密度与环境因子对蒙古黄芪育苗影响研究

为了明确育苗时密度与环境因子对蒙古黄芪生长特征影响,本试验以蒙古黄芪为研究对象,通过单因素田间随机区组试验,测定蒙古黄芪株高、茎粗、根粗和根长4个指标。结果表明,密度对蒙古黄芪影响最大,其次是湿度,最后是光照和电导率。密度与蒙古黄芪株高、茎粗、根粗呈现负相关性,与根长呈正相关性(P<0.05),密度为400株/m ²时,株高、茎粗及根粗最大,密度为1000株/m ²时根长最大。     

水、旱条件下小麦苗期部分农艺性状的遗传分析

为研究水分胁迫对小麦幼苗部分农艺性状的影响,分析这些性状与干旱胁迫的关系。以‘青麦6号’和‘烟农24’杂交形成的F2:3群体为材料,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对其进行遗传分析。水、旱2种条件下,根长和根鲜重均为1对加性-显性效应主基因模型;茎鲜重、茎干重、根干重、根茎鲜重比和根茎干重比的最适遗传模型不同。干旱胁迫条件下,茎鲜重主基因遗传率为37%,茎干重、根长、根鲜重、根干重、根茎鲜重比及根茎干重比主基因遗传率分别是51%、81%、74%、56%、50%、68%。茎鲜重、茎干重、根干重等性状,尽管检测到主基因,但在水旱条件下遗传模型不同,可进一步研究其遗传规律。     

不同施肥量对黄芪生长发育、药材产量及种子产量和质量影响的研究

为了研究不同施肥量对黄芪生长发育、药材产量及种子产量质量的影响,以甘肃省漳县种植的药用植物黄芪为材料,比较了2 种不同比例(N:P:K=1.25:3:1、N:P:K=2:3:1)下的6 种施肥处理(A1、A2、A3、B1、B2、B3)对黄芪生长状况（株高、分枝数、根长、根直径、地上部分鲜重、地上部分干重、根鲜重和根干重）、药材产量、种子产量与质量的影响。研究结果表明：不同时期各施肥处理对黄芪的影响不同,其中以生育中期影响最大;在不同施肥量处理下,A2 处理有利于提高黄芪药材产量,根鲜重、根干重产量最高;A3 处理种子产量最高;N:P:K=1.25:3:1 处理较N:P:K=2:3:1 处理黄芪种子产量高,并且种子的相对质量也有提高。A2处理有利于提高黄芪药材产量;A3处理有利于提高黄芪种子产量。     

品种基因型和温度对马铃薯脱毒试管苗农艺性状的影响

以大西洋、克新1号、青薯168脱毒基础苗为试验材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究不同基因型品种、不同温度对马铃薯脱毒基础苗苗鲜重、根鲜重、苗干重、根干重、叶片数、株高、茎粗、根长和根条数影响,培养14d时,测定各性状指标.结果表明,3个不同成熟期基因型品种、3种不同培养温度处理对马铃薯单株平均根鲜重、叶片数、株高影响有显著性交互作用(p＜0.05),其余性状受品种基因型和温度交互作用影响不显著.不同基因型品种对苗干重、根干重、叶片数、根条数农艺性状指标影响显著(p＜0.05),其余性状指标未达显著影响;不同培养温度对马铃薯单株平均苗鲜重、根鲜重、苗干重、根干重、茎粗、根长、根条数(p＜0.05)农艺性状指标有显著性影响(p＜0.01),其余性状指标未达显著影响;3个不同基因型品种所需的适宜培养温度为(23±2)℃,此培养温度时,3个品种基因型的农艺性状表现最好.     

覆膜和遮阴对岩黄连生长及产量的影响

通过探索岩黄连对覆膜和光照的需求,为昭通地区岩黄连高效栽培提供技术指导。以岩黄连幼苗为试验材料,对不同覆膜处理(覆膜、未覆膜)和遮阴度处理(0%、30%、50%、70%、90%)下岩黄连的生长及产量进行测定,并进行综合评价。结果表明,覆膜处理的平均移栽成活率达到94.44%,比未覆膜处理组提高9.67%。覆膜处理的全株鲜重、全株干重分别达到0.728、0.150 kg/m²,比未覆膜处理组分别提高65.45%、40.59%。50%遮阴度处理的全株鲜重、全株干重、根鲜重、根干重、株高、蒴果长度、花序数、蒴果数、种子数均达到最大值。通过逐步回归分析和通径分析发现,株高、蒴果数、蒴果长度、花序数是种子数的决定性因素,且对种子数的正相关作用依次增强。综合分析,覆膜和50%遮阴度对岩黄连的移栽、生长和产量最佳,研究结果可为昭通地区岩黄连高效栽培提供理论依据。     

不同叶龄施肥对玉米苗期农艺性状的影响

为了探究玉米苗期施肥的最佳叶龄,通过玉米盆栽试验,以玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积、根冠比、干物质重为评价指标,采用SPSS差异显著性分析。试验结果表明:展3叶施肥能显著影响玉米苗期的株高、茎粗、叶面积、干物质积累,其中展3叶施肥处理后的株高分别比展5、6叶施肥处理的株高高9.7cm、12.4cm,达差异显著水平;展3叶与展4叶施肥处理后的茎粗无明显差异,但显著大于展5叶与展6叶施肥处理;通过展3叶施肥处理后的叶面积显著大于展4、5、6叶施肥处理后的叶面积,分别比展4、5、6叶施肥处理大24.65cm2、79.5cm2、84.04cm2,两两比较各处理下的叶面积,差异性达显著水平;在干物质的积累方面,各处理总干重差异显著,其中展3叶施肥与展6叶相比,总干重和根干重均达到极显著水平;而根冠比展5、6叶施肥显著大于展3、4叶施肥。说明不同叶龄施肥是影响玉米苗期生长发育的重要因素之一,其中展3叶为玉米苗期施肥的最佳叶龄。     

氮磷对陇东地区菘蓝生长和产量影响

以菘蓝为材料,研究不同氮磷处理对陇东地区菘蓝生长和产量的影响,以期获得最佳的氮磷施肥量。结果表明:各处理中菘蓝的叶长、叶宽和叶片数在整个生育期均呈现"先增加后减小,再第二次增加"的变化趋势,菘蓝根长和根粗呈现出"先快后慢逐渐增长"的趋势。处理二的叶长和根长最长,分别为33.6 cm和24.4 cm,处理五的叶宽、叶片数和根粗最大,分别为8.6 cm、21.2个和2.16 cm。方差分析表明:除处理二与处理五小区生物产量无差异外,处理二的叶产量和小区生物产量,处理五的根产量为最大,与其他各处理具有显著的差异。处理二的叶产量和小区生物产量分别为0.112 kg和16.77 kg,处理五的根产量为0.056 kg。综合考虑叶和根部产量2个方面,处理五为最佳氮磷施肥量。     

品种和外植体对马铃薯脱毒试管苗生长的影响

采用二因素随机区组试验设计,通过测定苗鲜重、根鲜重、苗干重、根干重、叶片数、株高、茎粗、根长、根条数、节长、节数和叶面积等生长指标,研究了品种和外植体对马铃薯脱毒试管苗生物量,地上部和地下部的影响。研究结果表明:3个不同成熟期品种、3种不同外植体部位对马铃薯单株根鲜重、苗干重、根干重、株高、茎粗、节长和根冠比影响有显著性交互作用(p<0.05),说明不同品种和外植体对马铃薯脱毒试管苗生长发育有直接影响,其余性状受品种和外植体交互作用影响不显著;3个不同成熟期品种马铃薯的苗鲜重、根鲜重、苗干重、根干重、叶片数、茎粗、节长、节数、根冠比和根条数受品种影响显著(p<0.05),其余性状受品种影响不显著;3种不同外植体处理对马铃薯的根鲜重、苗干重、根干重、株高、茎粗、节数、叶面积和根冠比有显著性影响(p<0.05),其余性状受3种外植体的影响不显著。其中,以一个节段转接最有利于马铃薯脱毒试管苗的生长。     

不同密度对棉花根系生长与分布的影响

 利用根钻挖掘法研究了大田条件下6个种植密度对棉花根系生长分布的影响。结果表明：1.5万～8.7万株·hm^-2密度水平根干物质质量密度、根长密度在吐絮之前持续增加,而10.5万株·hm^-2处理在盛铃期后出现下降。在盛蕾期至初花期,棉花根干物质质量密度、根长密度均随种植密度的增加而增大;在盛花期至吐絮初期,根干物质质量密度以3.3万株·hm-2处理最高,3.3万～10.5万株·hm^-2处理根长密度显著高于1.5万株·hm^-2。根系垂直分布结果表明,0～30 cm土层内的根干物质质量和根长分别占所测土体中根量的67.80%～97.44%和54.01%～93.33%。低密度处理（1.5万株·hm^-2、3.3万株·hm^-2）的浅层（0～20 cm）根干物质质量密度和根长密度在盛蕾期均低于其它处理,深层（30～60 cm）根干物质质量密度和根长密度在初花期至盛铃期低于其它处理。吐絮初期,各密度处理根长密度在深层土壤有显著差异。     

秸秆发酵液对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长特性的影响

为了探究秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对玉米幼苗的影响,以40 g/L、50 g/L、60 g/L和70 g/L玉米秸秆-土壤浸出液自然发酵及腐熟剂发酵液为试材,用滤纸培养、盆栽法和常规方法测定种子发芽率、幼苗根长、根数、株高、幼苗鲜重、游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量。结果表明,随发酵液浓度的增加,种子发芽率、根长、根数、根系鲜重、株高、叶片鲜重均先增加后降低的趋势;相同浓度腐熟剂发酵液的上述指标值均大于自然发酵液;其中50 g/L自然发酵和60 g/L腐熟剂发酵液种子发芽率较高;腐熟剂发酵液显著增加幼苗根长;50 g/L腐熟剂发酵液极显著增加根数;各处理对幼苗根鲜重、叶片鲜重和株高无显著影响。50 g/L自然发酵液、60 g/L腐熟剂发酵液根系和叶片游离脯氨酸及丙二醛含量与土壤浸出液无显著差异;总体看,50 g/L自然发酵及60 g/L腐熟剂发酵液对玉米幼苗生长有显著促进作用。玉米秸秆配施腐熟剂发酵可减弱其化感作用,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂时可适当增加秸秆还田量。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...