不同底墒条件下补灌对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响

我国黄淮平原水资源紧缺,而且年际间降水量及其时间分布存在较大差异,探明不同底墒条件下补充灌溉对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的调节效应及其生理基础,可为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。2013—2014和2014—2015年冬小麦生长季,在播种期0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为201.5(A)、266.3(B)和317.0mm(C)3种底墒条件下,各设置4个补灌水处理,包括不灌水、拔节期+开花期补灌、越冬期+拔节期+开花期补灌、播种期+拔节期+开花期补灌,研究不同处理冬小麦耗水特性、旗叶光合、干物质积累与分配、产量及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明,冬小麦生育期总耗水量和土壤水消耗量均随播种期底墒的提高而增加。在底墒A和B条件下,冬小麦主要消耗降水和灌溉水。提高播种期补灌水平或于越冬期补灌,冬小麦在底墒A条件下对土壤水的消耗量显著增加,在底墒B条件下对土壤水的消耗量显著减少。在底墒C条件下,冬小麦耗水以土壤水为主,其次为降水,再次为灌溉水;播种期或越冬期补灌显著增加生育期总耗水量,对土壤水消耗量则无显著影响。于播种期、拔节期和开花期补灌,冬小麦在底墒A条件下可获得较高的籽粒产量,但水分利用效率较低;在底墒B条件下籽粒产量和水分利用效率均较高;在底墒C条件下,仅于拔节期和开花期补灌即可获得高产和高水分利用效率,播种期和越冬期无需补灌。综上所述,播前底墒是实施冬小麦合理补灌的重要依据。     

Genetic and environmental influences on chickpea water‐use efficiency

Chickpea is a major crop grown for its nutritional value, and it is used for both food and feed. However, terminal drought greatly reduces grain yield in many chickpea producing areas. The impacts of drought could be mitigated by adapting chickpea genotypes with higher water‐use efficiency (WUE). To assess genetic variation for WUE, contrasting genotypes were sown in two moisture regimes (well‐watered and water‐limited) and two tillage regimes (tillage and no‐tillage) in north‐western NSW across two consecutive seasons. The well‐watered and no till treatments were higher yielding than their respective rainfed and tillage treatments. Genotypes did not differ (p < 0.05) in their water use but differed significantly in their WUE, and a significant genotype‐by‐moisture treatment effect was observed. The heritability of WUE was higher under tillage (71.3% for tillage under rainfed conditions and 73.0% for tillage and irrigated conditions) than no‐till (43.3% for no till under rainfed conditions and 36.4% for no‐till and irrigated conditions), and no significant genotype‐by‐tillage interaction was observed.     

Deficit irrigation maintains maize yield through improved soil water extraction and stable canopy radiation interception

Deficit irrigation (DI) is an effective way to save irrigation water while maintaining sustainable yield in irrigated crops. However, limited information is available related to canopy structure and solar radiation use under DI condition. In this study, our objective was to assess maize hybrids for leaf development, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and water use under DI condition. Field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in four maize hybrids at well-watered (I₁₀₀, referring to 100% evapotranspiration [ET] requirement) and DI (I₇₅, referring to 75% ET requirement) water regimes. Compared to I₁₀₀, I₇₅ did not reduce maize biomass and grain yield. Although DI reduced the leaf appearance rates (1.5% in 2016 and 7.6% in 2017) and resulted in greater variations in leaf area index (LAI) among hybrids, the amount of PAR interception was not affected during the growing season. DI significantly reduced the seasonal ET in both years (19.8% in 2016 and 26.6% in 2017). All the hybrids extracted more soil water (29 mm in 2016 and 27 mm in 2017) at I₇₅ than at I₁₀₀. Maize plants at I₇₅ had greater water use efficiency (WUE) (1.68 kg m⁻³) than those at I₁₀₀ (1.41 kg m⁻³). However, DI did not affect radiation use efficiency (RUE). In conclusion, DI at I₇₅ maintained grain yield through improved soil water extraction and WUE but stable canopy radiation interception and RUE.     

覆盖对夏玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

研究不同土壤水分状况下秸秆覆盖对夏玉米生长发育指标、产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验在防雨棚下的测坑中进行,设计了秸秆覆盖和土壤水分控制下限（占田间持水率的75%,65%和55%）两个因素,分析夏玉米生长指标、产量及水分利用效率的变化规律。结果表明,秸秆覆盖对夏玉米生长发育有促进作用,在不同的水分状况下,覆盖处理的夏玉米叶面积指数、产量和水分利用效率均优于不覆盖处理。中水分条件覆盖处理下的夏玉米产量较对照条件下的高水分夏玉米产量无显著降低,而且其水分利用效率最高。建议在夏玉米覆盖生产方式中采用中水分灌溉方式,可以达到节水高产的目的。     

Impact of Water Stress on Maize Grown Off-Season in a Subtropical Environment

During the last decade, the production of off‐season maize has increased in several regions of Brazil. Growing maize during this season, with sowing from January through April, imposes several climatic risks that can impact crop yield. This is mainly caused by the high variability of precipitation and the probability of frost during the reproduction phases. High production risks are also partially due to the use of cultivars that are not adapted to the local environmental conditions. The goal of this study was to evaluate crop growth and development and associated yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) for maize hybrids with different maturity ratings grown off‐season in a subtropical environment under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Three experiments were conducted in 2001 and 2002 in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil with four hybrids of different maturity duration, AG9010 (very short season), DAS CO32 and Exceler (short season) and DKB 333B (normal season). Leaf area index (LAI), plant height and dry matter were measured approximately every 18 days. Under rainfed conditions, the soil water content in the deeper layers was reduced, suggesting that the extension of the roots into these layers was a response to soil water limitations. On average, WUE varied from 1.45 kg m⁻³ under rainfed conditions to 1.69 kg m⁻³ under irrigated conditions during 2001. The average yield varied from 4209 kg ha⁻¹ for the hybrids grown under rainfed conditions to 5594 kg ha⁻¹ under irrigated conditions during 2001. Yield reductions under rainfed conditions were affected by the genotype. For the hybrid DKB 333B with a normal maturity, yield was reduced by 25.6 % while the short maturity hybrid Exceler was the least impacted by soil water limitations with a yield reduction of only 8.4 %. To decrease the risk of yield loss, the application of supplemental irrigation should be considered by local farmers, provided that this practice is not restricted by either economic considerations or the availability of sufficient water resources.     

氮磷配施对旱地油用亚麻水分利用效率及产量的影响

为了给旱地农业水肥管理以及科学施肥提供参考依据,通过田间试验研究了油用亚麻氮磷配施后土壤水分分布及其对产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,施肥对土壤含水量有较大的影响,在中氮和高氮水平下,油用亚麻各生育时期100 cm以下各土层含水量均表现为施磷处理高于不施磷处理;在子实期高氮施磷处理的土壤贮水量显著高于其他不施磷肥处理,分别高4.38%、3.37%和3.66%;氮、磷单一施用时,土体供水的贡献率均偏向于某一土层,而氮磷配施时,各个土层土体供水贡献率都表现适中;高氮施磷处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率均显著高于其他处理,分别达1062.50 kg/hm2 和2.60 kg/(mm· hm2),产量较其他处理增加8.12%~16.76%;WUE分别较其他处理提高7.31%~15.77%。     

The mechanism of genetic control for low soil nitrogen (N) tolerance in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The study was conducted to determine the mode of inheritance and the genetic mechanisms associated with bean nitrogen use efficiency under low soil nitrogen. Eight widely grown and well adapted low soil N tolerant lines (CAL143, CIM9314-36, and AFR708) and non-tolerant varieties (E5, E8, GLP-2, CAL96, and SCAM80-CM/15) were crossed in a half diallel mating design. The parents and their F₁ generations were evaluated under low soil N and moderate soil N conditions. Significant genetic differences were observed for basal root length, root dry weight, nodule numbers, leaf area and grain yield for both N conditions. Inheritance of the traits associated with better performance under low soil N was found to be under both additive fixable and non-fixable genetic effects. Genotypes that had well-developed basal root systems performed better than those with less developed basal roots. F₁ hybrids from crosses between low N tolerant and non-tolerant parents performed better under nitrogen stressed conditions compared with those between susceptible parents. Hybrids involving CAL143 as one of the parents showed high levels of tolerance to low soil nitrogen conditions. Among parents, CAL143 showed the best performance for basal root length, root dry weight, nodule numbers, leaf area, and grain yield. This parent had highly significant GCA effects for the traits under both N conditions, except basal root length which was significant at Kabete and non-significant leaf area at Thika. The results show that CAL143 would be a good parent to use in a low soil N bean breeding program.     

Grain Yield of Intercropped Sorghum and Pearl Millet as Influenced by Sorghum Genotype and Cropping Pattern

Intercropping of sorghum and pearl millet with different growth cycles is used widely in third-world countries to ensure and increase yields. However, it is questionable whether yield increases because of intercropping can be maintained under more developed systems, since temporal differences are necessary to allow mechanized planting and harvesting.
Three sorghum hybrids with expected growth cycles from 90 to 110 days were planted in sole stands and in alternate rows and mixed within the rows with a pearl millet hybrid having a growth cycle similar to that of the early sorghum. Sole stands of millet also were included. The plots were planted at three locations in Kansas, two dryland and one including dryland and irrigated. Results show that yields were consistently highest in sole stands of sorghum, owing to the higher yield level of sorghum. No yield increase could be found on a land equivalent ratio basis, indicating no intercropping advantages. However, under good moisture conditions, a tendency toward yield increase was observed with the later maturing sorghums, which had 1–2 weeks of grain filling after the millet was mature. When moisture supply was insufficient, millet showed higher competitiveness for water than sorghum, and sorghum was adversely affected more than pearl millet was favored. It was concluded that moisture conditions have to be good and that temporal differences between sorghum and millet have to be greater than those used in this experiment to achieve intercropping yield advantages.     

覆膜与施氮互作对高粱产量及水氮利用效率的影响

为探索旱地覆膜栽培条件下适宜机械化高粱水氮利用效率,本试验于2015、2016年以机械化生产高粱品种晋杂34、晋杂35为试验材料,研究了2种栽培措施（B₁：裸地,B₂：覆膜）、3个施氮量（C₁：0kg/hm ²、C₂：225kg/hm ²、C₃：450kg/hm ²）条件对高粱不同生育期不同深度土壤贮水量、产量及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,覆膜有效提高了高粱不同生育期0~60cm土层土壤贮水量,但施氮水平对土壤贮水量的影响差异不明显。两年试验覆膜处理平均产量比裸地显著提高11.63%,降雨偏少年度（2015）增产12.03%,降雨偏多年度（2016）增产11.17%;不同施氮处理产量差异不显著,其与品种或覆膜方式的交互作用差异也不显著,但覆膜有效提高了氮肥利用率,尤以施氮225kg/hm ²处理氮肥偏生产力显著高于其他处理。降雨偏少年度的水分利用率、降水生产效率显著高于降雨偏多年度。与裸地处理相比,2015年覆膜处理水分利用效率提高15.93%;2016年提高12.21%。两年试验晋杂34、晋杂35都以覆膜施氮225kg/hm ²处理水分利用效果最佳,2015年表现尤为突出,水分利用效率和增产率分别为37.01、31.72kg/（mm·hm ²）和19.076%、38.286%。综合考虑,在本试验条件下,覆膜、施氮225kg/hm ²为晋杂34、晋杂35高产、水氮高效利用的最佳组合。     

玉米杂交种水分利用效率及相关性状分析

为充分发挥玉米杂交种的水分利用效率,实现玉米高产、高效的目的,本研究以中国生产和推广应用的玉米杂交种为材料,在多变低水条件下,根据成熟期产量水分利用效率剖析其高效性。研究结果表明,不同玉米杂交种间其水分利用效率存在较大的变异范围,玉米杂交种水分利用效率存在着丰富多样的类型;水分利用效率相关性状方差分析结果表明,产量水分利用效率各构成性状在品种间存在着较大差异,不同玉米品种可利用不同性状达到水分的高效利用;简单相关和偏相关分析结果表明,与水分利用效率密切相关的性状是穗行数、行粒数和百粒重。因此,在生产应用中应因地制宜选用不同玉米杂交种,在品种选育过程中应重视相关性状的选择。     

Winter barley performance under different cropping and tillage systems in semiarid Aragon (NE Spain)

Winter barley is the major crop on semiarid drylands in central Aragon (NE Spain). In this study we compared, under both continuous cropping (BC) (5–6-month fallow) and a crop–fallow rotation (BF) (16–18-month fallow), the effects of three fallow management treatments (conventional tillage, CT; reduced tillage, RT; no-tillage, NT) on the growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter barley during three consecutive growing seasons in the 1999–2002 period. Daily precipitation measurements and monthly measurements of soil water storage to a depth of 0.7 m were used to calculate crop water use (ET) and its components. The average growing season precipitation was 195 mm. Above-ground dry matter (DM) and corresponding WUE were high in years with high effective rainfalls (>10 mm day⁻¹) either in autumn or spring. However, the highest values of WUE for grain yield were mainly produced by effective rainfalls during the time from stem elongation to harvest. Despite the similarity in ET for the three tillage treatments, NT provided the lowest DM production, corresponding to a higher soil water loss by evaporation and lower crop transpiration (T), indicated by the lowest T/ET ratio values found under this treatment. No clear differences in crop yield were observed among the tillage treatments in the study period. On average, and regardless of the type of tillage, BF provided the highest values of DM and WUE and yielded 49% more grain than BC. These differences between cropping systems increased when water-limiting conditions occurred in the early stages of crop growth, probably due to the additional soil water storage under BF at sowing. Although no significant differences in precipitation use efficiency (PUE) were observed between BC and BF, PUE was higher under the BC system, which yielded 34% more grain than the BF rotation when yields were adjusted to an annual basis including the length of the fallow. The crop yield under BF was not dependent on the increase in soil water storage at the end of the long fallow. In conclusion, this study has shown that, although conventional tillage can be substituted by reduced or no-tillage systems for fallow management in semiarid dryland cereal production areas in central Aragon, the practice of long-fallowing to increase the cereal crop yields is not longer sustainable.     

土壤水分对冬小麦生长后期光能利用及水分利用效率的影响

通过控制不同土壤水分条件形成不同的小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）群体结构,测定了抽穗到成熟期间小麦冠层光合有效辐射（PAR）截获及垂直分布、干物质积累和产量。研究表明,不同处理小麦冠层对PAR的截获量差异较小（小于15.7%）,但冠层上部（60~80 cm）的PAR截获量和生长后期PAR转化效率差异明显（100.7%和63.7%）,与产量和光能利用效率变化一致,可见土壤水分是通过改变小麦群体内PAR垂直分布及PAR转化效率对作物产量和光能利用效率产生影响。抽穗到成熟期间维持小麦冠层上部PAR截获率在50%左右是实现高产的重要保证。随着土壤水分改善,冬小麦光能利用率和产量持续增加,但水分利用效率却先于二者提前降低,说明改善水分利用效率是提高华北地区农业气候资源利用效率的关键。在底墒充足的条件下,分别在拔节和挑旗期灌水60 mm可获得较高的光能和水分利用效率及经济产量     

Introgression as a Route to Improved Drought Tolerance in White Clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Backcross hybrids between the important forage legume white clover Trifolium repens , which is stoloniferous, and the related rhizomatous species T. ambiguum have been produced using T. repens as the recurrent parent. The drought tolerance of parents and two generations of backcross plants, possessing both stolons and rhizomes, was studied in deep soil bins in a glasshouse both as monocultures and in mixtures with perennial ryegrass. Soil moisture content, leaf relative water content, and leaf water potential were measured on plants subjected to drought cycles of 4 weeks duration and those watered normally and maintained at field capacity. Six cycles of drought, carried out over 2 years, showed that T. ambiguum and the first and second generation backcross hybrids maintained a greater leaf relative water content and higher leaf water potential than T. repens at comparable levels of soil moisture. The dry matter yield of T. repens was significantly reduced over each drought cycle compared to the watered treatments, while the yield of T. ambiguum increased over the 4-week cycle in both treatments. The yield of the backcross generations was intermediate between those of the two parental species. The implications of these results for white clover germplasm improvement programmes are discussed.     

Parental influences on gas exchange rates in grain sorghum

Summary Significant genetic variation in CO₂ assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g), and A: g ratio, which are indicators of intrinsic differences in productivity and water use efficiency (WUE), has been demonstrated in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids. The primary objective was to determine the possible parental influence on the components of the A: g relationship in sorghum hybrids across a range of water supplies. Thirty F₁ hybrids resulting from a 6 × 6 diallel crossing pattern constituted the genetic material. Field experiments were conducted using four water supply treatments established through differential irrigation. Carbon assimilation rate (A), g, and leaf water potential (_w) of individual leaves were monitored every 15 to 20 days. Genetic analyses revealed that general- and specific-combining ability effects were evident for A. However, reciprocal and maternal effects were more important in governing the A-g and A-_w relationships. Since the maternal effects were the major determinants in causing reciprocal differences, A can be improved by selecting specific female parents to exploit cytoplasmic factors or physiological characteristics of this parent. Substantial genetic variation in the A-g relationship resulting from significant genetic control of A offers the opportunity to impose selection for high A and stability of A, which might directly contribute to whole plant WUE and productivity in grain sorghum.Abbreviations A carbon assimilation rate - g stomatal conductance to water vapor - GCA General Combining Ability - SCA Specific Combining Ability - WUE Water Use Efficiency     

玉米根、茎、叶中脱落酸含量和产量形成对土壤干旱的响应

对不同程度土壤干旱胁迫下玉米根、茎、叶中脱落酸含量与产量形成进行了试验研究。充足底墒播种后采用5个土壤水分处理（分别占土壤田间持水量>80%、70%～80%、60%～70%、50%～60%、40%～50%,代号为WT1～WT5）,并遮去自然降水。试验结果表明,拔节期从中等干旱胁迫开始,玉米根、茎、叶中ABA含量大幅度增加,干旱加剧会使根     

Potential Yields and On-Farm Ethanol Production Cost of Corn, Sweet Sorghum, Fodderbeet, and Sugarbeet

Field experiments were conducted during 1980-82 at the Agronomy Farm of the University of California, Davis, to compare fermentable carbohydrate production and cost of potential ethanol from fodderbeet, sweet sorghum, sugarbeet, and corn in relation to the requirements of these crops for fertilizer nitrogen and irrigation. The response of hexose yields of these crops to fertilizer N varied in the two experiments. When all crops responded, sweet sorghum and sugarbeet required 36 % and fodderbeet 68 % of the fertilizer N needed for corn. Twelve weeks following a mid-season irrigation cut off, hexose yield of sugarbeet was decreased by 18 % as compared to an adequately watered crop. Water stressed sweet sorghum extracted higher amounts of soil moisture, increased in hexose concentration and produced 29 % higher hexose yield than when adequately watered. Stressed sugarbeet, however, had a higher hexose yield due to its higher sugar concentration.
When fertilized and irrigated adequately, fodderbeet produced 13.4, sugarbeet 11.9, sweet sorghum 10.0, and corn 8.15 Mg hexose ha⁻¹. Comparative on-farm ethanol production costs of these four crops were very close ($0.38 to 0.40 L⁻¹). Thus, growing established crops like corn and sugarbeet for which processing facilities and alternative markets already exist would be preferred.     

Agronomic performance of winter wheat grown under highly divergent soil moisture conditions in rainfed and water‐managed environments

Even in the temperate climates of Europe, increasing early season drought and rising air temperature are presenting new challenges to farmers and wheat breeders. Sixteen winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes consisting of three hybrids, six line cultivars and two breeding lines from Germany as well as five line cultivars from France, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary and the Ukraine (referred to as “exotic” lines) have been included in this study. The genetic materials were evaluated over three growing seasons under a range of soil moisture regimes at the three North German sites Braunschweig (irrigated and drought‐stressed), Warmse (rainfed) and Söllingen (rainfed). The average grain yields in the twelve growth environments (water regime × season combinations) ranged from 6.1 to 13.5 t ha^?1. The exotic lines showed little evidence of specific phenological adaptation to drought although they are frequently faced with water scarcity in their countries of origin. The hybrids and German lines exhibited higher regression coefficients (b_i) to environmental means than the exotic lines, indicating particular adaptation to favourable growing conditions. The phenotypical correlations of grain yield between the various environments were high, ranging for instance from 0.6 to 0.8 for the irrigated and drought‐stressed environments at Braunschweig. It is thus expected that in the foreseeable future continued selection aiming at high yield potential will suffice as a means to counter the expected increase in droughts.     

Drip Irrigation Frequency: The Effects and Their Interaction with Nitrogen Fertilization on Sandy Soil Water Distribution, Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency Under Egyptian Conditions

Irrigation frequency is one of the most important factors in drip irrigation scheduling that affects the soil water regime, the water and fertilization use efficiency and the crop yield, although the same quantity of water is applied. Therefore, field experiments were conducted for 2 years in the summer season of 2005 and 2006 on sandy soils to investigate the effects of irrigation frequency and their interaction with nitrogen fertilization on water distribution, grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of two white grain maize hybrids (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted by using a randomized complete block split‐split plot design, with four irrigation frequencies (once every 2, 3, 4 and 5 days), two nitrogen levels (190 and 380 kg N ha^?1), and two maize hybrids (three‐way cross 310 and single cross 10) as the main‐plot, split‐plot, and split‐split plot treatments respectively. The results indicate that drip irrigation frequency did affect soil water content and retained soil water, depending on soil depth. Grain yield with the application of 190 kg N ha^?1 was not statistically different from that at 380 kg N ha^?1 at the irrigation frequency once every 5 days. However, the application of 190 kg N ha^?1 resulted in a significant yield reduction of 25 %, 18 % and 9 % in 2005 and 20 %, 13 % and 6 % in 2006 compared with 380 kg N ha^?1 at the irrigation frequencies once every 2, 3 and 4 days respectively. The response function between yield components and irrigation frequency treatments was quadratic in both growing seasons except for 100‐grain weight, where the function was linear. WUE increased with increasing irrigation frequency and nitrogen levels, and reached the maximum values at once every 2 and 3 days and at 380 kg N ha^?1. In order to improve the WUE and grain yield for drip‐irrigated maize in sandy soils, it is recommended that irrigation frequency should be once every 2 or 3 days at the investigated nitrogen levels of 380 kg N ha^?1 regardless of maize varieties. However, further optimization with a reduced nitrogen application rate should be aimed at and will have to be investigated.     

高产小麦耗水特性及干物质的积累与分配

在2005—2006年和2006—2007年小麦生长季降水量分别为128.0 mm和246.4 mm条件下, 采用不同灌水量处理, 研究了高产条件下冬小麦的耗水特性和小麦干物质的积累与分配。结果表明, 底水和拔节水分别灌溉60 mm处理(W2)在两个生长季获得了最高的籽粒产量, 2005—2006年生长季其水分利用效率和灌溉水的利用效率均显著高于其他灌水处理; 2006—2007年生长季, 其水分利用效率较高, 降水量、灌水量和土壤供水量分别占农田耗水量的47.32%、23.04%和29.64%; 与不灌水处理(W0)相比, 灌水处理显著提高开花后干物质的积累量和开花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率, 以W2处理最高, 分别达8 241.59 kg hm-2和84.18%。灌水量过多显著减少光合产物向籽粒的分配, 使产量降低。随灌水量增加, 小麦全生育期耗水量显著增大, 灌水量占农田耗水量的比例增加, 降水量和土壤供水量占农田耗水量的比例均降低, 以土壤供水量所占比例降低最大。综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和水分利用效率, 在本试验条件下, 以底水和拔节水各60 mm的灌溉量为最优。在小麦生长季降雨量为246.4 mm条件下, 仅灌60 mm底水亦可获得较高的籽粒产量, 其土壤供水量占农田耗水量的比例和灌溉水的利用效率高于底水和拔节水处理。     

耕作方式对小麦开花后旗叶水势与叶绿素荧光参数日变化和水分利用效率的影响

2007-2009年小麦生长季, 以高产小麦品种济麦22为试验材料, 利用测墒补灌技术确定灌水量, 研究高肥力条件下条旋耕、深松+条旋耕、旋耕、深松+旋耕和翻耕5种耕作方式对土壤含水量、小麦开花至成熟阶段耗水量及其水分来源、旗叶水势和叶绿素荧光参数日变化、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 深松+条旋耕和深松+旋耕处理成熟期60~200 cm各土层的土壤含水量均低于其他处理, 表明深松促进了小麦对深层土壤贮水的吸收。深松+条旋耕处理开花至成熟阶段的土壤贮水消耗量及其占阶段耗水量的比例最高, 其降水量和灌水量占阶段耗水量的比例最低。深松+条旋耕处理在6:00~18:00的旗叶水势、8:00~14:00的旗叶最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)均高于条旋耕处理, 表明深松有利于小麦旗叶在灌浆中后期保持较高的生理活性, 深松+旋耕和旋耕处理间的规律与其一致。深松+条旋耕处理在2个生长季的籽粒产量分别为9 516.48和8 957.92 kg hm⁻², 与深松+旋耕处理无显著差异, 翻耕处理次之, 条旋耕和旋耕处理低于上述处理。深松+条旋耕处理的水分利用效率最高, 深松+旋耕处理次之, 条旋耕和旋耕处理低于翻耕处理。本试验条件下, 深松+条旋耕是兼顾高产节水高效的耕作方式。