华南虎血巴尔通体感染的诊疗

了解华南虎血巴尔通体的临床诊断和PCR检测方法,介绍对症治疗的方法.笔者对1头患病的华南虎进行症状观察、血液涂片检查和PCR检测,利用土霉素进行治疗.患病动物出现高热稽留、厌食、贫血等症状,血液涂片中红细胞发生皱缩、每个视野中有多个巴尔通体,并通过PCR检测证实华南虎源血巴尔通体为大型猫血巴尔通体,利用土霉素治疗使动物康复,从症状观察结合实验室检查可以诊断华南虎的血巴尔通体病,土霉素对猫科动物血巴尔通体感染有较好的治疗效果.     

华南虎源血巴尔通体的PCR检测

为了快速准确检测华南虎感染的血巴尔通体种类,我们根据已发表的猫血巴尔通体的16S rRNA基因序列,利用软件Primer Premier 5.0设计2对特异性引物,以华南虎源血巴尔通体基因组DNA进行PCR检测。2对引物分别扩增出1452 bp和170 bp的rDNA序列,1452 bp序列与GenBank~（TM）发表的3种猫血巴尔通体序列相似性分别为99.3%、91.7%和79.5%,而170 bp序列与序列AM748929的相似性为100%。实验结果表明华南虎感染的血巴尔通体为大型猫血巴尔通体,实验建立的PCR检测方法为华南虎血巴尔通体病的诊断及分子流行病学的调查提供了新的手段。     

猫血巴尔通体病的诊治

猫血巴尔通体病又称猫传染性贫血,是由猫血巴尔通体引起的一种立克次体病,该病以贫血、脾脏肿大为特征。笔者在华南农业大学附属动物医院实习期间遇到一个典型病例,现将诊治过程报道如下。     

上海浦东地区家养猫和流浪猫汉赛巴尔通体感染情况调查

对上海市浦东地区家养猫和流浪猫汉赛巴尔通体感染情况进行了调查。共采集全血标本89份,采用间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)检测汉赛巴尔通体抗体,并分离鉴定汉赛巴尔通体。结果显示:家养猫和流浪猫汉赛巴尔通体抗体阳性率分别为38.1%(8/21)和47.1%(32/68),但两者间无显著差异(P0.05)。从被检血样中共分离到8株疑似巴尔通体,经形态观察、PCR鉴定并结合抗体检测结果,证实其中1株为汉赛巴尔通体。     

猫巴尔通体病和猫抓病研究进展

巴尔通体是一种人兽共患病的病原,其传播情况比较复杂.牛、犬、人、啮齿类动物和野生动物都是其宿主,蝇、跳蚤、虱子、蛉等节肢动物都是其储存宿主.猫可以感染5种巴尔通体,包括Bartonella henselae、B.bovis、B.clarridgeae、B.koehlerae和B.quintana.研究表明,猫抓病主要是...     

巴尔通体病研究进展

巴尔通体病是20世纪初发现的一类新的人畜共患病,巴尔通体属的成员已由原来的1个种发展到19个种,其中至少有5种可使人致病。由巴尔通体感染引起的疾病谱比较复杂,主要有猫抓病、卡里翁氏病、心内膜炎、杆菌性血管瘤和慢性巴尔通体血症等。另外,巴尔通体有时还会引起视网膜炎、脑炎、肾小球肾炎和肺炎等,给人畜健康带来巨大的威胁。随着宠物的不断增加,由巴尔通体引起的疫病呈上升趋势,对社会公共卫生造成潜在的危险性。为了探讨防控该病的方法,对有关巴尔通体的病原学、流行病学、致病机理、诊断及防治措施进行综述。     

一例猫巴尔通体病的诊治

文章介绍了1例猫巴尔通体病的诊治情况,结合发病情况、临床症状以及血常规、血推片、血液生化检查进行诊断,采取标本兼治的方法和精心护理后病情好转.     

巴尔通体体外侵染巨噬细胞特性研究

巴尔通体（Bartonella）是一类革兰氏阴性、营养需求苛刻的兼性胞内需氧菌,感染导致人类罹患猫抓病及杆菌样血管瘤。组织病理学研究结果发现淋巴结内存在大量巴尔通体,提示巴尔通体具有能逃避宿主先天免疫吞噬的功能。然而目前关于巴尔通体与巨噬细胞间相互作用的研究尚未深入开展。本研究利用鼠源巴尔通体（Bartonella tribocorum）体外感染J774A、RAW264.7及C57小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,探索巴尔通体在巨噬细胞内存活特性。免疫荧光试验结果显示巨噬细胞能有效吞噬巴尔通体,细胞形态未发生显著变化。庆大霉素保护试验结果证实被吞噬的巴尔通体在不同巨噬细胞内均能增殖及存活至48 h,且能在LPS诱导活化的巨噬细胞中存活。     

猫血巴尔通体病的诊治病例

猫血巴尔通体寄生于红细胞上,感染后会引起周期性发热和溶血性贫血,主要经由跳蚤和蜱传播,也可垂直传播和经血液(咬伤和输血)传播[1],国内罕见报道.2011年12月,本院诊治了一只感染血巴尔通体病的猫,报告如下. 1 临床症状 患猫,1岁8个月,雄性(未去势),家养,但平时可在户外自由活动,就诊前1个月曾被野猫咬伤,未进行过体外驱虫.突然尿血且虚弱,遂带至我院就诊.体格检查可见,瞳孔散大,对光无反射,可视黏膜苍白且黄染,呼吸急促,心率80次/min,且心律不齐.     

一例猫血巴尔通体病的诊治及体会

1只体重为3.2 kg的1岁雄性中华狸猫,就诊前出现精神沉郁,食欲、饮欲废绝,呕吐的症状,为了对该例家猫进行诊治,试验采用血常规、血涂片、实时荧光定量PCR、血液生化指标等检查方法进行诊断,并根据诊断结果进行治疗。结果表明:红细胞数、血红蛋白含量、血细胞比容、血小板数均低于参考值;血涂片镜下观察可见变形的红细胞表面有数个紫染的小体。全血实时荧光定量PCR检测为猫血巴尔通体阳性,确诊为猫血巴尔通体病。患猫通过对症治疗、预防细菌继发感染、促进食欲等治疗7 d后,恢复食欲、饮欲,临床症状消除。说明该病通过综合治疗方法可取得良好的治疗效果。     

New perspectives about Hemotrophic mycoplasma (formerly, Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon species) infections in dogs and cats.

The new perspectives about hemotrophic mycoplasma infections in cats and dogs can be summarized as follows: Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon species infecting the dog and cat have been reclassified as mycoplasmal parasites and given the names M haemofelis (Ohio or large form of H felis), M haemominutum (California or small form of H felis), and M haemocanis (H canis). The prevalence of hemotrophic mycoplasma infections in anemic cats in the United States is about 25% and usually involves M haemofelis. However, nonanemic cats may also be infected most commonly with M haemominutum. Chronic infections with hemotrophic mycoplasmas may promote myeloproliferative disorders in FeLV-infected cats. M haemocanis infection in dogs may be a widespread latent disease in kennel-raised dogs and is being investigated. The PCR assay is exquisitely sensitive for detection of M haemofelis and M haemominutum, and testing of blood donor cats and perhaps dogs should be done regularly. Fleas are involved in the transmission of M haemofelis to the cat, whereas R sanguines may be involved with transmission of M haemocanis to the dog. Treatment with doxycycline effectively controls acute infection in the cat and dog, and enrofloxacin may also be effective in the cat, but none of the antibiotics tested to date consistently clears the parasites.     

Anemia associated with 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' in a feline leukemia virus-negative cat with lymphoma

'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum,' previously known as the small form of Haemobartonella felis (California species), is a hemotrophic parasite found on erythrocytes of infected cats. Although fleas are potential vectors, confirmatory studies are lacking. Healthy cats infected with 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' generally do not have clinically significant anemia, but concurrent disease or immune suppression may predispose a cat to develop a life-threatening anemia, such as in the case reported here.     

Feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis (feline hemobartonellosis).

Hemotropic mycoplasmas represent an important cause of anemia in cats worldwide. Previously known as Haemobartonella species, sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes of these organisms has led to their reclassification as mycoplasmas. Two species have been identified in cats, M haemofelis and "Candidatus M haemominutum." The latter organism alone has not been associated with disease in naturally infected cats but may cause anemia in FeLV-infected cats and accelerate development of FeLV-induced myeloproliferative disease. The mode of transmission of these organisms remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, development of sensitive DNA-based tests for these unculturable organisms has improved the understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of FHM. Cats with clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities consistent with FHM should be treated with doxycycline; enrofloxacin may represent an effective alternative. Transfusion with packed red blood cells after cross-matching may be required for severely anemia cats, and addition of prednisone may be required if the diagnosis of FHM is uncertain, or response to antimicrobials alone is insufficient. Affected cats should be tested for FeLV, the most common concurrent infection in cats with FHM.     

From Haemobartonella to hemoplasma: molecular methods provide new insights

Hemotropic mycoplasmas (aka hemoplasmas) are the causative agents of infectious anemia in numerous mammalian species. Originally known as Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon species, these organisms have been reclassified within the genus Mycoplasma. The development of new molecular assays has expanded our knowledge of this heterogeneous group of agents and allowed us to study their epidemiology and pathogenesis. The present review summarizes recently gained insights into feline hemotropic mycoplasmas, formerly known as Haemobartonella felis. Besides the two initially identified feline hemoplasma species, Mycoplasma haemofelis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, we discovered a third novel hemoplasma in a Swiss pet cat; preliminary results suggest that the pathogenic potential of the latter agent depends on cofactors. In applying PCR-based assays, feline hemoplasma infections have been documented in domestic cats and wild felids worldwide. Differences between the three hemoplasmas in regard to response to antibiotic treatment and establishment of a carrier status have been reported. Additionally, besides an ostensible vector-borne transmission, direct transmission by aggressive interaction of cats or interspecies transmission might play a role in the epidemiology of these organisms. Based on a potential vector-borne and interspecies transmission, a zoonotic potential of hemoplasmas should be further investigated.     

Hemotrophic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas): a review and new insights into pathogenic potential

Abstract: The red cell parasites formerly known as Haemobartomlla and Eperythrozoon spp have been reclassified as hemotrophic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) based on strong phylogenetic evidence and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. The latter form the basis for polymerase chain reaction assays used to detect infection. Candidatus designation was given to incompletely characterized species. Like other mycoplasmas, hemoplasmas are small epicellular parasites that lack a cell wall and are susceptible to tetracyclines; their circular, double-stranded DNA encodes only those gene products essential for life. Diseases caused by infection with hemoplasmas range from overt life-threatening hemolytic anemia to subtle chronic anemia, ill-thrift, and infertility. In addition, the organisms may act as cofactors in the progression of retroviral, neoplastic, and immune-mediated diseases. Intimate contact of hemoplasma organisms with RBCs leads to cell injury through immune-mediated and other mechanisms that have not yet been defined. Despite an intense immune response and even with antibiotic treatment, infected animals probably remain chronic carriers after clinical signs have resolved.     

Canine mycoplasmas

This review aims to summarise our current understanding of the role of mycoplasmas in domestic dogs. Canine mycoplasmology is a small field, with less than 50 publications in the past 40 years. In this time we have gained knowledge about the number of species and have made associations with infections in dogs. However much evidence is still lacking. The importance of all canine mycoplasmas remains unknown, yet certain species are associated with canine anaemia (Mycoplasma haemocanis), respiratory disease (Mycoplasma cynos) and urogenital tract infections (Mycoplasma canis). Mycoplasmas can be isolated in pure culture from canine clinical specimens and it is hoped that this review will stimulate veterinarians to consider mycoplasmas as a potential cause of disease in dogs, especially when antibiotic therapy is failing.     

Specific in situ hybridization of Haemobartonella felis with a DNA probe and tyramide signal amplification

Haemobartonella felis is an epierythrocytic bacterium suspected to be the causative agent of feline infectious anemia. Previous studies with a polymerase chain reaction assay have identified a mycoplasmal 16S rRNA gene sequence that coincides with clinical disease and the presence of organisms in the blood. Tissues from a cat experimentally infected with H. felis were used for in situ hybridization studies to physically link this 16S rRNA gene to the organisms on the red cells. A biotin-labeled probe was used in conjunction with tyramide signal amplification to visualize the hybridization signal. This study clearly demonstrates a specific hybridization signal on the red cells in the tissues of the H. felis-infected cat. This in situ hybridization study is the final step in fulfilling the molecular guidelines for disease causation and proves that H. felis, a mycoplasmal organism, is the causative agent of feline infectious anemia.     

Mycoplasma haemocanis – the canine hemoplasma and its feline counterpart in the genomic era

Mycoplasma haemocanis is a hemotrophic mycoplasma (hemoplasma), blood pathogen that may cause acute disease in immunosuppressed or splenectomized dogs. The genome of the strain Illinois, isolated from blood of a naturally infected dog, has been entirely sequenced and annotated to gain a better understanding of the biology of M. haemocanis. Its single circular chromosome has 919 992 bp and a low G + C content (35%), representing a typical mycoplasmal genome. A gene-by-gene comparison against its feline counterpart, M. haemofelis, reveals a very similar composition and architecture with most of the genes having conserved synteny extending over their entire chromosomes and differing only by a small set of unique protein coding sequences. As in M. haemofelis, M. haemocanis metabolic pathways are reduced and apparently rely heavily on the nutrients afforded by its host environment. The presence of a major percentage of its genome dedicated to paralogous genes (63.7%) suggests that this bacterium might use antigenic variation as a mechanism to evade the host’s immune system as also observed in M. haemofelis genome. Phylogenomic comparisons based on average nucleotide identity (ANI) and tetranucleotide signature suggest that these two pathogens are different species of mycoplasmas, with M. haemocanis infecting dogs and M. haemofelis infecting cats.