当前农村动物防疫工作中存在的问题及对策

近年来,重大动物疫病频繁发生,给养殖业造成严重损失。动物疫病的防治已成了当前畜牧业能否健康发展的关键,这不仅关系到养殖业发展、农民增收,而且关系到人民健康安全和社会稳定。针对当前疫病的发展形势以及当前农村动物防疫工作中存在的诸多问题,建立健全动物防疫体系追在眉睫、刻不容缓。如何做好动物疫病防治,建立健全动物疫病防治长效机制,加强动物防疫体系建设（尤其村级防疫队伍的建设）是当前相关部门急需探讨和解决的问题。     

博白县动物防疫工作现状调查与思考

动物防疫,是指动物疫病的预防、控制、扑灭、动物和动物产品的检疫.加强基层动物防疫队伍建设,建立健全动物防疫体系,制定并组织实施动物疫病防治规划,是政府领导及动物防疫工作者应尽的责任.近年来,博白县养殖场的规模和养殖密度在不断增大,一些养殖业主片面追求短期效益,不注意动物防疫工作,不重视动物养殖环境的维护,加上动物防疫体系还不完善,国外动物疫病的侵入和国内动物疫病的复杂化,严重制约了博白县养殖业的发展.随着城乡居民对无公害、安全动物产品需求的呼声越来越高,突现了抓好动物防疫工作的重要性.然而,笔者在深入调查中发现目前动物防疫工作中存在的一些问题,严重影响动物防疫工作的开展,如何妥善解决这些问题,是确保我县动物防疫有序进行的重要保证.     

动物防疫技术支持体系的现状及对策

1我国动物防疫技术支持体系现状作为国家兽医防疫管理体系的重要组成部分,技术支持体系承担着非常重要,且项目繁多的职能,是重大动物疫病(包括外来病)的跟踪监测、控制、扑灭和认证、紧急疫情应急反应、市场准入和风险评估等多项工作的技术依托。1998年以来,国家投入几十亿元资金,用于动物防疫基础设施建设。全国有23个省实施了无规定动物疫病建设工程,重点在6个省建设了无规定动物疫病区示范区,初步实现疫病的区域化管理;在西部省份建设的动物防疫、冷链体系以及在中东部畜牧主产省的动物防疫基础设施建设,基本解决了市、县级防疫基础设施…     

当前农村动物防疫工作中存在的问题及对策

近年来,高致病性禽流感、口蹄疫、高致病性猪蓝耳病等重大动物疫病频繁发生,给畜牧养殖业造成严重损失。动物疫病的防治已成了当前畜牧业能否健康发展的关键,这不仅关系到养殖业发展和农民增收,而且关系到人民健康安全和社会稳定。针对当前疫病的发展形式以及当前农村动物防疫工作中存在的诸多问题,建立健全动物防疫体系迫在眉睫、刻不容缓。如何做好动物疫病防治,建立健全动物疫病防治长效机制,加强动物防疫体系建设（尤其农村基层防疫队伍的建设）是当前相关部门急需探讨和解决的问题。     

稳定队伍抓防疫强化措施保安全

多年来,我市一直十分重视重大动物疫病防治工作,狠抓体系建设,创新队伍管理,加强组织领导,落实防检措施,动物防疫工作取得了扎实进展,为保障全市畜牧业健康、稳定发展和人民群众生命健康作出了积极贡献。先后被列为国家无规定动物疫病示范区、国家动物防疫示范区,被评为全国动物防疫先进县(市)。1切实加强领导,稳定兽医队伍,提高重大动物疫病防治组织化程度近年来,我市市委、市政府高度重视重大动物疫病防治工作,把重大动物疫病防治工作不但作为畜牧业发展的一项重点工作,而且作为影响全市经济发展的一项重点工作来抓,主要领导亲自过问动物…     

嘉峪关市动物防疫工作的思考

动物疫病防控工作是促进畜牧业可持续健康发展的基础,近年来,随着环境和气候的不断变化,国内外禽流感、口蹄疫等重大动物疫病时有发生,直接威胁广大人民群众的身体健康和生命财产安全.特别是今年人感染H7N9禽流感以来给养殖业和社会正常的生产生活秩序带来严重的负面影响,成为事关公共卫生安全的政治问题,备受关注.因此做好新形势下我市重大疫病的防控,完善与加强基层动物防疫体系建设,对于维护社会和谐稳定、促进农民持续增收具有十分重要的意义.     

经济欠发达地区动物防疫工作探索

江苏省响水县地处黄海之滨，是苏北经济欠发达地区。近年来，由于乡镇农技推广体系出现公益性与经营性职能不分、人员结构不合理、人员工资待遇得不到保障等问题，乡镇动物防疫体系出现线断、网破、人散的局面，如何开展重大动物疫病防治工作成为困扰乡镇政府的一大难题。我县黄圩镇立足自身，大胆探索，创新机制，采取扎实措施，     

淳安县基层动物防疫体系的建设与管理

基层动物防疫体系是畜牧业支持保护体系的重要组成部分,建立完善基层动物防疫体系,是推进基层防疫管理,做好动物防疫工作,控制和扑灭重大动物疫病,促进畜牧业持续健康快速发展的重要保证。近年来,淳安县有关部门十分重视基层动物防疫体系建设与管理,取得了可喜成果。     

动物防疫工作中存在的问题

随着社会经济的发展,人民生活水平的提高,畜牧业健康发展越来越成为人们关注的焦点.近年来,高致病性禽流感、口蹄疫等重大动物疫情,不仅影响着畜牧业的发展,也影响着政府声誉、社会稳定.所以,动物重大疫病的防治工作,引起了国家的高度重视,也相应出台一些法律、法规来规范重大动物疫病的防治工作,从而达到保护人民身体健康,促进畜牧业发展的目的.要达到这一目标,工作重心必须下移到基层,只有基层的养殖单元预防工作扎实有效,才能保证目标的实施.《动物防疫法》第五条规定的动物疫病实行预防为主的方钎,才得以最终体现.现在虽按冀政办[2003]35号文的要求完成了乡镇防检站的建设,每站定编定员4～6名,每站辖2～3个乡.但面对如此大的工作量,单凭各驻乡（镇）的动物防疫监督分站来完成,有很大困难.所以,完善县、乡、村防疫网络是当前防疫工作中的重点,村级协助员又是关键.笔者就动物防疫工作谈几点个人看法：     

试论基层动物防疫体系建设的现状与对策

本文对我县兽医体制改革和动物防疫体系建设进行了调查研究,从现状、存在的问题等方面进行探讨分析,提出以后的整改措施,从而更好地为重大动物疫病的防控服务。     

Anaesthesia and analgesia of the donkey and the mule

The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.     

The behavior and the husbandry conditions of small laboratory animals--possibilities and limits of the evaluation of the appropriateness and fairness of the treatment of animals

Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes.     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

貉,蓝狐,银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞形态分布的研究

本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。     

Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse

The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively.     

Conduction velocities and reflexes of the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve of the dog

The maximal conduction velocities of compound-action potentials in the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through needle electrodes. Antidromic, triphasic compound-action potentials unipolarly recorded from the distal part of the saphenous nerve were of the same minimal latency as potentials having 4 phases which were recorded bipolarly from the same site. However, the unipolarly recorded potentials were of greater amplitude. Monophasic compound-action potentials were recorded through bipolar chlorided silver electrodes from the surface of fascicles of the distal part of the saphenous nerve. The maximal conduction velocity of these potentials was in agreement with the conduction velocity of compound-action potentials of the distal part of the saphenous nerve which were evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The specificities of the stimulating and recording sites were verified by recording before and after the saphenous nerve was cut between the stimulating and recording sites. Mean conduction velocities were 62.3 +/- 2.0 m/s for the distal part of the saphenous nerve and 66.3 +/- 2.2 m/s for the proximal part of the saphenous nerve. Reflex-evoked muscle activity was elicited in the ipsilateral tensor muscle of the fascia lata and semimembranous muscle after electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The effects of various stimulus intensities on the latency and duration of these reflex-evoked muscle potentials were determined.