河北省近30年耕地资源变化与经济发展耦合关系研究

相对有限的土地资源已经成为经济快速发展的瓶颈,研究耕地资源变化与经济发展的关系具有很重要的意义.在分析河北省近30年来耕地资源动态变化的基础上,选取GDP、耕地面积为指标对1978-2004年间河北省耕地资源变化与经济发展之间的耦合关系进行了详尽的剖析,并利用耕地面积变化与GDP增长的对数相关关系式对不同经济发展水平每增加等量GDP所占用的耕地面积进行了估算.研究结果表明:①耕地资源面积随着GDP的增加呈对数递减趋势,两者的拟合系数很高,证明用对数递减模型方程预测耕地面积随GDP增长的变化具有很好的可行性;②不同的经济发展阶段,增长等量GDP所占用的耕地面积不同.当GDP分别达到2000～4000亿元、4000～6000亿元、6000～8000亿元阶段时,GDP每增加2000亿元所占用耕地面积分别为3.85×10⁴hm²、2.25×10⁴hm²、1.60×10⁴hm².     

不同经济区经济增长占用耕地数量的差异分析——以江苏省无锡市、扬州市为例

采用1978~2006年耕地统计和社会经济资料,对江苏省经济发达的无锡市、经济较发达的扬州市2个不同经济区的经济增长占用耕地资源数量情况进行了分析。结果表明:2个不同经济区的耕地变化无论是总面积上还是人均面积均呈明显的下降趋势,且经济发达的无锡市相对于经济较发达的扬州市耕地总面积和人均面积减少幅度更大、递减率更快;不同经济区的耕地资源面积随着GDP的增加均呈指数递减趋势,用拟合的指数方程能较好地预测不同经济区经济增长占用的耕地面积;在不同的经济区每单位的GDP增长所消耗的耕地面积随着经济的增加均呈下降趋势,但下降速度不同;不同经济区的经济增长占用耕地面积大致以2005年为界线划分为两个典型阶段。     

重庆市近十年耕地变化过程及其与经济发展关系研究

重庆市自1997年直辖以来，经济社会加速发展，耕地面积发生了很大的变化。根据1997-2004年耕地变更调查及其它统计数据，研究了重庆市耕地资源特征，分析了重庆市直辖以来耕地面积变化过程及区域差异，并定量分析了重庆市耕地变化和经济发展的关系。结果表明：（1）重庆市人多耕地少，耕地质量差，投入少，生产率不高．后备资源不足。（2）重庆市耕地面积逐渐减少，先缓慢减少，后快速减少。人均耕地面积也有类似的变化趋势。（3）重庆市三大经济区人均GDP增加百元占用耕地面积随经济发展水平的增加而减少，表明人均GDP对耕地的驱动作用和集约用地水平存在区域差异。经济发展水平高的区域，人均GDP对耕地的驱动作用小，集约用地水平高。     

基于“脱钩”理论的江苏省耕地占用与经济增长关系分析

经济发展对耕地资源占用的压力与基于粮食安全及社会稳定的耕地资源保护需求一直是中国社会经济发展的一对矛盾。该文以江苏省为例,利用1976－2009年的相关数据,分析了耕地资源变化趋势、定量评价了耕地建设占用与经济增长间脱钩关系,并探讨了脱钩的原因。结果表明：江苏省耕地面积近35 a以来呈持续降低趋势,耕地总面积与人均耕地面积年均递减率分别为0.38%与1.33%;耕地面积减少趋势自20世纪80年代以来有所加速,直到2006以后,递减趋势减缓。自"六五"至"十一五"以来,耕地建设占用与非农产业产值增长之间一直呈相对或绝对脱钩状态;脱钩指标Di显示,增加单位产值所消耗的耕地面积逐阶段递减,自"五五"期间的923.5 hm2/亿元减少到"十一五"期间的20.5hm2/亿元,表明经济增长对耕地占用的依赖程度大大降低。固定资产投资额、劳动力、技术进步投入的持续增大以及经济增长方式的转变是耕地建设占用与经济增长脱钩的原因。随着数量型增长向质量型增长方式的转变,经济发展对耕地占用的消耗将会更低,耕地保护与经济发展的矛盾有望缓解。     

区域耕地变化与人口及经济增长的关系研究——以湖南醴陵市为例

采用1990-2004年的统计资料,分析了近15年醴陵市耕地变化与人口增长、经济发展之间的动态关系,建立了耕地面积变化与人口、人均GDP、固定资产投资总额、城市化水平之间的曲线回归模型。结果表明：1）15年来,醴陵市土地开发强度大,耕地面积和人均耕地面积经历了缓慢减少-快速减少的变化过程,特别是近5年间耕地流失达到一个高峰;2）醴陵市耕地面积减少与人口、人均GDP、固定资产投资总额,以及城市化水平之间具有显著的相关性,经济发展和人口增长对全市耕地面积变化影响仍然很大,全市耕地减少的趋势将在一定时间内继续存在;3）研究结果对当地耕地保护、产业结构调整,实现耕地资源与人口、经济的可持续发展具有一定的参考意义。     

典型山区耕地面积与粮食产量时空格局分析——以四川省凉山州为例

以西南山区的四川省凉山州为例,运用描述性统计分析、耕地压力指数、聚类分析等方法,分析了耕地面积和粮食产量时间变化特点和空间差异特征。结果表明:（1）1999—2011年,凉山州耕地总面积和粮食总产量总体上呈上升趋势,人均耕地面积呈减少的趋势;人均粮食产量、单位耕地面积粮食产量呈波动上升趋势;耕地压力指数始终小于1,凉山州总体上无耕地压力。（2）凉山州耕地面积、粮食产量、最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数空间差异明显,有8个县的耕地压力较大,7个县基本无耕地压力,2个县无耕地压力。最后,对山区耕地保护和实现粮食安全的对策进行了简单探讨。     

江西省耕地压力时空差异分析及预测

根据最小人均耕地和耕地压力指数模型,结合GIS软件,分析了1981年以来江西省耕地压力时空变化规律,并运用平滑预测理论,对2007-2015年人均耕地面积、最小人均耕地面积以及耕地压力指数进行了预测.结果显示:1981-2006年江西省耕地压力指数呈波动式上升趋势,耕地压力地区差异明显:未来9年内,人均耕地面积继续减少,耕地压力指数随之进一步增加,到2015年人均耕地面积将减少到0.0306 hm2/人,耕地压力指数随之达到1.61,耕地压力更加明显,粮食安全受到威胁.限制非农占用耕地、优化用地结构、增加复种指数、提高耕地效益,是降低耕地压力、减缓人地矛盾的有效对策.     

湖北省耕地变化与粮食生产的特征分析

耕地资源是保障粮食安全及社会稳定的基石.在分析湖北省1978-2008年耕地面积和粮食产量变化的基础上,进一步分析了最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数的变化特点;采用GM(1,1)方法对未来10 a耕地、人口、粮食产量、最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数进行了预测.结果表明:(1)1978年来,湖北省人均耕地面积和人均粮食产量不断减少,最小人均耕地面积总体变化呈波浪式降低而耕地压力指数呈波浪式上升.(2)未来10 a,最小人均耕地面积将逐年降低而耕地压力指数将逐年升高,人均耕地面积降低速度快于实际最小人均耕地面积的降低速度,耕地面积难以保证粮食生产安全.并对此提出了相关建议.     

近25年临汾市耕地资源与粮食安全动态分析

利用耕地、人口和粮食统计数据,采用耕地相对变化率和敏感度分析模型,研究了山西省临汾市近25a县域尺度耕地资源时空变化规律和粮食安全趋势。结果表明:(1)耕地总面积呈增加趋势,而人均耕地面积却呈减少趋势;(2)耕地资源空间变化差异明显,东西部山区相对变化较大,而中部平原区相对变化较小。东西部山区耕地资源对粮食产量的敏感度高,而中部平原区由于科技水平提高,单产增加,耕地面积对粮食产量变化不敏感。人口数量和粮食总产量持续增加,而人均粮食占有量减少,劳动力资源对粮食产量和耕地面积影响很大。保障粮食安全的主要措施是保护基本农田、提高耕地质量和科技水平等。     

浅谈我国土地资源的可持续发展

1我国土地资源现况堪忧 虽然我国土地总面积居于世界第三位,但人均土地面积仅为0．777hm^2,是世界人均土地资源量的1／3。《2000年中国环境状况公报》指出：2000年中国耕地总面积为1．282亿hm^2,人均耕地面积为0．101hm^2,不足世界人均耕地的一半。由于基本建设等对耕地的占用,目前全国的耕地面积以每年平均数十万hm^2的速度递减。由于受眼前利益的驱使,一些地方违法圈地毁地的现象十分严重。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.