不同鲜食玉米灌浆期子粒主要营养成分的积累动态

通过理化方法对5种不同类型的14个鲜食玉米品种在不同灌浆期子粒的营养成分进行分析,研究不同类型鲜食玉米子粒主要营养成分的积累动态,筛选能够指示不同类型鲜食玉米最佳采收期的客观理化指标。结果表明,鲜食玉米灌浆期子粒的可溶性总糖、蔗糖、还原糖、蛋白质、支链淀粉、直链淀粉和含水量在不同品种间、不同灌浆期间差异极显著。随着子粒的发育,不同类型鲜食玉米品种的可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量呈动态曲线变化,变化趋势都是先上升后下降;还原糖含量和含水量呈不断下降的趋势;直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量呈不断上升的趋势;蛋白质含量变化幅度很小,变化趋势不明显。根据鲜食玉米营养成分与品质的关系,提出子粒含水量结合可溶性糖含量和粗淀粉含量可分别作为甜玉米和糯玉米最佳采收期的指标。     

收获后贮藏时间对鲜食玉米品质的影响

以12个糯玉米品种和6个甜玉米品种为试验材料，研究采收后室温下（28℃）放置0、8、16、24、32 h后对子粒中糖含量、淀粉含量、蛋白含量蔗糖代谢酶活性等的影响，探讨鲜食玉米采摘后贮藏时间对鲜食品质的影响。结果表明，鲜食玉米随着采收后时间的延长，子粒可溶性糖含量、蔗糖含量、果糖含量、还原糖含量、淀粉含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及蔗糖代谢酶活性均呈下降趋势，常温下糯玉米品质变化大于甜玉米。因此，为保证鲜食玉米的子粒品质，生产上糯玉米采收后8 h内进行冷冻贮藏。甜玉米中，先正达OVERLAND于采收后16 h内进行冷冻贮藏，京科甜183、和甜一号、和甜糯一号、先正达米哥、郑甜66于采收后8 h内进行冷冻贮藏。     

寒地半干旱区鲜食玉米品种适应性和品质性状分析

以18个鲜食玉米品种为试验材料,针对寒地西部半干旱地区的气候条件,研究不同类型鲜食玉米子粒鲜食期的营养成分的积累动态及品质变化。结果表明,鲜食玉米灌浆期子粒的可溶性糖、粗淀粉、蛋白质、子粒含水率和维C含量在不同灌浆期、不同品种间差异极显著。随着子粒的发育,不同类型鲜食玉米品种的可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白含量和子粒含水率呈下降趋势,粗淀粉含量呈上升趋势,维C含量呈先上升后下降的动态曲线变化。根据鲜食玉米营养成分与品质的关系,通过子粒含水率结合蛋白质含量和粗淀粉含量确定糯玉米的最佳采收期,子粒含水率结合可溶性糖含量和维C含量确定甜玉米的最佳采收期。     

苦丁茶冬青粗多糖的分离表征及其抗氧化活性研究

水提醇沉法分离制备苦丁茶冬青粗多糖样品,对其进行初步分离表征（包括总糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质、氨基酸含量和红外光谱分析）和体外抗氧化活性（清除DPPH·自由基、·OH自由基清除能力和还原能力）研究。结果表明,苦丁茶冬青粗多糖中总糖含量为30.67％、糖醛酸含量为12.72％、蛋白质含量为9.35％;含有16种氨基酸成分,总含量为7.72％,其中含有7种人体必需氨基酸,占氨基酸总量的40.41％;红外光谱显示该粗多糖样品中含有α-吡喃糖环结构;此外,苦丁茶冬青粗多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,且其抗氧化活性与多糖浓度之间存在良好的量效关系。     

苦丁茶冬青粗多糖的分离表征及其抗化活性研究

水提醇沉法分离制备苦丁茶冬青粗多糖样品,对其进行初步分离表征(包括总糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质、氨基酸含量和红外光谱分析)和体外抗氧化活性(清除DPPH·自由基、·OH自由基清除能力和还原能力)研究.结果表明,苦丁茶冬青粗多糖中总糖含量为30.67％、糖醛酸含量为12.72％、蛋白质含量为9.35％;含有16种氨基酸成分,总含量为7.72％,其中含有7种人体必需氨基酸,占氨基酸总量的40.41％;红外光谱显示该粗多糖样品中含有α-吡喃糖环结构;此外,苦丁茶冬青粗多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,且其抗氧化活性与多糖浓度之间存在良好的量效关系.     

不同质量浓度外源硒对鲜食玉米硒富集和产量、品质的影响

为筛选适宜的富硒鲜食玉米品种及确定适宜的硒施用量,以昊生糯1号、天成雪甜207和雪甜7401为供试材料,于2021年在广西崇左市农科所五塘试验地开展田间试验,分析不同质量浓度外源硒对不同品种鲜食玉米籽粒硒含量、蛋白质含量以及产量、叶面积等的影响。结果表明：与不施用外源硒的对照相比,施硒处理3个品种玉米籽粒硒含量增幅为188.9%～5 700.0%,且均以喷施36.4 mg/L硒的玉米籽粒硒含量最高;施硒处理对鲜食玉米籽粒蛋白质含量、单苞鲜质量、产量、株高和单株叶面积均无显著影响;喷施36.4 mg/L硒时,雪甜7401玉米籽粒硒含量最高,且可达到广西地方富硒农产品的标准(DB45/T 1061—2014)。因此,广西富硒鲜食玉米生产中宜选择的玉米品种为雪甜7401,外源硒喷施的质量浓度以36.4 mg/L为宜。     

糯质与非糯质爆裂玉米同型系杂交种的产量和品质比较

以沈爆3号为对照,对糯质型玉米沈爆3号的产量、产量构成因素、爆花品质及营养品质进行比较.结果表明,糯质与非糯质爆裂玉米同型系玉米产量、产量构成因素、子粒商品性、爆花品质等主要性状,两者之间没有明显差异,总淀粉含量没有差异,糯质型沈爆3号的蛋白质和脂肪含量分别提高2.1%和13.1%.     

糯小麦灌浆期籽粒糖类、淀粉及蛋白质的动态研究

为了解糯小麦籽粒中糖类、淀粉和蛋白质在灌浆过程中的变化规律,明确灌浆过程中糯小麦籽粒糖类、淀粉、蛋白质含量变化与普通小麦之间的差异,在大田条件下,以糯麦12,糯麦1572两个糯小麦新品系为材料,以川育12、川育20、川麦42三个普通小麦品种为对照,研究了灌浆期间糯小麦籽粒中可溶性总糖、蔗糖、戊聚糖、果聚糖、淀粉、蛋白质含量及淀粉积累速率的动态变化.结果表明,在花后17～22 d,糯小麦淀粉的积累速率最高,蛋白质含量也达到最大,戊聚糖的含量是在花后22～27 d时达到峰值,果聚糖含量在花后7～12 d时最高.在灌浆过程中,糯小麦可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果聚糖、淀粉动态变化与普通小麦存在一定差异,但在蛋白质动态变化上则没有明显的差异.与普通小麦相比,糯小麦成熟籽粒总糖含量高,糯麦12的蔗糖含量显著高于普通小麦,两个糯小麦品系的戊聚糖含量均显著高于普通小麦川育12和川育20,糯麦1572的总淀粉含量显著低于三个普通小麦品种.在蛋白质和果聚糖含量上,糯小麦与普通小麦无显著差异.以上结果说明,可利用糯小麦籽粒各成分灌浆过程中与普通小麦存在差异这一特点,优化栽培措施,达到改善糯小麦品质的目的.     

不同产地人参质量和生理状况比较分析

目的本实验研究了人参主产区-东北三省不同产地鲜人参生理状况和内在质量的差别。方法用比色法测定总皂苷含量,用HPLC法测定单体皂苷含量。用常规方法测定折干率,淀粉、总糖、还原惦、可溶性糖、粗脂肪和可溶性蛋白含量,以及淀粉酶和蔗糖酶活性。结果研究发现,吉林省人参的所产人参折干率、人参总皂苷含量普遍高于其它两省,说明吉林省人参加工的产量都高于其它两省。不同产区人参的淀粉、总糖、还原糖和淀粉等干物质含量以及各产区酶活性对比发现．吉林省所产的人参总体上较高;各产地脂肪、可溶性蛋白质含量：辽宁省较高,吉林省较低。结论人参有效成分与糖类物质关系密切,吉林省栽培的人参品质较好。     

玉米甜、糯性状育种的遗传学基础

甜玉米和糯玉米是一类淀粉合成途径不同、基因发生突变导致子粒中含有高可溶性糖或高支链淀粉的玉米,是可直接食用的鲜食玉米类型。介绍玉米甜、糯性状形成的生物化学基础及其遗传特征,详细阐述单果穗甜糯形成的遗传学基础与机制,利用基因编辑技术进行隐性性状高效遗传改良具有无需表型选择并克服连锁累赘的优势。     

Antioxidant activity of small grain cereals caused by phenolics and lipid soluble antioxidants

In this study, the content of soluble, free forms of phenolic compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, PVPP (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone) bound phenolics, proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids), as well as the content of carotenoids and tocopherols, were determined in whole grains of bread and durum wheat, rye, hull-less barley and hull-less oat, each represented with four genotypes. Antioxidant activity was evaluated as radical scavenging activity with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) reagent, as well as by hydrogen transfer reaction (reduction power) based on the reduction of Fe³⁺. Generally, a considerable variation in antioxidant activities and phytochemical contents was observed between the cereals. Remarkably higher DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing power were detected in hull-less barley, followed by rye and hull-less oat and durum and bread wheat, indicating that small grain species have different major antioxidants with different properties. Hull-less barley had the highest content of total free phenols, flavonoids, PVPP bound phenolics and contained flavan-3-ols, not found in other species. Hull-less oat had the highest content of tocopherols, very high content of yellow pigments and PVPP bound phenolics. Ferulic acid was the major free phenolic acid in small grain cereals tested. The relationship between the content of soluble phenols, as well as reducing power and DPPH^• scavenging activity are also considered.     

增铵营养对玉米品质影响初探

试验利用盆栽,选用远征808(收敛型)和四单19(平展型)作试验材料,研究了增铵营养对玉米子粒中蛋白质、淀粉和可溶性糖含量的影响.在氮素水平一致的条件下,设6个处理,NO3--N和NH4+-N比例分别是3:0、2:1、1:1、1:2、0:3及对照(不施氮).试验表明,增铵营养可以提高玉米子粒中蛋白质含量,但不同类型品种表现有差异,远征808在NO₃^--N和NNH₄⁺-N比例为2:1时蛋白质含量最高,而四单19在1:2时     

施氮量对川西平原酿酒小麦原粮及其酿酒品质的影响

为明确施氮量对酿酒小麦原粮品质和酿酒品质的影响,以绵麦902和中科紫糯麦168（糯性）两个小麦品种为材料,设置6个施氮量（0、45、90、135、180、225 kg·hm^-2）,对小麦产量、原粮品质和酿酒品质进行了分析。结果表明：（1）两供试小麦品种的产量和有效穗数无显著差异;随施氮量增加,两品种的有效穗数、穗粒数及产量增加,均在施氮225 kg·hm^-2达最大值。（2）随施氮量增加,两个小麦品种的籽粒蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量增加,均在135 kg·hm^-2处理下较高;淀粉含量和粉质率降低,绵麦902直链淀粉含量和直支比均以180 kg·hm^-2处理最高,分别为22.6%和0.641,支链淀粉含量以45 kg·hm^-2处理最高,为 42.6%;中科紫糯麦168直链淀粉含量和直支比均以45 kg·hm^-2处理最高,分别为3.9% 和0.058,支链淀粉含量以90 kg·hm^-2处理最高,为69.3%。（3）与中科紫糯麦168相比,绵麦902出酒率较高,总酸、总酯含量较低,增施氮肥显著降低总酸含量,显著增加总酯含量;施氮90~135 kg·hm^-2范围内两品种出酒率较高,总酸和总酯含量较协调;（4）相关分析表明,出酒率与直链淀粉含量和粉质率呈显著和极显著正相关,与脂肪含量呈极显著负相关;总酸含量与总淀粉、支链淀粉和脂肪含量呈显著正相关,与粉质率呈显著负相关;总酯含量与灰分含量呈显著负相关。本研究认为,绵麦902和中科紫糯麦168酿酒品质各具优势,绵麦902出酒率高,中科紫糯麦168具有更好的产酯特性;在90 ~135 kg·hm^-2施氮范围内,两品种蛋白质含量较适宜,总淀粉和支链淀粉含量较高,灰分含量高,脂肪含量适宜,出酒率和总酸含量也较高,是川西平原酿酒小麦较佳施氮量范围。     

成熟芒果果皮甲醇提取液的抗氧化能力研究

对成熟芒果台农、红6、金煌3个品种的果皮甲醇提取液的抗氧化能力进行研究,并分析讨论3种提取液的DPPH清除能力和总还原能力。结果表明,3种提取液的DPPH清除能力和总还原能力与溶液浓度均呈量效关系。成熟台农果皮的DPPH清除能力和总还原能力最高,其总酚含量也是最高,而金煌的各项测试指标均最低。进一步的实验表明,3种提取液的DPPH清除能力和总还原能力存在相协关系,两者在一定程度上都依赖于溶液中总酚的含量。     

Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolics Content of Apricot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus armeniaca</Emphasis> L.) Kernel as a Function of Genotype

Fourteen apricot genotypes grown under similar cultural practices in Trans-Himalayan Ladakh region were studied to find out the influence of genotype on antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content (TPC) of apricot kernel. The kernels were found to be rich in TPC ranging from 92.2 to 162.1 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g. The free radical-scavenging activity in terms of inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) ranged from 43.8 to 123.4 mg/ml and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) from 154.1 to 243.6 FeSO₄.7H₂O μg/ml. A variation of 1–1.7 fold in total phenolic content, 1–2.8 fold in IC₅₀ by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 1–1.6 fold in ferric reducing antioxidant potential among the examined kernels underlines the important role played by genetic background for determining the phenolic content and antioxidant potential of apricot kernel. A positive significant correlation between TPC and FRAP (r = 0.671) was found. No significant correlation was found between TPC and IC₅₀; FRAP and IC₅₀; TPC and physical properties of kernel. Principal component analysis demonstrated that genotypic effect is more pronounced towards TPC and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) content in apricot kernel while the contribution of seed and kernel physical properties are not highly significant.     

叶面锌肥对紫粒小麦产量及品质的影响

为明确叶面施锌肥对紫粒小麦产量及品质的影响,选用小麦山农紫（紫粒）和山农129（红粒）为试验材料,采用大田试验,设置不施锌肥（Zn₀,对照）、叶面喷施锌肥10 kg·hm^-2（Zn_{10）、20 kg·hm^-2（Zn20）、30 kg·hm^-2（Zn30）、40 kg·hm^-2（Zn40）5个处理,分析了不同施锌量下紫粒小麦产量和品质相关指标的异同。结果表明,与不施锌肥比较,叶面施锌肥后山农129和山农紫分别增产1.4%~4.7%和2.3%~5.2%;随着施锌量的增加,山农129和山农紫的籽粒锌含量、总蛋白含量及蛋白质产量均表现出先增后降的趋势,分别在Zn30和Zn20处理下达到最高值,比Zn0分别提高25.8%、1.2%、16.8%和44.1%、2.1%、20.1%。两品种叶面施锌肥较其对照显著提高了籽粒蔗糖含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数（P<0.05),但总淀粉和可溶性糖含量无显著性差异;总体上,山农紫小麦增幅大于山农129。综上所述,本试验条件下,叶面喷施锌肥可提高紫粒小麦产量、锌含量以及营养品质,以喷施锌肥20 kg·hm^-2较佳。}     

Determination of the Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Properties and Total Phenolics of Two “Endemic” Lamiaceae Species from Turkey: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ballota rotundifolia</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Teucrium chamaedrys</Emphasis> C. Koch

This study was designed to examine the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and the amount of total phenolics of the methanol extracts of Ballota rotundifolia L. and Teucrium chamaedrys C. Koch. In the case of antimicrobial activity tests, polar sub-fractions of the methanol extracts of plant species exhibited weakest antimicrobial activity when compared with the non-polar ones. While, non-polar sub-fraction of B. rotundifolia showed moderate activity against A. lwoffii, C. perfringens and the yeasts, T. chamaedrys performed excellent activity pattern against all of the tested microorganisms. The sub-fractions were also screened for their possible antioxidant activities by two complementary tests, namely DPPH free radical-scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid assays. Non-polar extracts of the plant species remained inactive in both test systems. On the other hand polar extracts showed remarkable antioxidant activities. In DPPH system, free radical scavenging effect of T. chamaedrys was measured as 18.00 ± 1.42 μg.mg⁻¹. It is extremely important to point out that, polar sub-fraction of T. chamaedrys is found as effective as the positive control BHT. Non-polar sub-fraction of T. chamaedrys found to have the highest total phenolic amount (97.12 ± 1.28 μg/mg). Results obtained from this experiment confirm the relationship between the amount of phenolics and biological activities.     

Volatile Compounds and Antioxidative Activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Porophyllum tagetoides</Emphasis> Extracts

Porophyllum tagetoides is an annual warm-weather herb that has an intense typical smell. Its leaves are commonly used in soup preparation and traditional medicine for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Its volatile compounds and antioxidant properties were evaluated in crude, aqueous and ethanol leaf extract and an oil emulsion using different antioxidant assays in vitro, such as: DPPH radical scavenging activity, redox potential, polyphenol content, reducing power and optical density. A high antioxidative activity was found when comparing leaves with stems. The crude extract from leaves showed a very high reducing power (2.88 ± 0.20 O.D.) and DPPH radical-scavenging activity (54.63 ± 4.80%), in concordance with a major concentration of vitamin C (23.97 ± 0.36 mg/100 g). Instead, the highest polyphenol content (264.54 ± 2.17 mg GAE/g of sample) and redox potential (561.23 ± 0.15 mV) were found by the ethanol and aqueous extract, respectively. Aldehydes and terpenes such as nonanal, decanal, trans-pineno, β-myrcene and D-limonene were the major volatiles found. This study suggests that Porophyllum tagetoides extracts could be used as antioxidants.     

Studies on Indian Green Leafy Vegetables for Their Antioxidant Activity

To identify the potential of green leafy vegetables (GLV) as antioxidants, methanolic extracts of Amaranthus sp., Centella asiatica, Murraya koenigii and Trigonella foenum graecum were studied for their antioxidant activity in different systems at multiple concentrations. Total antioxidant activity assessed by phosphomolybdenum method, free radical scavenging activity by 1,1-diphenly-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity were determined. The GLV were analyzed for ascorbic acid, total and β-carotene and total polyphenol contents. The ascorbic acid, total carotene, β-carotene and total phenolic content (tannic acid equivalents) of the GLV ranged between 15.18–101.36, 34.78–64.51, 4.23–8.84 and 150.0–387.50 mg/100 g GLV, respectively. The extracts were found to have significantly different levels of antioxidant activities in the systems tested. The total antioxidant activity was highest in Murraya koenigii (2,691.78 μmol of ascorbic acid/g sample) and least in Centella asiatica (623.78 μmol of ascorbic acid/g sample). The extract concentration causing 50% inhibition of DPPH (IC₅₀) was determined (M. koenigii < C.asiatica < Amaranthus sp. < T. graecum). The maximum DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power was exhibited by Murraya koenigii. Multiple regression analysis showed that the relationship of total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, and reducing power with polyphenol and total and β-carotene was highly significant. Paper awarded the Young Scientist Award in Experimental Nutrition at the Young Scientist Award Session of the 39th Annual Meet of the Nutrition Society of India, Hyderabad, India on 15–16th Dec 2007.     

Characterization of Protein Hydrolysates from Fish Discards and By-Products from the North-West Spain Fishing Fleet as Potential Sources of Bioactive Peptides

Fish discards and by-products can be transformed into high value-added products such as fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) containing bioactive peptides. Protein hydrolysates were prepared from different parts (whole fish, skin and head) of several discarded species of the North-West Spain fishing fleet using Alcalase. All hydrolysates had moisture and ash contents lower than 10% and 15%, respectively. The fat content of FPH varied between 1.5% and 9.4% and had high protein content (69.8–76.6%). The amino acids profiles of FPH are quite similar and the most abundant amino acids were glutamic and aspartic acids. All FPH exhibited antioxidant activity and those obtained from Atlantic horse mackerel heads presented the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and Cu²⁺ chelating activity. On the other hand, hydrolysates from gurnard heads showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity and Fe²⁺ chelating activity. In what concerns the α-amylase inhibitory activity, the IC₅₀ values recorded for FPH ranged between 5.70 and 84.37 mg/mL for blue whiting heads and whole Atlantic horse mackerel, respectively. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of FPH was relatively low but all FPH had high Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Considering the biological activities, these FPH are potential natural additives for functional foods or nutraceuticals.