29个蝴蝶兰品种杂交亲和性分析

以29个蝴蝶兰品种为试材进行杂交实验,设计杂交组合123个,其中54个获得膨大果实,并进行了胚培养,19个组合获得了萌发的种子。从品种、花型、胚培养时间、花朵开发程度进行亲和性分析发现:蝴蝶兰不同品种间亲和性差异较大,大花型之间、大花型和中花型之间杂交亲和性较好;不同胚培养时间对种子萌发的影响差别较大,授粉后120～129 d是最佳胚培养时间。父本不同开放状态对结实数量影响较小,母本不同开放时期对结实数量影响较大,母本开放6 d进行授粉结实率远高于开放1 d。     

三倍体OT百合与二倍体东方百合组间杂交育种

本研究旨在探讨三倍体OT百合与二倍体东方百合系间杂交育种规律,培育系间杂种。采用常规压片法,分析母本染色体核型。采用切花柱及柱头直接授粉技术,进行OT×O系间杂交;在授粉后不同时间,采用胚珠直接接种法进行胚抢救。本研究中作母本的6个OT百合品种均为三倍体。柱头直接授粉技术明显优于切花柱授粉技术,前者的结果率及结籽率明显高于后者。24个OT(♀)×O(♂)杂交组合中,有16个组合能结果,占66.67%;能结果的杂交组合,大部分能收获饱满种子,结籽率在2.49%~16.78%之间。4个O(♀)×OT(♂)反交组合、6个OT(♀)×OT(♂)自交组合均未能结果。胚抢救60 d后,授粉60 d后进行胚抢救最有效,胚珠萌发最快,各组合出苗率在5.26%~18.56%之间。上述研究初步揭示了百合三倍体OT(♀)×二倍体O(♂)杂交育种规律,为创造非整体倍体变异、培育系间杂交新品种奠定了基础。     

不同百合品种间杂交亲和性研究

以国外引进的性状优良的栽培品种7个作为亲本进行杂交,摸索不同品种间交配亲和性规律,提高育种效率。试验结果表明：4种杂种系不同品种百合系内杂交,后代平均有胚率最高的为OO杂种系（43.63%）,其次为AA杂种系（25.35%）。以OO杂种系的‘多顿’、‘蒙特祖玛’为母本,与其他杂种系杂交,后代平均有胚率高与其他组合,亲和性好。‘多顿’ב穿梭’这个组合的结实率为50%,有胚率为50.8%,杂交亲和性最好。     

芸薹属种间远缘杂交结实的特异性观察

通过对甘蓝型油菜与白菜、白菜与甘蓝型油菜进行种间远缘杂交,观察杂交当代结荚、结籽以及种子发育的特异性。采用特定的芸薹属甘蓝型油菜、白菜不育系材料和白菜、甘蓝型油菜自交材料进行配组,选用染色体数目不同的甘蓝型油菜不育系和白菜薹不育系分别与白菜薹和甘蓝型油菜进行杂交,观察分析杂交后的种子发育过程,分析不同组合的结荚、结籽以及种子发育的特异性。结果表明:以染色体数目多的油菜不育系为母本,杂交亲和力明显高于以染色体数量少的白菜型不育系做母本的杂交组合;虽然其结实率远低于非远缘杂交组合,但所结的种子大多发育正常;而以染色体数量少的白菜型不育系为母本同染色体数目多的甘蓝型油菜进行杂交,在种胚的发育过程中,出现严重的遗传紊乱,致使杂交结实过程中出现授粉困难,授粉后绝大部分受精不良,甚至胚发育死亡,特别是部分种子尚未发育成熟即在荚内发芽等特异情况的发生得到了反复验证,但其内在机理尚不清楚。     

棉属不同染色体组种间杂交胚胎学研究

本文主要报道以棉属［（Ｃｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ）（ＡＤ）］染色体组四倍体栽培种陆地棉（Ｇ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ）为母本，Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｇ染色体组的二倍体野生棉代表种长须棉（Ｇ．ｂａｒｂａｓａａｎｕｍ）、澳洲棉（Ｇ．ａｕｓｔｒａｌｅ）、雷蒙地棉（Ｇ．ｒａｉｍｏｎｄｉｉ）、索马里棉（Ｇ．ｓｏｍａｌｅｎｓｅｅ）和比克氏棉（Ｇ．ｂｉｃｋｉｉ）做父本，配成５个杂交组合，并以陆地棉自交作对照，比较研究棉属不同染色体组种间杂交的胚胎发育过程。二倍体不同染色体组野生棉的花粉在陆地棉柱头上可以顺利萌发，其花粉管在花柱中生长较正常，但花粉管生长速度明显慢于陆地棉自交。野生棉花粉管到达陆地棉胚囊并释放精子完成双受精的频率很低，除陆地棉×Ｄ组雷蒙地棉受精率为３３．３％以外，其它几个杂交组合的受精率均低于１０％。杂种形成的胚乳游离核数量比陆地棉自交的少，而且比自交对照提早３～４天形成胚乳细胞。杂种胚乳组织形成后迅速解体。杂种原胚发育较正常，但杂种胚大多停滞在球形胚和近心形胚期；分化后的杂种胚呈现各种形态的畸形胚。杂交胚珠的珠心组织解体明显迟于自交胚珠，其解体时间和胚乳组织解体基本上一致。珠心组织的迟迟解体和胚乳组织异常发育导致杂种胚的败育。     

库尔勒香梨杂交及回交后代果实部分性状遗传研究

通过对库尔勒香梨为亲本之一的10个杂交组合及8个回交组合的杂种后代的果实性状如果实大小、果肉质地、果心大小、果实可溶性固形物含量等的遗传进行分析,研究香梨不同性状在杂交后代中的遗传动态,对于正确选择杂交亲本,减少育种盲目性,以最大程度的得到符合育种目标的杂种类型具有重要的指导意义。     

葡萄种间杂交F1代对白粉病的抗性研究

白粉病为葡萄栽植中常见的一类病害,常年为害严重,造成葡萄果实产量和品质下降。通过选取13个葡萄品种的27个组合杂交,并研究其抗性,为品种选育奠定基础。     

36个水稻骨干系的分子聚类及其遗传育种学意义：I分子标记多态性与杂交亲和

对３６个水稻骨干系进行了ＲＦＬＰ分析，并对这些水稻材料的１６２个杂交组合育性进行了分组分类研究。杂种育性的遗传基础研究表明，亚种内杂交组合育性显著高于亚种间杂交组合育性。亚种间杂交不育性是由籼粳两个亚种间深刻的遗传分化引起的。     

大花萱草不同品种间杂交亲和性及结实特性研究

本试验以不同品种大花萱草为试材,研究了其品种间的杂交亲和性和结实状况。结果表明：大花萱草自交亲和性很低,杂交亲和性也普遍偏低。在17个杂交组合中,金娃娃与不同品种的杂交坐果率相对较高,其中金娃娃♀?红运♂坐果率最高,为27.9%;其次是黄绣客,红运最低。不同授粉方法对大花萱草杂交亲和性影响效果为：2g/L赤霉素 > 2g/L NaCl >4g/L赤霉素>切割柱头>蕾期授粉>1g/L赤霉素>常规授粉。大花萱草结实率的高低与父本的花粉活力、母本柱头可授性、花粉管萌发生长状态及胚败育等因素相关。     

玉米杂交组合灌浆期穗下节间抗折特性比较研究

通过对89个玉米杂交组合灌浆期穗下节间长、穗下节间直径、穗下节间茎皮厚、穗下节间抗折力等性状的比较,发现穗下节间抗折力相关性状呈现较强的多态性,并表现出数量性状的特点;玉米杂交组合灌浆期穗下节间长表现出偏态分布的特点;穗下节间直径、穗下节间抗折力表现出正态分布的特征。通过灰色关联度分析发现,对玉米杂交组合灌浆期穗下节间抗折力影响力大小依次是穗下第一茎节直径、穗下第一节间长和穗下第一茎节皮厚。     

亚洲百合种内杂交亲和性研究

为促进国内百合育种工作的快速发展,更好地培育出优良的杂交品种,利用从国外引进的‘Loreto’、‘Apricot pixels’、‘Lollypop’、‘Tinos’、‘Navona’、‘Landini’、‘Vemneer’7种亚洲百合杂种系品种开展花粉活力测定、柱头可授性测定和杂交亲和性的研究。‘Lollypop’、‘Loreto’、‘Tinos’、‘Apricot pixels’、‘Vemneer’5种亚洲百合杂种系品种可作为杂交父本材料;‘Landini’、‘Loreto’、‘Navona’、‘Tinos’、‘Vemneer’5种亚洲百合杂种系品种柱头可授性良好,蕾期至花期可授性逐渐增强;8种亚洲百合种内杂交组合中‘Lollypop’בApricot pixels’、‘Loreto’בLollypop’坐果率偏低,‘Apricot pixels’בLoreto’、‘Tinos’בApricot pixel’、‘Vemneer’בTinos’、‘Navona’בTinos’坐果率较高,‘Tinos’בVemneer’、‘Landini’בVemneer’没有得到杂交后代。     

Experiences with the breeding of red clover resistant to the stem eelworm

Summary The methods used in collecting stem eelworms from diseased plants, in raising and inoculating plants, in assessing resistance and in crossing selected plants in cages using bumble-bees for pollination are described in detail.Research showed that in swollen seedlings the eelworms had multiplied (susceptible plants) whereas this is not the case in non-swollen plants with a stunted growth and brown stripes (resistant plants).The increase of eelworms in greatly swollen plants of Roosendaal red clover took place at a greater speed than in slightly swollen plants. In healthy-looking plants mostly no or few eelworms had invaded. It seems that these plants have escaped a degree of infection necessary to judge their resistance.It appeared that varieties of red clover which are susceptible or resistant to stem eelworms of a given origin from the Netherlands were susceptible or resistant in about the same degree to eelworms derived from a quite different part of this country. A good conformity between laboratory and field resistance was found.If in spring bumble-bee boxes are hung in trees according to the method described, in about 10 to 20% of the boxes a good bumble-bee nest is found in the beginning of July. These populations are suitable to use for the crossing of clover plants in cages. Inside the cages seed production per plant was generally much lower than outside.By intercrossing resistant plants of Dutch local varieties and selection in the progenies, fairly resistant families were obtained within some years.     

The Transfer of Resistance to the Russian Wheat Aphid from Triticum monococcum L. to Common Wheat

Two Triticum monococcum accessions were found to be highly resistant to the Russian wheat aphid. An attempt was made to transfer the resistance to common wheat through direct hybridization or by using bridge species. In each of the four crossing strategies tried, a gradual loss of resistance occurred as hybrids with higher ploidy levels were obtained. It appeared that the level of resistance observed was directly proportional to the ratio of the Triticum monococcum genome relative to other genomes. This would indicate suppression of the resistance gene(s) by the added genomes or dilution of its product(s) by those of homoeoloci. The degree of protection afforded by the gene(s) at the hexaploid level may prove to be small. Plants suspected to be homozygous for the resistance gene(s) were identified; however, further backcrossing to common wheat will be required to improve their agronomic types and meiotic regularities.     

亚洲百合试管苗生根的研究

为了优化亚洲百合生根培养基配方,为亚洲百合转基因植株试管苗的生根移栽奠定一定的基础,以亚洲百合‘普利安娜’（Lilium Asiatic hybrid cv. ‘Pollyanna’）和‘普瑞头’（Lilium Asiatic hybrid cv. ‘Prato’）试管苗为材料,探讨5种不同激素的浓度组合对试管苗生根率、生根数量、最长根长的影响。结果表明：不同植物激素的组合和浓度对亚洲百合的生根有显著影响,且2个品种生根状况有一定的差异。在生根培养基为MS+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+KT 0.1 mg/L+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂7 g/L时,亚洲百合‘普利安娜’平均生根率达到98.73%,生根数量达到6.53条,最长根长为4 cm;生根培养基为：MS+NAA 1.0 mg/L+TDZ 0.1 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂7 g/L时,亚洲百合‘普瑞头’平均生根率达到92.73%,生根数量达到6.63条,最长根长为3.77 cm。最后得出：亚洲百合‘普利安娜’最适宜的生根培养基为：MS+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+KT 0.1 mg/L+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂7 g/L;亚洲百合‘普瑞头’的适宜生根培养基为：MS+NAA 1.0 mg/L+TDZ 0.1 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂7 g/L。     

中国传统文化中“玉簪”原植物的研究

玉簪花是目前国内常见的观赏植物,同时在历史上也有不少记载。为研究中国历史典籍中记载的“玉簪”以及与“玉簪”有关的植物的原植物科学名称以及分类学地位,通过整理在历史典籍中出现的“玉簪”,以及与该名称相关的植物的原始记载、原始插图等各种信息,利用植物分类学的思想,结合比较形态学的分析方法,确定“玉簪”的原植物为百合科玉簪属的Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers.。对“玉簪”原始资料的整理,揭示尽管中国先民没有建立起一套完整而科学的植物分类体系,但是依然准确而清晰地记述了不少重要的植物分类学信息。同时,根据“玉簪”的“傅面助妆”的记载,整理出中国古代妆容中主要饰品胭脂的植物性原料,结合先民对“玉簪”的认识,揭示出“玉簪”原植物本身的植物学特点,是该种植物为人类选择使用的主要原因。     

几种保鲜剂对百合切花贮后品质的影响

研究了几种不同的保鲜剂组合对冷藏百合切花贮后品质的影响。结果表明,在瓶插液中加入蔗糖可提高百合切花的观赏品质,50 g/L是最适蔗糖浓度。几种保鲜剂组合中,预处液为2×10-4mol/L硫代硫酸银 + 100g/L蔗糖 + 100mg/L赤霉素, 瓶插液为150 mg/L 8-羟基喹啉硫酸盐 + 50g/L蔗糖 + 20mg/L赤霉素的保鲜剂组合对百合切花的保鲜效果最好。     

Morphology and heredity of tepal spots in Asiatic and Oriental hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.)

Petal spots constitute an important trait for ornamental flowers, because they generate variation in flower colour and pigmentation patterning. However, only a few reports have described the morphologies and inheritances of petal spots. Two types of spots—raised spots and splatters—appear on the flower tepals of lily (Lilium spp.). Here, we microscopically analysed the morphologies of raised spots and splatters, and compared them with those of petal spots in other species. The raised spots of lily showed an increase in the numbers of parenchymal and epidermal cells, and accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in these cells. We did not observe this type of morphology in the petal spots of rhododendron or Tricyrtis macropoda, indicating that the morphology observed in the raised spots is unique to lily. In the splatters of lily, anthocyanin pigments accumulated only in epidermal cells, and the shape of pigmented cells did not differ from that of unpigmented cells. These features were also observed in spots of T. macropoda. We subsequently investigated the inheritance of raised spots and splatters in an F₁ segregating population. We revealed that F₁ plants with raised spots, splatters, raised spots and splatters, or no spots showed a 1:1:1:1 segregation ratio, indicating that the two types of spots are genetically independent. Such knowledge will facilitate efficient selection during breeding programs focused on the development of cultivars with (or without) spots.     

不同基质配比对百合切花品质的影响

为了寻求减少百合无土栽培对泥炭资源的依赖和降低生产成本,测定分析6种不同配比基质的容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、含水量、pH、电导率等理化指标,并对栽培在6种不同基质中百合切花的主要农艺性状进行分析。结果表明：在百合适宜生长的范围内,基质容重和pH越小、总孔隙度和通气孔隙度越大,百合生长越好。试验中,T1（泥炭∶珍珠岩=3∶1）和T3（泥炭∶珍珠岩∶食用菌渣=2∶3∶2）2种配比是百合栽培的最佳配方基质;CK（纯泥炭）前期对茎高有影响,且考虑泥炭是一种短期内不可再生的稀缺的资源,因此,不宜作百合切花的基质;T5（泥炭∶蛭石∶稻壳=3∶5∶2）配比基质不能用于百合切花生产。     

小麦×羊草远缘杂交的受精和胚胎发育

对小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｎＬ）和羊草（ＬｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＴ．）杂交的受精和胚胎发育进行了研究。羊草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发较好，花粉管能顺利穿过柱头，进入胚囊。在检查过的３１０个子房中，１７个（５．５％）发生了双受精，产生了胚和胚乳；２个（０．６５％）发生了单卵受精，只产生胚而无胚乳；７个（２．２６％）发生了单极核受精，只产生胚乳而无胚。小麦×羊草虽然受精率为８．４１％，但最后结实率很低，若利用胚培养技术对杂种胚进行早期离体培养，可望提高杂种植株的获得率     

百合无毒化种球繁育关键技术

病毒对百合造成的危害是严重的,成为制约百合产业健康发展的瓶颈之一,进行百合无毒化种球繁育关键技术研究具有重要意义.本研究以5个感病百合品种种球为试材,应用愈伤组纵培养(Ⅰ)、茎尖培养(Ⅱ)、热处理结合茎尖培养(Ⅲ)、病毒唑结合茎尖培养(Ⅳ)、病毒唑加热处理结合茎尖培养(Ⅴ)五种脱毒方法进行百合种球脱除病毒的研究.结果表明病毒唑加热处理结合茎尖培养方法最好,热处理结合茎尖培养和病毒哇结合茎尖培养方法次之.