Assessment of Bacterial and Fungal Aerosol in Different Residential Settings

The concentration and size distribution of bacterial and fungal aerosol was studied in 15 houses. The houses were categorized into three types, based on occupant density and number of rooms: single room in shared accommodation (type I), single bedroom flat in three storey buildings (type II) and two or three bedroomed houses (type III). Sampling was undertaken with an Anderson six-stage impactor during the summer of 2007 in the living rooms of all the residential settings. The maximum mean geometric concentration of bacterial (5,036 CFU/m³, ± 2.5, n?=?5) and fungal (2,124 CFU/m³, ± 1.38, n?=?5) aerosol were in housing type III. The minimum levels of indoor culturable bacteria (1,557 CFU/m³, ±1.5, n?=?5) and fungal (925 CFU/m³, ±2.9, n?=?5) spores were observed in housing type I. The differences in terms of total bacterial and fungal concentration were less obvious between housing types I and II as compared to type III. With reference to size distribution, the dominant stages for culturable bacteria in housing types I, II and III were stage 3 (3.3–4.7 μm), stage 1 (7 μm and above) and stage 5 (1.1–2.1 μm), respectively. Whereas the maximum numbers of culturable fungal spores were recovered from stage 2 (4.7–7 µm), in housing type I, and from stage 4 (2.1–3.3 μm) in both type II and III houses. The average geometric mean diameter of bacterial aerosol was largest in type I (4.7 μm), followed by type II (3.89 μm) and III (1.96 μm). Similarly, for fungal spores, type I houses had the highest average mean geometric diameter (4.5 μm), while in types II and III the mean geometric diameter was 3.57 and 3.92 μm, respectively. The results indicate a wide variation in total concentration and size of bioaerosols among different residential settings. The observed differences in the size distributions and concentrations reflect their variable airborne behaviour and, as a result, different risks of respiratory exposure of the occupants to bioaerosols in various residential settings.     

Microbial Community and Rate of Cellulose Decomposition in Peat Soils in a Mire

A field survey was carried out from April to October, 1992 in the Miyatoko Mire in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, to determine the characteristics of the microbial community and cellulose decomposition rates in the peat soil. A total of 14 study sites were selected, including three types; hummocks (type I), hollows covered with Sphagnum (type II), hollows and streams without Sphagnum (type III). The numbers of fungi (2-1,000×10⁴ CFU g^-1) and bacteria (8.5-9,000 ×10⁵ CFU g^-1) varied with the sites and sampling dates: seasonal fluctuations were especially high in hummocks. The numbers of cellulolytic fungi (4.7-300×;10⁴ CFU g^-1) and cellulolytic bacteria (1.5-9.2×10⁵ CFU g^-1) also differed between sites. Cellulolytic fungi were predominant in the Sphagnum peat of type I, while cellulolytic bacteria were predominant in the peat soil of type III. Decomposition rates of cellulose filter paper for the 6 month period ranged from 0.01 to 0.83, and tended to be higher in the peat of type II than type I.     

Methanotrophic communities in a landfill cover soil as revealed by [13C] PLFAs and respiratory quinones: Impact of high methane addition and landfill leachate irrigation

The soil microbial communities of a landfill cover substrate, which was treated with landfill gas (100 l CH₄ m^?2 d^?1) and landfill leachate for 1.5 years, were investigated by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), ergosterol and respiratory quinone analyses. The natural ¹³C depletion of methane was used to assess the activity of methanotrophs and carbon turnover in the soil system. Under methane addition, the soil microbial community was dominated by PLFAs (14:0 and 16:1 isomers) and quinones (ubiquinone-8 and 18-methylene-ubiquinone-8) related to type I methanotrophs, and 18:1 PLFAs contained in type II methanotrophs. While type I methanotrophic PLFAs were ¹³C depleted, i.e. type I methanotrophs were actively oxidising and assimilating methane, ¹³C depletion of 18:1 PLFAs was low and inconsistent with their abundance. This, possibly reflects isotopic discrimination, assimilation of carbon derived from type I methanotrophs and a high contribution of non-methanotrophic bacteria to the 18:1 isomers. Landfill leachate irrigation caused the methanotrophic community to shift closer to the soil surface. It also decreased 18:1 PLFAs, while type I methanotrophs were probably stimulated. Gram positive bacteria, but not fungi, were also ¹³C depleted and consequently involved in the secondary turnover of carbon originating from methanotrophic bacteria. Cy17:0 PLFA was ¹³C depleted in deep soil layers, indicating anaerobic methane oxidation.     

Losses of Solids,Moisture, Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium,Carbon, and Sulfur from Laying-Hen Manure in Storage Facilities

The losses of total solids, moisture, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), carbon (C), and sulfur (S) were determined in two storage events of laying-hen manure immediately removed from three different housing systems in Iowa, USA. The three laying-hen houses were conventional cage (CC), enriched colony (EC), and aviary (AV). The houses held a nominal number of 200,000, 46,700, and 50,000 Lohmann LSL lite layers, respectively. The manure collected on belts in each house was cleaned out twice a week. A fraction of the cleaned out manure was transferred to designated storage rooms wherein losses of different components were determined in two storage events. Manure was loaded into the storage rooms over 171 days during the first storage event and over 185 days during the second storage event. The total storage periods were 202 and 245 days, respectively, for the first and second storage events. Manure was weighed, sampled, and analyzed before it was loaded into the storage rooms and at the end of each storage event. Mass balance calculations were used to determine the losses of different components. Statistical analyses show that the nutrient contents, on a wet basis, of manure loaded in CC, AV, and EC storage rooms were significantly different due to the differences in manure moisture contents. However, on a dry basis, they had no significant differences. The fresh manure cleaned out from the EC layer house was drier than that from the other two houses. Loaded-in nitrogen losses in the CC, AV, and EC storage rooms were 24.6, 12.9, and 20.8%, respectively. Nitrogen losses depended on house temperature, manure moisture, and pH. The average losses of loaded-in manure mass, moisture, and total solids during the two storage events were 27.6?±?1.9, 33.8?±?8.3, and 20.8?±?7.0%, respectively. The losses of N, P, K, C, and S were 19.4?±?13.4, 11.7?±?5.6, 10.2?±?6.8, 27.0?±?6.5, and 8.3?±?8.5% of their loaded-in amounts, respectively. The total loss of N, P, K, C, and S was 56% of the total loaded-in solids loss; thereof, the loss of N, P, and K was 7%, and C loss was 48%. The laying-hen-specific losses of N, P, K, C, and S were 0.34, 0.05, 0.08, 3.2 and 0.019 g day^?1 hen^?1, respectively. The results of this research are important for assessing impacts of stored manure on environment and nutrient losses. They can also be used to develop methodologies for the mitigation of the emissions from egg production facilities.     

Carbon assimilation and microbial activity in soil

In order to characterise the term microbial ?activity”? three different microbial populations belonging to a luvisol (I), a phaeozem (II) and a rendzina (III) were used for studying kinetic parameters such as substrate affinity, growth rate, yield and turnover time and the metabolic quotient of basal respiration. Glucose was used as a carbon source. Specific growth rate values (μ) varied between 0.0037 and 0.015 h^?1 depending on soil type and glucose concentration and were far below the potential μ_max. The calculated turnover time was 3–11 days, respectively. The yield coefficient was in the range between 0.37 and 0.53. The maximal uptake rate of glucose–C of soil population (II) was 0.041 g C g^?1 biomass-C h^?1. The determined affinity constant (K_m) was 57 μg C g^?1 soil. The affinity to glucose was higher for the glucose-mediated CO₂ evolution with K_m values of 15.2 and 17.5 than for the glucose uptake system itself. The observed qCO₂ values of the basal respiration at temperature increments from 0 to 45° C were almost identical for the soils (I) and (II). The calulated Q₁₀ lay in the range between 1.4 and 2.0.     

Dust and Bioaerosols At a Biosolids Composting Facility

Workers at composting facilities are exposed to organic dusts and bioaerosols. The bioaerosols of major concern are Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) and endotoxin. An evaluation of employee exposure to dust, endotoxin, and A. fumigatus spores was conducted in a totally enclosed biosolids composting facility that composts biosolids with sawdust. Total and respirable dust, endotoxin, and A. fumigatus were measured during several of the major composting activities. Periodic total dust levels exceeded the OSHA PEL standard for nonspecific dust. Endotoxin levels as high as 640 ng/m³ were recorded when piles were torn down. During mixing of biosolids and sawdust, A. fumigatus counts exceeded 6,000 CFU/m³. Based on the data obtained, several mitigation measures were implemented. Evaluation of the facility after the changes were made found that levels of total dust, endotoxin, and A. fumigatus were reduced by 90 percent.     

铅胁迫对黄褐土微生物区系和功能多样性的影响

为了筛选出黄褐土中对铅污染敏感的指示微生物,本研究采用室内培养试验研究不同铅浓度对土壤微生物区系和功能多样性的影响。结果表明,向土壤中添加硝酸铅显著降低了可培养细菌、放线菌和真菌微生物的种群数量,这种抑制作用随着铅浓度的升高而增强,随着培养时间的延长而减弱。铅浓度、细菌、真菌和放线菌数量两两间呈极显著负相关关系。低浓度铅处理（100 mg kg?1）在培养初期（1 d）显著减少了可培养细菌和放线菌的数量,降低率分别为27.43%和30.89%;高浓度铅处理（2500 mg kg?1）在整个培养期内均对真菌数量产生显著抑制作用,且抑制率维持在90%左右。从培养初期到中期（1 ~ 14 d）,随着铅浓度升高土壤微生物群落活性和功能多样性指数显著下降（中浓度铅处理除外）,培养后期（28 d）各个浓度铅处理的土壤微生物的丰富度和优势度均显著增加。与对照、低浓度铅和高浓度铅处理相比,中浓度铅处理（500 mg kg?1）更有利于保持黄褐土较高的微生物的群落代谢活性和功能多样性。本研究中3 种可培养微生物功能群对黄褐土添加硝酸铅的敏感度依次是放线菌,细菌和真菌。研究表明,在黄褐土地区真菌可以用来指示较为严重的土壤铅污染状况,放线菌和细菌可以用来指示铅污染程度较轻的土壤环境状况。     

Microbial S-oxidation in soils exposed to heavy atmospheric pollution

Soils exposed to atmospheric pollution (> 125 SO₂μg m^?3). contained significantly greater numbers of thiobacilli and sulphur-oxidizing fungi than did similar but unpolluted soils. S-Oxidizing heterotrophic bacteria and actinomycetes were, however, infrequently isolated from either polluted or unpolluted soils. Polluted soils contained more fungi (total count) than unpolluted soils but contained fewer heterotrophic bacteria (total count).The distribution of S-oxidizing micro-organisms was closely associated in polluted soils with total S, S₂O^2?₃, S₄O³ amd SO^2?₄ concentrations. These ions increased in concentration below the canopy of polluted sycamore, while soil pH was lower.Rhodanese activity was higher in polluted than in unpolluted soils. The results indicate that microbial S-oxidation is actively occurring in soils exposed to heavy atmospheric pollution.     

Response of the chitinolytic microbial community to chitin amendments of dune soils

 The dynamics of culturable chitin-degrading microorganisms were studied during a 16-week incubation of chitin-amended coastal dune soils that differed in acidity. Soil samples were incubated at normal (5% w/w) and high (15% w/w) moisture levels. More than half of the added chitin was decomposed within 4 weeks of incubation in most soils. This rapid degradation was most likely due to fast-growing chitinolytic fungi (mainly Mortierella spp. and Fusarium spp.) at both moisture levels, as dense hyphal networks of these fungi were observed during the first 4 weeks of incubation. Chitin N mineralization was inhibited by cycloheximide, and fast-growing fungal isolates were capable of rapid chitin decomposition in sterile sand, further suggesting that these fungi play an important role in initial chitin degradation. The strong increase in fast-growing fungi in chitin-amended dune soils was only detected by direct observation. Plate counts and microscopic quantification of stained hyphae failed to reveal such an increase. During the first part of the incubation, numbers of unicellular chitinolytic bacteria also increased, but their contribution to chitin degradation was indicated to be of minor importance. During prolonged incubation, colony forming units (CFU) of chitinolytic streptomycetes and/or slow-growing fungi increased strongly in several soils, especially at the 5% moisture level. Hence, the general trend observed was a succession from fast-growing fungi and unicellular bacteria to actinomycetes and slow-growing fungi. Yet, the composition of chitinolytic CFU over time differed strongly between chitin-amended dune soils, and also between the two moisture levels. These differences could not be attributed to pH, organic matter or initial microbial composition. The possible consequence of such unpredictable variation in microbial community composition for the use of chitin-amendments as a biocontrol measure is discussed. Received: 10 March 1998     

Differenzierte quantitative Erfassung der Nettoammonifikation durch Pilze und Bakterien in Böden unter verschiedenen Pflanzengesellschaften

Determination of ammonification rate by fungi and bacteria in soils with different plant societies. In soil samples of three sites in decidous forests with different plant-ecological and plant-sociological characteristics an attempt was made to determine the contributions of the saprophytic ammonifying fungi and bacteria by selective inhibition and by the use of a special incubation technique. The stimulation of the soil microflora was carried out by the addition of a universal-pepton as an easily degradable organic nitrogen. For the selective inhibition of fungi and bacteria the broad-spectrum antibiotics cycloheximide and streptomycinsulfate were used, which had been tested and found suitable by Anderson and Domsch (1973). The determinations of the produced fractions of inorganic nitrogen were conducted by the use of ion-specific eletrodes. During the short period of incubation lasting for a maximum of 8 hours, feasible for calculation, only the NH,-N-contents of the soil material increased while the contents of NO,-N and NO,-N did not change during this period. The average contributions of the ammonifying soil microflora was calculated as follows: site I 80 %by fungi/20 %by bacteria site II 80 % by fungi/20 % by bacteria site III 65 %by fungi/35 % by bacteria. A relationship between the contributions of ammonifying fungi and bacteria and ecological characteristics of the sites could not be found.     

Spatial distribution of the abundance and activity of the sulfate ester-hydrolyzing microbial community in a rape field

Purpose

Sulfur (S) plays a vital role in plant metabolism, and the detrimental impact of S deficiency in several field crops has increased over the last 30?years. The bio-availability of organic S to plant depends on arylsulfatase (ARS), a key enzyme for S mineralization in soil. In this study, we characterized the spatial variability of ARS activity in an agricultural soil cropped with the rape plant (Brassica napus). Because rape requires relatively large amounts of S per yield unit compared to most grain crops, it is very sensitive to S deprivation similarly to the other plants of the Brassicaceae family, with consequences for seed quality and yield.

Materials and methods

The spatial variability of (a) ARS activity, (b) the abundance of culturable bacteria possessing the ARS, and (c) soil properties (temperature, soil pH, SO ₄ ^2? -S (sulfate-S) content, labile carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), soil microbial biomass carbon SMB-C, and nitrogen SMB-N) was estimated at 40 sites within a rape field, using a 4?×?5-m sampling grid. Geostatistics were used to model the spatial distribution of the measured variables, and relationships between variables were tested using linear statistical analyses.

Results and discussion

The total ARS activity showed a low variability ranging between 69.0 and 153.1???g?p-nitrophenol?g^?1?dry?soil?h^?1 while the abundance of the culturable ARS community ranged within one order of magnitude. The distribution of both the abundance and activity of the ARS community exhibited spatial dependence in 800?m² agricultural field.

Conclusions

The spatial pattern of ARS activity in the field was correlated with several soil properties, and results suggest that soil pH, labile C and N, and SBM-C/SBM-N ratio were the main parameters linked to the ARS activity rather than the abundance of the culturable ARS bacterial community or the SO ₄ ^2? -S concentration.     

Ammonia,Nitrous Oxide,Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions from Commercial Broiler Houses in Mediterranean Portugal

Limited data are available on ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) emissions from poultry housing in Mediterranean countries. The aim of the present study was to assess the NH₃, N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ emission rates from commercial breeding hen and broiler houses under Mediterranean climate conditions. Research was conducted at one commercial breeding hen house and in two commercial broiler houses located in central Portugal. The environmental conditions, gas concentrations and ventilation rates were measured in the cold (8.0?±?2.1 °C) and hot (20.7?±?1.9 °C) season for the breeding hen house, whereas for the two broiler houses, measurements were made during one fattening cycle in the fall (17.3?±?1.7 °C) season. Results showed that the annual average emission rates for breeding hen and broiler houses were 0.52?±?0.27 and 0.06?±?0.01 for NH₃, 0.030?±?0.042 and 0.006?±?0.001 for N₂O, 169.6?±?56.2 and 58.0?±?15.1 for CO₂ and 0.092?±?0.131 and 0.0113?±?0.0002 g day^?1 bird^?1 for CH₄, respectively. The N₂O emission rates observed in breeding hen houses may have been overestimated, being higher than previously reported for Mediterranean countries.     

我国北方40个高产春玉米品种的磷素利用特性

【目的】探明我国北方目前主推高产春玉米品种的磷素利用特性,揭示不同玉米品种磷素积累和转运差异,为磷高效品种的选育提供理论依据。【方法】选用东北区40个不同熟期的高产春玉米品种,在同一环境条件下采用盆栽试验,按照大田60000 plants/hm2种植密度进行摆放。在开花期和生理成熟期,每个品种取样3株,分成根、茎秆、叶片和子粒4部分,测定干物质重;采用钼锑抗比色法测定植株各器官磷含量;依据磷素子粒生产效率(PEPG)划分不同玉米品种的磷效率类型,计算磷素利用特性的相关参数;分析磷素利用特性相关参数与磷素子粒生产效率的关系。【结果】依据磷素子粒生产效率将供试玉米品种划分为4个类型,即磷高效型(Ⅰ)、磷中效型(Ⅱ)、磷低效型(Ⅲ)及磷超低效型(Ⅳ )。其中,Ⅲ型品种最多(45%),Ⅳ型品种最少(5%),Ⅱ型和Ⅰ型品种分别为27.5%和22.5%。在开花前4个类型品种的磷含量及磷素分配比例差异不显著,开花后是产生差异的关键时期。开花期,Ⅳ型品种茎秆的磷素积累量最高(P0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型品种根、茎秆和叶片的磷素积累量差异不显著(P0.05)。成熟期,各器官的磷含量以Ⅳ型品种最高(P0.05);Ⅱ和Ⅲ型品种的子粒磷含量高于Ⅰ型品种(P0.05),但Ⅱ和Ⅲ型品种的子粒磷含量差异不显著(P0.05)。Ⅳ型品种根、茎秆和叶片的磷素积累量和分配比例较高(P0.05),而Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型品种子粒的磷素积累量和分配比例较高(P0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型品种根、茎秆、叶片和子粒的磷素积累量和分配比例无明显差异(P0.05)。4个类型品种中,Ⅳ型品种的磷干物质生产效率(PDMPE)、磷收获指数(PHI)、磷偏生产力(PFP)、磷转移量(PTA)、磷转移效率(PTE)及磷贡献率(PCR)最低(P0.05),Ⅰ和Ⅱ型品种的PFP、PHI、PTA及PTE显著高于Ⅲ型品种(P0.05),但Ⅰ和Ⅱ型品种的差异不显著(P0.05);4个类型品种的磷素吸收效率(PUp E)和磷素农艺效率(PAE)无显著差异(P0.05)。相关和通径分析表明,磷素干物质生产效率和粒重与磷素子粒生产效率呈显著正相关。【结论】我国北方目前主推的大部分高产春玉米为磷低效型品种;磷高效型品种在生育后期向子粒分配的磷素比例较多,而磷超低效型品种向根、茎秆和叶片分配的磷素比例较多;较高粒重和磷素干物质生产效率是磷高效型品种的基本特征。     

克螟稻秸秆cry1Ab基因表达产物对土壤生物学活性的影响

通过实验室条件下的秸秆还土试验 ,比较了转基因克螟稻及其亲本稻秸秆对土壤各微生物生理群的数量、土壤酶活性以及土壤呼吸强度的影响差异。与亲本对照相比 ,转基因克螟稻秸秆的添加对土壤好氧性细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量没有显著性影响 ;土壤氨化细菌、自生固氮菌和纤维素降解菌的数量在培养中期有些差异 ,但差异并不持续 ;对土壤蛋白酶、中性磷酸酶、脲酶和土壤呼吸强度没有显著性影响 ;土壤脱氢酶对转基因克螟稻秸秆的添加极其敏感。转基因克螟稻秸秆处理土壤中脱氢酶的活性在培养的前 9周明显地高于非转基因秸秆处理土壤 (p <0 0 5 )。尽管如此 ,培养 63d后 ,两种秸秆处理土壤脱氢酶活性差异逐渐消失。试验结果表明 ,转Bt基因克螟稻秸秆中的cry1Ab蛋白对土壤可培养的微生物没有明显的毒害作用     

Phosphorus enrichment helps increase soil carbon mineralization in vegetation along an urban-to-rural gradient,Nanchang, China

We used four vegetation types located along an urban–suburban–rural gradient in Nanchang, China to study how the deposition of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the urban area affected soil carbon (C) cycling. We found that total P, nitrate (NO₃⁻–N), available P, and the abundances of culturable bacteria, actinobacteria, and nitrifying bacteria in soils, collected to 15 cm depth in August of 2008, decreased along the urban-to-rural gradient (P < 0.05); the C/P and N/P ratios, ammonium (NH₄⁺–N), and culturable fungi abundance showed the reverse trends; whereas soil organic C, total N, C/N, mineral N, and the activities of sucrase and neutraland acid phosphatase showed no pattern with gradient and vegetation type. Compared to suburban and rural sites, total and available P in soil increased 168% and 131%, 47% and 139%, respectively in urban sites. The cumulative amount of CO₂ emission per gram of soil (C_min, incubated from 2 to 43 days) varied little along the urban-to-rural gradient, but showed positive correlations with organic C, total N, total P, nitrate, mineral N concentrations, C/N, bacteria and actinobacteria abundances, sucrase and acid phosphatase activities. In contrast, the cumulative amount of CO₂ produced per gram organic C (C_min/OC) within the incubation period was influenced by gradient, vegetation type, and their interaction, and values were about 35% greater in the urban than in suburban and rural sites. The relationship between elevated C_min/OC in urban vegetations and the enrichment of P in organic matter (P/C ratio) suggests that P coming from urban household waste can degrade the stability of organic C in urban soils.     

Sawdust: Cost Effective Scavenger for the Removal of Chromium(III) Ions from Aqueous Solutions

Cr(III) ions sorption onto sawdust of spruce (Picea smithiana) has been studied thoroughly using radiotracer technique. Maximum sorption (94%) of Cr(III) ions (8.98×10^?5 M) onto sorbent surface is achieved from deionized water in 20 min agitation time using 200 mg of sawdust. The sorption data followed the Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Langmuir isotherms. Freundlich constants l/n = 0.86 ± 0.07 and C _e = 85.0 ± 25.8 mmole g^?1 have been estimated. Sorption capacity, X _m = 0.82± 0.3 mmole g^?1, β = ?0.00356± 0.00017 kJ² mole^?2 and energy, E = 11.9± 0.3 kJ mole^?1 have been evaluated using D-R isotherm. The Langmuir constants Q = 5.8± 0.2 μmole g^?1 and b = (7.4± 0.5)×10⁴ dm³ mole^?1 have been calculated. The variation of sorption with temperature yields thermodynamic parameters Δ H = ?11.6± 0.3 kJ mole^?1, Δ S = ?16.2± 0.9 J mole^?1 K^?1 and Δ G = ?6.8± 0.3 kJ mole^?1 at 298 K. The negative value of enthalpy and free energy reflect the exothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption respectively. Among the anions studied oxalate, citrate, carbonate and borate have reduced the sorption. The cations Y(III), Ce(II) and Ca(II) suppressed sorption. The sawdust column can be used to separate Cr(III) ion from Cs(I), I(I),Tc (VII) and Se (IV).     

有机物料和氧化钙对连作花生土壤微生物与酶活性及产量的影响

  目的  研究复合肥分别配施商品有机肥、含腐殖酸有机水溶肥、氧化钙等对连作花生土壤可培养微生物数量、土壤酶活性、土壤养分含量及花生植株生长、荚果产量的影响,为连作花生合理施肥提供理论依据。  方法  在连作3年的花生田块,以施用复合肥600 kg hm?2（T0）为对照,分别在此基础上设置增施600 kg hm?2商品有机肥（T1）、75 L hm?2含腐殖酸有机水溶肥（T2）、600 kg hm?2氧化钙（T3）等3个施肥处理,测定不同施肥方式下连作花生土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性、土壤养分含量、花生植株长势及荚果产量。  结果  与单施复合肥相比,增施有机物料（T1,T2）能够显著提升全生育期下连作花生田块可培养微生物总数量,并使得成熟期土壤可培养细菌数量与可培养真菌数量比值由48.59（T0）分别提升至58.93（T1）和59.94（T2）,缓解土壤向“真菌性”转变,显著提高土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量,促进花生植株生长,提高荚果产量。两种有机物料间比较,含腐殖酸有机水溶肥（T2）效果更佳,荚果增产达11.17%。増施氧化钙后,花生全生育期下土壤各项指标对照差异基本不显著,但花生植株仍表现出百果重、出仁率显著增加,荚果产量提升了5.12%。  结论  以复合肥配施含腐殖酸有机水溶肥（T2）对花生连作障碍缓解效果最佳,该施肥条件下,连作花生土壤微生物活力、土壤酶活性、土壤养分含量及花生荚果产量提高最为显著。     

Differentiation and geographical distribution of β-amylase isozyme in barley

This study reports on the investigation of the polymorphism and geographical distribution of -amylase isozymes by isoelectric-focusing (IEF) analysis in samples of world barley. The isozyme pattern of high thermostability type A and low thermostability type C varieties was restricted in isozyme type II. However, the isozyme pattern of the middle thermostability type B varieties was polymorphic. The -amylase isozyme of 1,554 lines of the middle thermostability group was investigated next. Besides types I and II, new isozyme types III and IV were observed. Most lines were grouped into type II in all growing areas, except for Europe where type I and type II were even in number. Types III and IV were observed in only one line in India and Afghanistan, respectively. In Northern Europe, especially in Denmark, type I was major. It was concluded that a mutant IEF isozyme type I originated from the type II prototype of the thermostability B group in Northern Europe.     

Determination of ecophysiological maintenance carbon requirements of soil microorganisms in a dormant state

Summary An experimental approach was attempted for determining the maintenance carbon requirements of the dormant microbial biomass of two agricultural soils (I, II) and one, forest soil (III). The amount of carbon needed for preventing microbial-C loss during incubation expressed as coefficient m (mg glucose-C·mg^-1 biomass-C·h^-1) was 0.00031, 0.00017 and 0.00017 h^-1 at 28°C and 0.000043, 0.000034 and 0.000016 h^-1 at 15°C for soils I, II and III, respectively. Depending on the temperature, the determined m values of the dormant population were two to three orders of magnitude below known values from pure cultures or m values of metabolically activated biomasses under in situ conditions. Corresponding microbial-C loss quotients were comparable to the observed maintenance coefficients but were always above m.The metabolic quotient q for CO₂ (mg CO₂-C·mg^-1 biomass-C·h^-1) of the dormant populations in the three soils tested was at q = 0.0018 h^-1 (22°C) one order of magnitude below metabolically activated cells but did not correspond to the low maintenance values determined, which implies that in addition to possible utilization of native soil organic matter dormant biomasses must largely have an endogenously derived respiratory activity.