红富士苹果不同树形冠层光照参数与果实品质产量关系的研究

以红富士苹果为试材,研究了高干开心形、小冠疏层形和纺锤形树冠外层、中层和内层光照强度以及光合特性的季节变化动态和日变化规律及其与果实品质产量的关系。结果表明,高干开心形红富士树冠外层、中层和内层的光强、光合速率、蒸腾速率显著高于小冠疏层形和纺锤形,且冠层光照分布均匀。不同树形的单株产量和品质也存在显著差异,高干开心形树形果实与其他2种树形相比,着色较好,可溶性固形物含量较高,收获时平均单果重显著高于小冠疏层形和纺锤形,且冠层内、中、外果实个体差异较小,但高干开心形树体产量低于传统树形。     

渭北产区苹果不同树形光照分布对果实品质的影响

试验以13年生自由纺锤形、小冠疏层形和中干开心形红富士果树为试材,测定了不同树形冠层的光照分布和果实品质指标。结果表明,中干开心形树冠光照分布均匀良好,果实品质优良,好于自由纺锤形和小冠疏层形,是优质苹果生产优先选择的树形。     

常绿果树整形修剪的研究与思考

论述了常绿果树整形修剪的必要性。通过对石硖龙眼、台农一号芒果、脆蜜毛叶枣试验。结果表明,幼树整形以纺锤形效果最好,毛叶枣保留纺锤形结合盛花期环剥,能收二次果,总产量显著高于收一次果;开心形属于高光效树体结构,郁闭树改造成开心形,可以显著改善通风透光条件,提高产量和品质,降低大小年幅度;疏枝改造郁闭树具有促进生殖生长,抑制营养生长,简单易行的显著优点。     

适用于密植和设施栽培的桃树树形及应用效果

简述适用于密植和设施栽培的桃树纺锤形、改良纺锤形、篱壁形、V字形、三主枝自然开心形、倾斜主干偏展形和一边倒等树形的树体结构特点。对几种树形的应用效果进行调查、试验。结果表明，在V字形、改良纺锤形和三主枝自然开心形等3种树形中，以V字树形产量最高，果实品质好。     

龙眼成龄树树形的研究

通过对“早熟一号”龙眼不同树形盛果期成龄树进行试验,发现开心形树形在光合生理指标、叶绿素含量和叶片N、P、K含量、果实产量和品种等方面都显著优于对照圆头形树形,也明显优于纺锤形树形。     

库尔勒香梨两种树形对果实品质及产量的影响

以纺锤形和疏散分层形2种树形的库尔勒香梨为研究对象,对其单株树体结构进行调查,并在果实成熟时测定2种树形库尔勒香梨果实的外观品质、内在品质及产量,探究纺锤形树形对库尔勒香梨果实品质及产量的影响,以期为简约化栽培提供参考依据.结果 表明:疏散分层形单株产量高于纺锤形,但纺锤形栽植密度大,单位面积产量显著高于疏散分层形,五年生树667 m2产量可达3 163.80 kg,表现出早果丰产,并且树冠各部位果实大小均匀,单果质量在113 g左右,产量主要集中在冠层中下部,纺锤形果实脱萼果率显著高于疏散分层形,凸顶果率明显低于疏散分层形.2种树形果实的硬度、可滴定酸含量相差不大,纺锤形果实的可溶性固形物和总糖含量较高,平均分别为12.68％、9.29％.纺锤形早果、丰产性好,果实各项品质指标均优于疏散分层形.     

主干形桃树对光截获能力和果实产量品质的影响

以6a生八月脆桃为试材,在果实成熟期观测分析了2种树形(主干形和开心形)对光截获能力和果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明,2种树形同一层次的平均单果质量、着色指数、光洁度差异不显著;果实硬度和可溶性固形物有显著差异,果实硬度表现为主干形﹥开心形,可溶性固形物则表现为开心形﹥主干形。对光截获能力的影响表现为主干形>开心形;叶面积指数、果实产量指标均表现为主干形高于开心形;果实产量是开心形的2.11倍。桃树主干形是高光效、高产树形。     

桃树纺锤形整形修剪

桃树生长强旺,顶端优势强,新消具有2～3次分枝能力,是一个适宜纺锤形整形修剪的树种。1994年,我们进行纺锤形整形修剪试验,栽后第2年结果,第3年丰产。与自然开心形比较,具有结果早、产量高、质量好的优势。现将其修剪技术介绍如下。 一、桃树纺锤形的结构特点 干高40～50cm,树高3m左右,全树8～10个主枝,第一层主枝4个,与行向呈斜十字形分     

南果梨和苹果梨高光效树形筛选试验初报

2015-2016年进行了南果梨和苹果梨高光效树形筛选试验,调查了鞍山海城地区的南果梨和黑山地区的苹果梨的小冠疏层形、中位开心形及纺锤形对树体光照和果实品质的影响。结果表明,当地南果梨和苹果梨的最佳高光效树形为中位开心形。     

不同负载量对金陵黄露桃产量和果实品质的影响

为探讨不同负载量对桃产量和果实品质的影响，以自然开心形树形的金陵黄露桃为试材进行了连续3年的试验。试验采用随机区组设计，设4个处理：T1，留果约150个/株；T2，留果约250个/株；T3，留果约300个/株；T4，留果约350个/株，单株重复，每处理重复6次。结果表明：T4处理产量较高，但单果重最低；T1处理产量最低，但单果重最高；T2处理产量相对较低，但单果重相对较高；T3处理产量相对较高，但单果重相对较低。T1处理果实可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比均较高。T2和T3处理果实内在品质均略低于T1处理。负载量对果实着色程度影响不显著。可见，盛果期金陵黄露桃负载量为每株约150个果实时（每667 m2产量约1 300 kg），产量较低，但可生产出较大果个的果实，品质较好；每株250～300个果实时（每667 m2产量2 000～2 400 kg），可保证较高的产量和较大的果个。     

小苹果细长纺锤形整形修剪方法

借鉴南部大苹果的栽培经验,进行了寒地小苹果细长纺锤形整形栽培试验。结果表明:寒地小苹果采用均匀多主枝的细长纺锤形,比常用的疏散分层形结果早,早期产量高,而且更适于密植,相对比整形修剪方法更简易,适于大面积生产推广。     

双主干并棒树形对矮化自根砧苹果幼树生长和结果的影响

为了探究双主干并棒（Bibaum?）树形‘富士’系苹果在中国渭北黄土高原地区的生长和结果表现，以 M9-T337 矮化自根砧长枝型‘富士’系‘富姬酷’（‘Fujiko’）为试材，调查了并棒形（1.2 m × 3.5 m）与高纺锤形（1.0 m × 3.5 m）幼树树体生长、枝（梢）类组成、成花率、果实品质和产量等指标。结果表明：并棒形树高、干径小于高纺锤形，砧木粗度大于高纺锤形，2016 年东西方向冠幅（行间冠幅）及平均冠幅小于高纺锤形；单株枝量及单位面积枝量 2016 年高纺锤形较高，2017 年无差异；并棒形2016—2017 年间树高、干径、砧木粗度以及单位面积枝量的年增长速率大于高纺锤形；并棒形 2016 年中枝（5 ~ 15 cm）比例、果台副梢长枝比例高于高纺锤形，2017 年营养长枝（> 30 cm）比例低于高纺锤形，同时并棒形 2018 年枝梢成花率高于高纺锤形；两种树形果实品质及单位面积产量无差异，并棒形单株果实数量、2017 年单株产量以及 2016—2017 年单位面积产量在增长速率大于高纺锤形。综合认为，矮化自根砧‘富士’系幼树采用并棒树形，可以显著削弱树体高度，减小行间冠幅，树体生长及枝量增长速度快，长枝比例低，易成花，果实产量上升潜力大。     

Cell wall metabolism of pear fruit on the tree after 2,4-DP treatment

Summary

The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-propionic acid (2,4-DP) on fruit ripening on the tree was investigated in `La France' pears (Pyrus communis L.). Forty-five ppm, 2,4-DP solution was applied at 159 d after full bloom (DAFB), which was optimum harvest date for `La France' pears. They were compared with fruit harvested at 159 DAFB and placed in a controlled room with a 208C and 90% r.h. After harvest, the fruit firmness decreased dramatically 13 d after harvest (DAH). In 2,4±DP treatment, the levels decreased gradually 13 d after treatment (172 DAFB). In the untreated control, the levels also showed a slight decrease with time. Final ethylene concentration was almost the same in harvested and 2,4-DP treated fruit, but lower in the untreated control. In each treatment, water-soluble polyuronide (WSP) concentrations increased with time and hexametaphosphate-soluble polyuronide (HMP) and HCl-soluble polyuronide (HP) concentrations decreased. WSP concentration increased rapidly 20 DAH in harvested fruit and 194 DAFB in 2,4-DP treatment. Harvested and 2,4-DP treated fruit reached the edible condition on 17 DAH and 194 DAFB, respectively. Pectinesterase (PE) activity increased slightly with time for all treatments, showing no significant difference between treatments. Polygalacturonase (PG) activity increased gradually in all cases, being higher in 2,4-DP treated fruit than in control fruit left on the tree. These results suggest that 2,4-DP treatment before harvest induces pear fruit softening. This implies that 2,4-DP may be used as a replacement for low-temperature storage to promote the ripening, and good quality ripe fruit with buttery and juicy texture may be harvested on the tree.     

Synthetic auxin 3,5,6-TPA promotes fruit development and climacteric in Prunus persica L. Batsch

Summary

The application of 3,5,6-TPA advances fruit maturation of peaches and nectarines through different mechanisms, depending on the fruit development stage at treatment. Treatments applied at pit hardening encourage the development of fruit, which grow faster, reach the climateric stage earlier, and can be harvested earlier. The effect is direct, since the number of fruits per tree is not reduced by the treatment and also can be obtained by applying the auxin locally to a small number of fruits per tree. Treatments applied a few days before climateric increase ethylene production without affecting fruit growth.     

The chemical composition and sensory flavour quality of ‘Mineola’ tangerines. I. Effects of fruit size and within-tree position

Summary

Maturity and taste characteristics measured were better in large, heavy ‘Mineola’ fruit harvested from the upper, external southern side of the tree, than in small, light fruit harvested from the lower, internal and northern side of the tree. Harvest and storage of ‘Mineola’ fruit increased its juice content, while fruit remaining on the tree showed an increase in total soluble solids (TSS) and a decrease in acid levels, resulting together in an increase in TSS:acid ratio and improved taste.     

Effect of crop load,fruit position and shoot vigour on yield and quality of Annona atemoya × Annona squamosa in India

The effect of crop load, position of the fruit on the shoots and vigour of the shoots on yield and quality of Annona atemoya × A. squamosa hybrid ‘Arka Sahan’ was investigated in India over two years. The trees were hand-pollinated and thinned to 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 fruit after fruit set. Information was collected on total and marketable yield, yield efficiency, average fruit fresh weight, peel weight, the number of seeds per 100 g of pulp, pulp content in the fruit, total soluble solids (TSS) and total titratable acidity. In other experiments, fruit were harvested from weak, medium or vigrous shoots, or from basal, middle or apical nodes. Total yield increased up to 60 or 80 fruit per tree and marketable yield increased up to 60 fruit per tree. Average fruit weight and peel weight increased as cropping increased. These results suggest that optimum productivity and quality is associated with 60 fruit per tree or 0.17 to 0.19 kg cm² trunk-cross sectional area. The quality of the fruit in different positions on the shoots or on the different types of shoots was highly variable and generally not affected by the various treatments.     

Influence of harvest time and after-ripening on the seed quality of eggplant

Eggplant cv. Emi and Tsakoniki were cultivated for seed in an unheated greenhouse and fruits were harvested at 25–65 days after anthesis (DAA) in order to determine the optimum harvest time. In addition, the effect of after-ripening on seed quality (i.e. seed size and germination) was examined by storing harvested fruit at 25 °C for 20 days prior to seed extraction. From the results, it was concluded that the optimum time of harvest for seed production is 55 DAA. Seeds extracted from fruits that were harvested at 25–35 DAA did not germinate, but when fruits harvested at the same age were stored for 20 days at 25 °C prior to seed extraction (i.e. seeds were after-ripened) germination was induced. Seeds extracted from fruits harvested at 45 DAA showed a high percent germination, which decreased after storage at 25 °C for 3 months. This decrease, however, was reduced by after-ripening prior to extraction. It is concluded that although eggplant is a non-climacteric species and fruit do not ripen after harvest, nevertheless seeds within the fruit continue to fill and mature after harvest; hence storage of prematurely harvested fruit prior to seed extraction permits the seeds of these fruits to after-ripen in situ and thereby increases seed size and germination. The implication of this result for eggplant seed production is discussed.     

植物非试管快繁技术在果树上的运用

该文综合阐述了我国当前果苗生产存在的问题与限制因素，分析了国外种苗生产的趋势，提出了利用新型的育苗技术——植物非试管快繁技术，实现种苗生产工厂化、自动化、产业化的生产模式。结合生产、科研实践，概括性地论述了快繁技术在果树种苗培育上的应用与优势，并指出了各种果树的快繁技术要点，展示了该技术在果树种苗快繁上运用的广阔前景与市场空间。     

The consequences of cultural practices on growth and cropping of peach trees subjected to localized irrigation: Effects of soil management,nitrogen fertilization and tree density

SUMMARY

Cultural practices were studied in peach tree orchards irrigated with microsprinklers, herbicide strips being maintained along the tree rows. Differences in fruit cropping between treatments varied in the same way as tree vigour, the most vigorous trees having the highest production capacities. Concerning soil management, ground cover vegetation (permanent or temporary) improved fruit production compared with soil cultivation. According to leaf analysis, ground cover vegetation appeared to ameliorate the conditions of trees nutrition. This effect was probably mainly due to increasing soil resistance to compaction; applying organic matter was not effective in improving the performance of trees grown with soil cultivation compared with those grown with ground cover vegetation. Increasing fruit tree density also contributed to increased fruit production. Nevertheless, more than 600 trees per hectare did not allow further increase in fruit yield for the experimental cultivar. Lastly, nitrogen fertilization seemed particularly important for improving the fruiting of peach trees.