锡林河流域天然草地生态系统服务价值评价

锡林河流域天然草地是我国北方重要的生态保护屏障,其关键的地理位置和独特的生境条件使其具有十分重要的生态意义和经济价值。本研究根据草地的产草量和退化程度将锡林河流域天然草地划分成5个等级,利用Costanza的生态系统服务功能评价的基本思路和方法,对锡林河流域天然草地生态系统服务价值进行了评估:首先分别计算每一等级草地单位面积的各项生态系统服务功能的服务价值,然后求和得到该流域草地的总服务价值。结果表明,锡林河流域草地生态系统每年的服务价值为76.154×108元。受各级草场的生产量和放牧强度的综合影响,健康程度不同的各等级天然草地的单位面积生态系统服务功能的价值存在着很大差异,从第1级草地到第5级草地,单位面积服务价值比重从38.1%下降到4.8%。参考国际、国内和锡林浩特当地3种不同的生态系统服务单价,通过计算得出这3种不同空间尺度下锡林河流域天然草场生态系统服务价值分别为:88.199×108,76.154×108和14.236×108元/年,并且各项服务功能在总价值中所占的比例也随空间尺度的不同而不同。以气体调节为例,服务价值的比重分别占3.7%,11.0%和7.9%,这说明生态系统服务功能的价值与空间尺度有关。     

青海天然草地生态系统服务功能价值评价

利用生态系统服务价值当量因子表和最新草地资源调查数据,对青海天然草地生态系统服务功能价值进行初步评价,结果表明:青海天然草地的生态服务功能总价值为4068.03×108元/a,其中气候调节、气体调节、水源涵养、土壤形成与保护、废物处理和生物多样性维持等6项生态因子的服务价值合计为3848.90×108元/a,占天然草地生态服务功能总价值的94.62%。生态环境严酷的高寒类草地组生态服务价值为3544.33×108元/a,对青海天然草地生态服务功能的贡献率达87.12%,合理利用此类草地对青海生态环境保护极为重要。     

新疆草地生态系统服务功能与价值初步评价

对新疆草地生态系统的主要功能进行调查,重点估算了新疆草地生态系统不同服务功能和类型的生态价值。计算结果显示,新疆草地生态系统2003年提供的总服务价值为71.32×108美元。从草地各类功能价值看,草地的经济功能价值仅为21.26%,远低于草地的生态价值。从新疆草地类型看,温性荒漠草原、温性荒漠和低平地草甸是新疆草地的主体类型,占58%以上,而其贡献率为43.17%;低平地草甸提供的生态服务价值最高,占30.20%;沼泽和温性草甸草原虽然单位面积服务价值很高,但在草地生态系统中所占的地位很低。这些结论体现了新疆草地生态系统的特殊性及开发和保护的潜力。     

山西省京津风沙源治理工程草地生态系统服务价值评估

为了评价京津风沙源治理工程草地建设项目所涉及到的山西省13个县区,2006年前完成的基本草地、人工种草、草种基地、飞播牧草、围栏封育等草地生态系统的服务价值。依据学者提出的9种生态服务功能,结合生物量因子等校正,对京津风沙源治理工程草地建设项目所涉及到的山西省草地生态系统的服务价值进行评估。京津风沙源治理工程中,建植或恢复的草地植被,能够为13个县区带来0.754~2.493×108元/a的生态系统服务价值,从提供的生态系统服务价值的构成来看,从高到低依次为:废物处理、土壤形成与保护、食物生产、气候调节、生物多样性保护、水源涵养、气体调节、原材料、娱乐文化,各自所占的比例分别为22.9%、22.0%、13.0%、12.8%、11.0%、9.0%、7.8%、1.3%、0.2%。京津风沙源治理工程总计可为山西省产生2.338×109元/a的生态系统服务价值。     

基于LUCC的甘肃省农牧交错带生态系统服务价值评估及时空演变特征研究

为理清土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响效应，基于甘肃省农牧交错带2000、2010、2020年3个时期的土地利用/覆盖变化（LUCC）数据，运用改进的当量因子定量评估甘肃省农牧交错带生态系统服务价值，结合空间自相关分析法探究各乡镇级单位生态系统服务价值变化的时空格局演变特征。结果显示：1)2000-2020年甘肃省农牧交错带土地利用类型主要以草地、耕地、林地为主，其中，草地、林地和建设用地面积增加，而耕地和湿地面积减少。2)2000-2020年甘肃省农牧交错带生态系统服务总价值增加了11.2358×108元，调节服务在各时期占主导地位，水文调节和气候调节生态系统服务价值较大，草地和林地在维持水文调节和气候调节服务价值方面作用重大，是维持甘肃省农牧交错带生态系统服务总价值的关键土地利用类型。3）地均生态系统服务价值（ESV）呈较强的空间正相关性，在空间上整体表现为显著的集聚分布格局，高值集聚区和低值集聚区的空间演变保持平稳。研究结果可为甘肃省农牧交错带制定科学合理的生态保护政策、建立生态保护修复的长效机制提供科学依据。     

基于MODIS数据的中国草地生态体系价值估算研究

在传统的草原生态系统价值估算的基础上,利用遥感技术,以谢高地等人计算出来的各种草地类型单位面积价值量为经济参数,利用2003年MODIS数据估算的中国草原生态系统服务价值约折合US$311.48×108,并从草地类型和省区等角度分别进行区域分析,表明我国草原生态系统服务价值呈现出农牧交错带较高且逐渐向牧区递减的特征,说明牧区草原生态系统退化比较严重,草原生态功能保护意识需要进一步加强。     

蚕桑生态系统服务功能价值的初步评估

蚕桑生态系统服务功能价值评价对全面认识蚕桑产业价值,促进农业环境与生态系统保护具有重要意义。构成蚕桑生态系统服务功能的指标有:原材料的提供、涵养水源、土壤保护、吸收固定二氧化碳和释放氧气、废物处理、基因种质资源的保护、休闲、文化等8个类型。根据基础数据的可获得性,采用使用市场价值法、影子工程法、替代成本法、机会成本法等,初步定量评价了我国蚕桑生态系统5项服务功能经济价值。结果表明:我国蚕桑生态系统5类服务功能每年的总价值是435.72×108元,蚕桑生态系统每年提供原材料、涵养水源、土壤保护、吸收固定二氧化碳和释放氧气以及废物处理的价值分别为:8.74×108元、2.58×108元、114.34×108元、296.7×108元、13.36×108元。     

西藏草地资源价值及退化损失评估

用4类共13个指标评估了西藏草地资源的价值,并根据草地资源退化速率评估了草地价值年损失量.结果表明,西藏草地资源的价值为1080.33×108元·a-1,包括:调节功能价值884.4989×108元·a-1(81.87%);实物提供价值173.2957×108元·a-1(16.04%);支持功能价值18.6253×108元·a-1(1.72%);旅游功能价值3.91×108元·a-1(0.36%).其中,调节功能的价值由6项组成(空气质量调节未计算),依大小次序排列为土壤碳累积、蓄水、营养物质循环、土壤保持、废弃物降解和养分归还.总体来看,草地资源的文化功能和支持功能有待进一步发展.西藏草地资源的总价值(现值)为11883.63亿元,退化损失的价值为2376.726亿元,年草地资源退化损失价值为297.091亿元.     

青海省海南州天然草地生态系统服务功能价值评估

利用谢高地等人对草地生态系统服务功能价值估算方法,以草地类估算了青海省海南州各类天然草地生态系统服务功能价值,结果表明：温性草原类为5270．68元／hm^2．a,温性荒漠草原类为2914．90元／hm^2．a,高寒草原类为5023．19．TL／hm^2．a,温性荒漠类为2666．70元L／hm^2．a,低地草句类12527．01元／hm^2．a,高寒草甸类8744．10元／hm^2．a,全州草地生态系统每年的服务功能价值为226．93×10^8元／a。     

拉萨河谷山地灌丛草地生态系统服务价值评价——以拉萨达孜县为例

以拉萨河谷地区达孜县为例,运用市场价值法、替代工程法、影子价格法等方法对山地灌丛草地生态系统生产产品、固定CO2、释放O2、涵养水分、维持营养循环等服务功能进行计算。结果表明,达孜县山地灌丛草地生态系统各项服务功能的总价值为265.03万元/a,各项服务功能的价值依次为：产品价值45.60万元/a（17.20%）、固定CO2价值83.80万元/a（31.62%）、释放O2价值113.33万元/a（42.76%）、涵养水分价值13.16万元/a（4.97%）、营养循环价值9.14万元/a（3.45%）。由此可知,达孜县山地灌丛草地生态系统提供了巨大的生态服务,其释放O2的服务功能尤为突出。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.