膨化全脂大豆对高产奶牛乳脂中脂肪酸含量的影响

选择胎次、体重相近，产犊50d左右的泌乳高峰期中国荷斯坦奶牛12头，随机分为4组，采用4x4复合拉丁方试验设计，研究日粮中添加膨化全脂大豆对高产奶牛乳脂中脂肪酸含量的影响。在TMR全混合日粮中加入不同比例（0kg、lkg、1．7kg、2．5kg）的膨化全脂大豆，每期试验21d，共四期。每期试验于第15d、17d、19d、21d取奶样。试验结果表明，与对照组相比膨化全脂大豆添加组产奶量及乳中共轭亚油酸含量显著增加（P〈0．05）。多指标综合考虑，添加1．7kgkg膨化全脂大豆饲喂效果较佳。     

不同温度挤压膨化全脂大豆对生长猪氮平衡和日粮氨基酸及脂肪酸回肠末端表观消化率影响的研究

为评定膨化全脂大豆的营养价值及膨化加工的最适条件参数,以豆粕加油日粮为对照,分别用１３０℃、１４０℃和１５０℃膨化全脂大豆（北京建中机器厂“Ｂ９９－１”干法挤压膨化机生产,螺旋转速４５０～５５０ｒ／ｍｉｎ,大豆水分含量１３．１％）替代对照日粮中１１％的豆粕和全部豆油为试验日粮,同时配制以１４０℃膨化全脂大豆为唯一蛋白质来源的半纯合日粮,用５×５拉丁方进行了５期消化代谢试验,检验上述膨化全脂大豆对生长猪（１８．５±１．５ｋｇ）氮平衡和日粮氨基酸及脂肪酸回肠末端表观消化率的影响。结果表明,各日粮处理间干物质消化率基本无变化。与豆粕加油日粮相比,１３０℃、１４０℃和１５０℃膨化全脂大豆组猪的氮表观消化率分别提高３．７％、２．４％和３．１％;氮利用率分别提高３．３％、３．９％和５．１％;脂肪表观消化率分别提高７．２％、５．７％和５．４％。１４０℃膨化全脂大豆的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、精氨酸、油酸和亚油酸的回肠表观消化率分别为８５．１％、８７．６％、７０．８％、６５．３％、８８．２％、９５．５％和９７．７％。用膨化全脂大豆替代生长猪日粮中部分豆粕和全部豆油,可改善除缬氨酸和亮氨酸外其它必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸     

日粮补充植物油籽对奶牛血液脂肪酸及生化指标的影响

试验选择40头生产性能、泌乳日龄相近的妊娠荷斯坦奶牛，采用单因素随机试验设计，研究添加不同植物油籽对其血液脂肪酸及生化指标的影响。试验结果表明，添加植物油籽对奶牛动脉血浆中顺-9，反-11CLA、C18：3。昭等大部分脂肪酸影响不显著。但膨化大豆fES）、混合油籽（MIX）、整粒全脂大豆组（WS）血浆中反-11C18：3，分别较对照组（CT）提高了132．75％、113．36％和41．01％，差异极显著（P〈0．01）。膨化大豆、混合油籽、整粒全脂大豆组动脉血中瘦素（leptin）较对照组分别显著提高219．67％、160．66％和85．25％。总的来看，膨化大豆对血浆中反-11C18：1含量和瘦素浓度影响强于其它处理：而处理之间血浆中CLA含量差异不显著，这也间接说明乳脂中的CLA含量在一定程度上取决于血液中的反-11C18：1。     

膨化全脂大豆对仔猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响

根据遗传、性别、体重等相一致的原则,将30头35日龄断奶的杜洛克仔猪随机分为3个组,每组设2个重复,研究膨化全脂大豆对仔猪生产性能和饲粮养分消化率的影响。对照组以玉米豆粕等配制饲粮,试验1组以膨化全脂大豆替代50%的豆粕,试验2组以膨化全脂大豆替代全部豆粕,其他饲粮组成保持不变,进行40d的饲养试验。在试验第20d开始,连续收集粪便3d,测定饲粮养分消化率。结果表明,试验1组日增重比对照组提高了17．6％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,试验2组比对照组提高了7．4％（P〉0．05）;试验1组和试验2组饲料利用率分别比对照组提高11．7％和7．6％。试验2组干物质消化率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,蛋白质的消化率三个组基本接近,但含有膨化大豆的试验1组和试验2组的粗脂肪和粗灰分的消化率均比对照组有提高趋势。     

膨化加工对全脂大豆养分含量和抗营养因子的作用

为评定膨化全脂大豆的营养价值及干法膨化的适宜条件参数，测定了“Ｂ９９－１”干法挤压膨化机生产的３个膨化温度的全脂大豆、生大豆粉和湿法膨化全脂大豆的常规养分、抗营养因子含量、蛋白溶解度、蛋白分散指数和淀粉糊化度。结果表明，生大豆经膨化后，水分和粗纤维分别减少４７％和３６％，总能、蛋白质和钙稍有升高，脂肪含量无变化。干法膨化温度和膨化方法对氨基酸含量和脂肪组成影响很小，随膨化温度升高，赖氨酸含量稳定在２．３７％。膨化加工对全脂大豆理化性状和抗营养因子有重要影响，淀粉糊化度提高约５倍，蛋白分散指数和溶解度大幅度降低，脲酶活性（△ｐＨ）由生大豆的４．４２降低到１５０℃挤压膨化的０．０２和湿法膨化的０．０４，对胰蛋白酶抑制因子的破坏程度由１３０℃干法膨化的８５．６％提高到湿法膨化的９１．５％。经过几年的努力，国产膨化机对全脂大豆有良好的生产性能，“Ｂ９９－１”干法挤压膨化机在螺旋转速为４５０～５５０ｒｐｍ时，对全脂大豆的适宜膨化温度为１４０～１５０℃。     

用膨化全脂大豆及膨化玉米饲喂仔猪效果观察

断奶仔猪由于代谢旺盛，生产潜力很大，对日粮能量要求较高，通常在仔猪日粮中添加脂肪可以满足仔猪对能量的要求。全脂大豆富含蛋白质，且脂肪含量高达16％～20％，因此是很好的高能量高蛋白饲料。因天然大豆中含有多种抗营养因子，如胰蛋白酶抑制因子、外源凝集素、促甲状腺素、低聚糖类等，这些抗营养因子大多不耐热，经高温挤压膨化后这些抗营养因子被破坏，从而提高了营养价值．同时膨化全脂大豆还含有特殊的香味，对要求配制适口性好、能量高的仔猪料来说，是理想的蛋白源。玉米是世界上最重要的粮食之一，其营养成分优于稻米、薯类等，缺点是颗粒大、食味差、黏性小。膨化玉米具疏松多孔、结构均匀、质地柔软特点，不仅色、香、味俱佳，且提高了营养价值和消化率。国内外对膨化全脂大豆、膨化玉米在仔猪日粮中的使用效果进行了不少试验。本试验选择长大或大长仔猪为对象，考察不同比例的膨化全脂大豆代替豆粕，膨化玉米代替玉米对仔猪生长和饲料利用率的影响。     

不同温度挤压膨化全脂大豆对肉仔鸡生产性能和养分利用率的影响

为评定膨化全脂大豆的营养价值及膨化加工的适宜条件参数,用肉仔鸡进行了为期４９天的饲养试验和一个预试及正试期各３天的交叉代谢试验。饲养试验选用４０４只１日龄哈巴德母系公雏肉仔鸡,分成４组,每组１０１只。以豆粕＋豆油日粮为对照,分别用北京建中机器厂“Ｂ９９－１”干法挤压膨化机生产的１３０、１４０和１５０℃膨化全脂大豆替代对照日粮中部分豆粕和全部豆油。于饲养试验的第４２天在每个处理中选４笼鸡进行代谢试验,喂给与饲养试验相同的日粮,用全收粪法测定养分消化率。结果表明,在螺旋转速为４５０～５５０ｒｐｍ、大豆水分为１３．１％时,“Ｂ９９－１”膨化机对全脂大豆的适宜膨化温度为１４０～１５０℃。在此条件下,用膨化全脂大豆替代日粮中部分豆粕和全部豆油,可使肉仔鸡全程日增重提高１．９％～２．３％,饲料转化率提高３．４％～４．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,氮表观消化率提高４．５％～５．１％,脂肪表观消化率提高５．３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）～５．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,日粮部分氨基酸利用率略有改善。     

膨化全脂大豆及烘烤全脂大豆饲喂家禽、猪和奶牛的效果

膨化全脂大豆及烘烤全脂大豆饲喂家禽、猪和奶牛的效果Ｒ．Ｈ．Ｋｏｌｍｅｉｅｒ兽医博士美国大豆协会动物营养技术主任全脂大豆（ＦＦＳＢ）是蛋白质和能量的丰富来源，同时还富含必需氨基酸、必需脂肪酸、矿物质及维生素。使用全脂大豆是否合算，取决于谷物和液体油脂的...     

膨化全脂大豆及烘烤全脂大豆饲喂家禽、猪和奶牛的效果（下）

膨化全脂大豆及烘烤全脂大豆饲喂家禽、猪和奶牛的效果（下）Ｒ．Ｈ．Ｋｏｌｍｅｉｅｒ兽医博士美国大豆协会动物营养技术主任猪仔猪生产性能Ｓｅｅｌｅｙ等（１９８１）发现，在妊娠最后５天和哺乳的最后５天添加脂肪到后备母猪和哺乳母猪日粮中，可以显著地提高ＺＩ日龄...     

提高牛乳品质的饲料添加剂

1 添加脂肪酸钙奶牛日粮中添加脂肪酸钙300g/d·头，观察其对奶牛产奶量、奶品质及血液生化成分的影响。结果表明，脂肪酸钙可使奶牛产奶量提高19.29％，乳脂率提高13.16％；奶中悬脂、亚油酸、亚麻酸、钙分别增加18.20％、25.55％、29.6％、17.25％，奶中其他成分干物质，胆固醇、磷略有增加，乳蛋白率降低3.57％；血液生化成分除胆固醇增加外，其它成分变化不大。表明脂肪酸钙既能提高奶牛产奶量，又可提高牛奶营养质量。(高士争等，1998)2 膨润土在奶牛饲料中添加2％膨润土，饲喂90d，奶牛产奶量提高23.41％，乳脂率提高12.7％(张凡，199…     

添加混合油料籽实对奶牛生产性能及CLA的影响

选取年龄、体重、胎次、泌乳期及泌乳量基本一致的荷斯坦奶牛8头,随机分为2组,每组4头牛,进行为期45d的饲养试验。本试验预试期为15d,正试期为30d。试验组为添加整粒胡麻籽与整粒棉籽的混合物,胡麻的添加量为972g/(d·头),棉籽的添加量为2169g/(d·头);对照组不添加任何油料籽实。胡麻与棉籽的添加用以研究添加油料籽实对奶牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响。研究结果表明:本试验条件下,加入胡麻籽与棉籽的混合物能提高奶牛产奶量,其中非校正产奶量比对照组提高4.7%,4?M产奶量比对照组提高7.3%,但与对照组差异均不显著(P>0.05);乳脂率提高了3.5%,乳脂产量提高了7.4%,与对照组之间差异也不显著(P>0.05);对于乳蛋白率,试验组比对照组提高了2.7%,乳蛋白产量提高了9.0%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);对于乳糖率,试验组比对照组下降了3.7%,乳糖产量比对照组提高了3.6%,差异不显著(P>0.05);乳中总干物质率比对照组提高了0.17%,无脂干物质率比对照组降低了0.96%,但与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组总的短链脂肪酸比对照组减少了16.8%,总的中链脂肪酸比对照组减少了11.6%,而长链脂肪酸比对照组增加了17.5%。其中试验组短链脂肪酸中的C14比对照组降低了21.5%,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),其它短链及中链脂肪酸均与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),长链脂肪酸中的CLA含量比对照!组提高了14.3%,但差异也不显著(P>0.05)。     

饲粮全棉籽比例对奶牛泌乳性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮全棉籽比例对奶牛泌乳性能和乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响.试验采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,选择8头泌乳早期的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛(产奶量、胎次、产犊日期接近,健康无疾病),分为4组,每组2个重复,每个重复1头牛.A组饲喂基础饲粮,B、C和D组分别饲喂含5％、10％、15％全棉籽的试验饲粮.每期试验28 d,其中预试期为7d,正试期为21 d.结果表明:随着饲粮全棉籽比例的增加,奶牛产奶量有提高趋势(P＞0.05),校正乳产量极显著提高(P＜0.01).全棉籽极显著地提高了奶牛的乳脂率(P＜0.01),对乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳非脂固形物率无显著影响(P＞0.05).全棉籽极显著降低了饱和脂肪酸( SFA)的含量(P＜0.01),不同程度地提高了乳中多不饱和脂肪酸( PUFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)的含量(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);短链脂肪酸和中链脂肪酸含量都显著降低(P＜0.05),长链脂肪酸含量有不同程度的提高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结果提示,饲粮中添加全棉籽可以提高奶牛产奶量,优化乳脂脂肪酸组成,改善乳脂品质,并以10％为泌乳早期奶牛最佳饲粮全棉籽比例.     

日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对奶牛生产性能的影响

选取24头处于泌乳前期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用配对设计分成4组,研究奶牛日粮中分别添加200g棕榈油脂肪酸钙、大豆油脂肪酸钙和葵花籽油脂肪酸钙对奶牛采食量、产奶量及乳品质的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加3种脂肪酸钙均不影响奶牛采食量(P>0.05);添加棕榈油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高10.45%、乳脂率提高7.42%、乳蛋白率降低4.67%、乳干物质提高1.41%(P>0.05);添加大豆油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.25%、乳脂率提高8.54%、乳蛋白率降低4.64%、乳干物质提高2.67%(P>0.05);添加葵花籽油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.76%、乳脂率提高3.52%、乳蛋白率降低3.35%、乳干物质提高1.42%(P>0.05)。     

复合脂肪酸和乳酸对奶牛瘤胃VFA和CH4的影响

将20头安装瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组,每组5头,对照组饲喂TMR,试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组饲喂TMR分别加150．0g／（头·d）复合脂肪酸、乳酸和复合脂肪酸＋乳酸（1：1）,探讨复合脂肪酸和乳酸对奶牛瘤胃CH4释放量、VFA和NH3-N浓度及产奶性能的影响。结果显示,TMR加150．0g／（头·d）复合脂肪酸＋2L酸（1：1）,使奶牛瘤胃NH3-N和CH4释放量分别减少11．92％（P〈0．05）和21.35％（P〈0．01）,FCM、乳脂率和乳糖含量分别提高3．28％、5．12％和3．62％,瘤胃VFA明显增加,能够有效抑制奶牛对空气的CH4污染．显著提高奶牛的生态效益和经济效益。     

Effect of partly replacing cottonseed cake with Mucuna spp. (var. Ghana) hay on feed intake and digestibility, milk yield and milk composition of zebu cows

The effect of partly replacing cottonseed cake with Mucuna hay (Mucuna spp. var. Ghana) on feed intake, digestibility and milk production of dairy cows was studied using six Zebu cows randomly assigned to three dietary treatments in a replicated Latin square design. All cows were fed hay from natural pastures ad libitum and 1.1 kg molasses as a basal diet, which was supplemented with: (1) 2 kg cottonseed cake (control diet), (2) 1.5 kg cottonseed cake and 1.2 kg Mucuna hay (low Mucuna, LM), and (3) 1.0 kg cottonseed cake and 3.3 kg Mucuna hay (high Mucuna, HM). Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intake were similar for all the diets. The addition of Mucuna significantly increased DM and organic matter digestibility, whereas CP, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre digestibility were similar among the diets. The treatments had no effect on daily milk yield (3.38, 3.43 and 3.38 kg milk) or milk composition (41.1, 43.7 and 42.7 g fat/kg milk; 35.1, 36.4 and 35.9 g protein/kg milk; and 46.1, 45.8 and 45.3 g lactose/kg milk, respectively, for cows fed control, LM and HM diets). The treatments had no significant effect on live weight changes. The results showed that replacing 50% of the cottonseed cake with Mucuna hay had no negative effects on feed intake and digestibility, milk yield or milk composition.     

Effects of Turnout to Pasture and Dietary Fat Supplementation on Milk Fat Composition and Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Dairy Cows

Turnout to pasture involves considerable changes in the feed intake and metabolism of dairy cows. The aim of this study was to investigate how these changes affect milk production and milk fat composition, in cows selected for high (HFI) or low (LFI) milk fat content producing the same yield of 4% fat-corrected milk. Furthermore, two different concentrates, with high or low inclusion of soya oil, were studied. The experiment was conducted with 44 multiparous mid-lactating cows over a 4 week period. Samples of milk and blood were obtained before turnout to pasture, during transition to pasture and when cows were adapted to pasture. Milk yield decreased with 3.6 kg energy-corrected milk (ECM) on average during the first 5 days after turnout to pasture. This decrease, together with a drop in plasma insulin and increased plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), indicated nutritional insufficiency at turnout to pasture. Milk fat composition changed towards more long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and fewer de novo synthesized fatty acids. This was probably caused by an increased supply of LCFA of feed and body origin to the udder. LFI cows showed higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid at pasture than HFI cows.     

Effects of peripartum biotin supplementation of dairy cows on milk production and milk composition with emphasis on fatty acids profile

Forty Holstein dairy cows receiving a 38% concentrate diet based on maize silage were assigned to either a control group, either a biotin group, receiving 20 mg of biotin per day from 15 days before expected calving date and for 120 days after calving. Milk production was measured daily, milk fat content, protein content, urea and somatic cell counts were determined weekly from week 2 to week 17 of lactation. The profile of milk fatty acids was determined at weeks 3 and 10. Plasma glucose and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate were determined before calving and at weeks 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 of lactation.

Biotin supplementation resulted in an increased milk production in multiparous cows during weeks 2 to 6, but the effect was no more significant between 7 and 17 weeks of lactation. Milk protein percent was decreased by 0.1% in multiparous cows. Milk fat content was not affected by biotin, and milk fat daily production tended to increase during early lactation. In milk fat, biotin supplementation tended to decrease the proportion of fatty acids with less than 16 carbons at week 3, but the daily amount was not affected. Biotin tended to decrease biohydrogenation intermediates, increased C16:1 at week 3, and tended to increase cis-9 C18:1 at weeks 3 and 10. After 7 weeks of lactation, biotin tended to increase blood beta-hydroxybutyrate in multiparous cows with values remaining in a normal range, and decreased plasma glucose in primiparous cows. These modifications of plasma parameters, milk protein content and profile of milk fatty acids could be due to a higher lipid mobilisation from adipose tissue driven by the increased milk production.     

Supplemental fat in high-energy rations for lactating cows: effects on intake, digestion, milk yield, and composition

Supplemental fats (SF) have special value in the diets of dairy cows with superior productive ability, because the high energy density of SF allows greater energy consumption and direct transfer of the fatty acids (FA) of the SF to milk fat; this increases metabolic efficiency. Some SF, especially oils with a high degree of unsaturation, disturb ruminal fermentation, decrease fiber digestibility, and lower milk fat test; however, oilseeds (e.g., whole cottonseed) can be fed without observable ruminal inhibition, probably because of a slow release of the oil into ruminal contents. A number of commercial fat supplements are available that have little effect on ruminal fermentation and are highly digestible postruminally. A product of the calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids was shown to have a NE for lactation of more than three times that of corn. As the emphasis in milk pricing formula changes from milk fat to milk protein, there is greater concern regarding the propensity of fat supplements to decrease milk protein (casein) percentage. In two studies, a supplement of ruminally protected lysine and methionine largely prevented the reduction in casein percentage that occurred with feeding SF, indicating that the amino acid profile of undegraded dietary protein is important with regard to preventing the lower casein percentage. Combining fat supplements that are slowly released in the rumen with those that are inert in the rumen will allow maximal use of SF.     

不同养殖模式下饲喂包被赖氨酸对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验采用随机分组试验设计,选择规模化养殖模式、园区式奶农合作组织养殖模式下的2个奶牛场,每个奶牛场选择80头健康的泌乳奶牛,按照产奶胎次、体重、泌乳阶段和产奶量相近原则随机分为2组,每组40头,就试验组饲粮中添加25g/（头·d）过瘤胃赖氨酸（RPLys）对乳牛产乳量及乳成分的影响进行研究。本试验结果发现,经过饲喂之后,试验组与对照组相比,产奶量有显著提高（P〈0．05）。两种模式下乳蛋白和乳脂肪含量均有提高趋势,但是试验组与对照组没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。乳糖、非脂乳固体两个指标略有提高,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。规模化和园区式的试验组相对于对照组每天每头奶牛的净增利润分别为1．80元和0．52元。     

复合酶对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究复合酶对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响。选择胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦泌乳牛30头,随机分为2组,即试验组和对照组,试验组每日在TMR中添加复合酶制剂50g。结果显示,试验组奶牛日均产奶量对比照组提高了6．6％,差异显著（P〈0．05）;试验组乳蛋白率比对照组提高0．19％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,乳脂率比对照组提高0．3％,差异显著（P〈0．05）,乳糖含量比对照组提高0．2％;经济效益每天每头奶牛比对照组多盈利3．88K。说明每日在奶牛TMR中添加50g复合酶,可提高奶牛产奶量,改善牛奶品质,增加经济效益。