regarding fruit quality, a 1.5% HC dose significantly increased dry matter content, while fruit diameter and total soluble solids remain unaffected. In conclusion, hydrogen cyanamide could be used under warm conditions to improve vegetative growth of fig trees cv. Zidi and consequently fig productivity. Application of 1.5% HC 40 days before bud break was the most effective in increasing shoot length and yield.     

化学脱叶对桃自然休眠的调控效应

以两年生曙光油桃为试材,研究不同时期不同化学物质的脱叶效果和打破休眠的效应,结果表明:8%NH4NO3的脱叶效果最好,但对树体有严重药害,综合考虑以8%尿素为优选脱叶试剂;化学脱叶使萌芽提早6~8d,但仅使花期提前2~4d日对叶芽的作用效果显著;化学脱叶明显降低了花芽碳水化合物含量、自然坐果率和花粉生活力,使花期延长,但对完全花比例无显著影响。     

核果类果树种子休眠的机制及其解除方法研究进展

核果类植物是温带地区重要的果树资源,兼具良好的经济价值、生态价值及园林观赏价值。休眠是核果类果树种子为应对不良外界环境而产生的适应性进化,有利于保障种群的延续,但不利于苗木的规模化繁育。为了优化核果类植物繁育技术,提高苗木繁育效率,对核果类植物种子休眠与萌发机制的研究现状进行综述。本研究重点分析国内外相关研究进展,分别从果肉、内果皮、种皮、种胚4个方面对核果类果树种子休眠机制及休眠打破方法进行总结归纳,并基于综述结果对其研究前景进行展望,以期在阐明核果类果树种子休眠与萌发机制的基础上,为解决生产过程中种子休眠问题提供思路与方法,并为乡土植物资源保护、引种栽培提供科学依据。     

影响南京甜樱桃坐果的关键时期

研究不同生育期的生态条件对甜樱桃花芽分化和坐果的影响,确定导致南京地区（年均温 > 15 ℃）甜樱桃坐果率低的关键时期,将郑州的一部分4年生盆栽结果甜樱桃运至南京生长1年后,然后将郑州和南京两地的盆栽苗分别在落叶期、休眠结束后进行双向位置交换,采用石蜡切片法观察花芽和胚囊形态发育,并在果实着色期观察坐果率。结果显示：全生育期在郑州、落叶期由郑州运至南京、休眠结束后由郑州运至南京、全生育期在南京、落叶后由南京运至郑州的‘早红宝石’甜樱桃坐果率分别为38.2%、14.7%、12.9%、8.9%和31.7%;无胚囊的比例分别为41.5%、55.6%、57.7%、74.5%和50.0%;全生育期在郑州和落叶后由郑州运至南京休眠结束后再运回郑州的甜樱桃‘萨米脱’的坐果率分别为13.9%和18.8%。结果表明：影响南京地区甜樱桃坐果的关键时期应是春季开花坐果期;而对于一些能满足需冷量的品种,休眠期对坐果率的影响不大;夏季花芽分化期的高温影响花芽分化进程及分化质量。     

Individual and combined effects of shading and thinning chemicals on abscission and dry-matter accumulation of ‘Royal Gala’ apple fruit

Summary

Shade and chemical thinning treatments were applied to mature ‘Royal Gala’/M.26 apple trees either alone or in combination to study their effects on the pattern of abscission and growth of spur fruit. Natural fruit drop occurred in two distinct waves in both years; the first wave peaked 20 d after bloom (DAB) at a weekly abscission rate of c 15% in both years. The second wave of fruit drop in 2001 occurred earlier and was more intense than in the previous season. Application of NAA as a bloom thinner increased the maximum weekly abscission rate during the first wave of fruit drop in both years. Chemical fruit thinning treatments (Carbaryl in 2000, BA or delayed lime sulphur in 2001) had no effect on abscission or growth of spur fruit. Covering trees with 80% shade cloth for 3 d (2000) or 5 d (2001) stimulated a wave of fruit abscission that peaked c 10–15 d after removal of the cloth. Shade during the period from 20–25 DAB stimulated more fruit drop than earlier shade treatments, resulting in weekly abscission rates as high as 70%.There were no additive effects of combining thinning chemicals and shade treatments on abscission of fruit from spurs. However, additive effects of shade and thinning treatments were observed when measured as whole-tree crop density values, indicating that abscission of fruit from one-year wood was stimulated when low light conditions preceded application of (fruit) thinning chemicals. Shading trees from 34–39 DAB in 2000 resulted in a transient reduction and subsequent increase in the rate of dry-matter accumulation in fruit that were retained. Considerable challenges lie ahead in developing models of fruit growth that can account for the inter-dependent effects of light and crop load on fruit abscission and development that exist within an orchard environment.