辽宁朝阳凤凰山剖面古土壤序列土壤发育特征研究

通过对形态特征、矿质元素含量变化及分布特征、元素的淋溶(或聚积)状况、土壤发育指标等进行分析,探讨了辽宁朝阳凤凰山剖面古土壤序列的土壤发育特征和发育程度。研究结果表明,在凤凰山古土壤剖面中,自地表向下至19.85 m范围内,除现代土壤层S0(0～108 cm)外,还可划分出9个土壤地层,包括5层黄土(L1～L5)和4层古红土(S1～S4)。所有这些土壤地层都是发育在风积粉尘母质上的古土壤,形成时间介于71～423 ka B.P.之间。古土壤的发生与成土母质(粉尘)的沉积同步进行,发育成红色还是黄色的古土壤决定于不同的成土环境条件和粉尘沉积速率的相对大小。在凤凰山古土壤序列中,各层古红土比各层黄土质古土壤经受了更强的风化和淋溶作用,古红土发育程度明显强于黄土质古土壤。5层黄土质古土壤比较,土壤发育程度最弱的是L1层,最强的是L5层;比较4层古红土的发育程度,最弱的是S2层。纵观凤凰山古土壤序列,各个发育不同程度的古土壤交错排列,说明当地成土环境(气候)在423～71 ka B.P.间经过多次波动变化。     

北京地区红黏土碱性特征及其成因分析

以北京地区非碳酸盐母质上发育的2个红黏土剖面为研究对象,其微形态结构特征、剖面理化性质结果显示:土壤形成于古时湿热气候条件下,已基本脱钙,母质本身也不含有碳酸盐,但却表现中性至微碱性、土体内残存有微量的Ca CO3、交换性盐基离子以Ca2+为主、盐基高度饱和的碱性特征。这种碱性特征是由于现代黄土降尘所带来的碳酸盐参与到成土过程中造成的。土壤是成土因素综合作用下的产物,随着成土因素与成土过程的不断变化,应从动态发展的角度去认识和理解土壤发生学理论,才能够正确的解释土壤成土过程与土壤特性的形成原因。     

磁化率—沉积、成土作用环境的指示剂

本文阐述了半干旱农牧交错带玄武岩和沙质沉积物上发育的栗钙土的剖面磁化率特征。从它与母质、土壤剖面深度、土壤容重、全铁含量 ,以及与砂粒含量之间的关系表明磁化率是沉积、成土作用环境和土壤发育的良好指示剂     

黄土高原褐土和黑垆土剖面中Rb和Sr分布与全新世成土环境变化

对黄土高原 3个土壤剖面Rb和Sr分布规律的研究表明 ,全新世不同阶段的黄土和土壤中Rb和Sr分布存在明显的差异 ,Rb/Sr比值的变化反映了成土环境和成土作用强度的变化。全新世早期 ,气候比较温和干燥 ,风尘堆积速率降低 ,土壤发育表现为边沉积边成土 ;全新世中期 ,气候温暖湿润 ,沙尘暴很少发生 ,风尘堆积速率极低 ,生物风化成土作用达到最强 ,以至于在黄土高原面发育黑垆土 ,在关中盆地形成褐土。到了 3 10 0多年前 ,气候恶化变干 ,风尘堆积速率加快 ,土壤严重退化。从区域上看 ,冬季风对黄土高原南部的环境效应比夏季风对北部的环境效应要强 ;黄土高原南部季风场强的变化较北部大。     

黄淮海平原晚第四纪古土壤

本文运用孢子花粉,古生物化石和放射性碳断代等手段,从土壤剖面层段的特征,土壤年龄和环境变化方面证明,分布于黄淮海平原的变性土不是现代土壤,而是古土壤,该古土壤自晚新世晚期以来经历了三次沉积－成土作用旋回,其土壤发育程度较弱,且是由钙质结核土层,暗色土层,表土层和（或）淤土层组成的一个叠置型古土壤。     

试论中国黄土高原土壤与环境

本文仅就黄土高原的土壤和古土壤与环境变迁的轨迹,也就是从黄土沉积和黄土层性质的特殊性入手来剖析一下土壤性征所能反映的生物气候信息,提供一鳞半爪的事实,以期对当前某些学术观点的对立,有所缓和.主要内容:(1)特殊的沉降方式形成特殊的成土母质;(2)特殊的成土母质进行着特殊的成壤过程;(3)特殊的成壤过程形成特殊的土被结构;(4)特别强调土壤形成过程中的生物反馈作用以及提出对有机物的积累和腐解、矿化等方面的新见解,并用事实验证了黄土高原土壤中粘粒胶膜的出现既不是粘粒淋淀又不是土体原位风化而纯系植物尤其草木植物根系的原地腐解、矿化为简单的矿质后再在有利的条件下,经过一定的时段形成新的粘土矿物.     

河南省成土母质与土壤空间分布多样性的特征

成土母质作为土壤发育的主要形成因素,二者间的关系密切。选取河南省作为研究区,从多样性的角度运用经典的仙农熵测度方法分析成土母质和土壤要素的构成组分多样性、不同母质基础上各土壤分类级别的多样性特征,并运用改进的仙农熵公式研究5 km×5 km网格尺度下不同成土母质对土类空间分布离散程度的影响及不同成土母质和土壤的空间分布多样性特征和相关性。结果表明:(1)成土母质类型虽少,但其构成组分多样性高于土类,这与二者分类系统的分支率有关;(2)6类母质类型中,残积、坡积物母质面积最大且发育土壤类型最为复杂;15种土壤类型与6类母质之间的关系有一对多、一对一和多对一3种类型;(3)不同母质上发育的土类的空间分布离散性程度不同,残积、坡积物母质上分布的优势土类为粗骨土,河流冲积物和河湖相沉积物母质上的优势土类分别是潮土和砂姜黑土,洪积物和黄土与红土母质上发育较好的两种土类为黄褐土和褐土,风积物母质上仅发育了风砂土一种土类;(4)潮土和河流冲积物母质分别是是河南省面积最大、空间分布多样性值最高的土类类型和成土母质类型,且成土母质与土类空间分布多样性间存在不同程度的相关性。综上,河南省的6大类成土母质与15种土类的构成组分多样性和空间分布离散性程度存在差异,且二者的空间分布多样性间存在一定的相关性。     

发育于晚更新世成都“褐色黏土”的土壤发生学特征及其环境响应

探究现代气候环境下古沉积地层上土壤发生学特征,对丰富古土壤学理论具有重要意义。以成都"褐色黏土"发育的土壤为研究对象,采集土壤样本,测定其粒度组成、磁化率、常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素等理化性质,探讨了晚更新世土壤理化性质特征及其与环境变化的关系。结果表明:表层土壤的粒度组成、粒径分布特征与其下伏母质一致,现代气候环境下成土作用对颗粒改造不明显,不同土壤剖面间粒度特征存在的差异是母质沉积时期环境差异决定的;成都"褐色黏土"磁化率较低,而其上发育的土壤磁化率相对较高,表明现代成土环境对磁化率有增大作用;元素地球化学特征表明成都"褐色黏土"具有较强的风化强度,表生环境对母质CIA值及稀土元素分馏特征影响不明显,但硅铝铁率和微量元素Sr、Ba对现代环境具有较强的响应。     

黄土区土壤腐殖物质的化学性质及其与成土条件的关系

土壤腐殖质是土壤发生、发育的结果,是土壤区别于成土母质的主要标志。特定的生物气候条件(以及其它成土条件)形成特定的土壤类型,也形成具有特定性质的土壤腐殖质。因此,研究土壤中腐殖物质的组成、特性可以在一定程度上估计土壤生物活动的强弱与成土过程的趋向,从而为土壤分类提供重要的依据。     

甘肃东部地区黑垆土的发育演化模式与发生学特性的时空差异

本文研究了甘肃东部(亦称陇东)黄土塬区黑垆土的发育演化模式及成土速率与成土作用强度的时空变异规律。提出黑垆土叠加剖面的形成依次经历了古土壤发育、新冰期黄土粉尘堆积覆盖、人类耕作堆肥熟化三个阶段。埋藏古土壤普遍形成于距今7500-3500年高温期的温湿草原环境中,南部粘化黑垆土带还存在距今约13800-7500年的古土壤发育阶段,但此时的成土速率比中全新世小。同一阶段的成土速率和成土作用的强度南部比北部大。在新冰期(距今约3000-2500年)中黄土粉尘的加速堆积,是古土壤层被掩埋以及形成覆盖层的直接原因。具有普遍性的人为耕作熟化是在全新世黄土覆盖层上进行的,黑垆土剖面中不可能普遍存在古耕层。     

李家岗下蜀黄土剖面的反射光谱研究

采用色度学方法,系统研究了下蜀黄土典型剖面的反射光谱特征。结合磁化率、微量元素Ｒｂ、Ｓｒ的含量和比值,讨论了色度参数的古气候意义,初步把下蜀黄土形成以来的古气候划分为３个波动旋回。下蜀黄土和黄土高原色度参数的对比,揭示了长江中下游地区更强的化学风化作用和成壤强度。     

New insights on the loess/paleosol Quaternary stratigraphy from key sections in the U.S. Midwest

Three key Quaternary loess/paleosol sections were examined in the Missouri Valley (Iowa), Eustis Ash Pit (Nebraska), and in the Wittsburg Quarry (Arkansas) to gain insights into the sedimentation, environment and climate change of the U.S. Midwest. Four loess units are present separated by three well-developed paleosols. Crowley's Ridge Loess (Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 8) is pre-Illinoian in age, and is the oldest loess unit investigated. A well-developed paleosol, interpreted as Yarmouth Soil (OIS 7), is found in this loess in all three sections. Overlying the Yarmouth Soil is Loveland Loess (OIS 6) which has been pedogenically altered by the Sangamon Soil (OIS 5). It has luvisolic properties but a more clayey pedogenic texture than modern luvisols and has no clear eluvial horizon. The overlying Roxana Silt (OIS 4) is pedogenically altered. At Wittsburg and Missouri Valley, the Farmdale Soil (OIS 3) is developed in the Roxana Silt. Based on pedogenic features, we correlate this paleosol to that developed in the Gilman Canyon Formation at Eustis. In Missouri Valley and Eustis sections, the paleosol has chernozemic properties and therefore, the gleyic features observed at Missouri Valley are interpreted as later alterations. Overlying the Farmdale Soil is the widespread Peoria Loess (OIS 2).     

High-resolution studies of the oldest cultivated soils in the southern Loess Plateau of China

The Holocene loess–soil sequence on the Chinese Loess Plateau constitutes an excellent record of evolution of soil formation, monsoonal climate, eolian dust accumulation and influences of arable farming of over 8000 years. A high-resolution soil profile on the Zhouyuan loess tableland to the west of Xi'an was studied using particle-size analysis, measurement of magnetic susceptibility, total Fe, TOC and CaCO₃. The results provide new insights into the roles of eolian dust deposition and human impact of cultivation on soil development in this environmentally sensitive zone. Several loess layers are found interbedded with cinnamon soils in the profile. This has been caused by changes in rainfall and intensity of dust deposition that is forced by changes in balance between the northwest continental monsoon and southeast maritime monsoon of East Asia during the Holocene. The processes of soil formation were interrupted several times by intensified dust-fall and climatic aridity in the last 11,500 years. The initial clearance of forest for arable farming occurred at ca. 7500 years BP on the loess tableland. It was contemporaneous with the arrival of the wetter and warmer climate of the Holocene Megathermal (8500–3100 years BP). Thereafter, arable farming has been maintained during both the time of soil formation and that of intensified dust accumulation, though there could be temporary cessation or reduced intensity of cultivation in the drier intervals because of lack of rainfall and soil moisture. Increased intensity of dust accumulation has been ongoing since ca. 3100 years BP in the Loess Plateau. A loess deposit of 40–80 cm has overlaid the Multiple or single-welded cinnamon soils on the flat land over the plateau.     

黄土的连续提取实验及Rb/Sr值意义

通过连续提取实验 ,将黄土和古土壤中元素的赋存状态分成六种形态 :水可溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物结合态和残留态。结果表明 ,K和Rb等元素 ,主要赋存于残留态中 ,而Ca、Sr等元素主要赋存于碳酸盐结合态和残留态中。Sr在黄土和古土壤中的赋存状态明显与Ca的分布有关。在风化成壤作用中 ,碳酸盐的淋溶和含Ca硅酸盐矿物的分解 ,引起Sr的淋失 ,而Rb保持稳定。因此 ,Rb Sr值指示了黄土和古土壤遭受的淋溶程度 ,反映了黄土高原的降雨量 ,是夏季风强度变化的替代性指标     

AEOLIAN ADDITIONS TO SOILS AND SEDIMENTS IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC AREA

The particle-size distribution of the whole sample and the content, particle-size distribution, and oxygen-isotope abundance (δ¹⁸O) in quartz were employed to determine the extent to which aeolian materials such as aerosolic dust (10 to I /μm) from Australia, loess (50 to 10μm) in New Zealand, and flöttsand (250 to 20 μm) in Australia have been accreted into soils and sediments in the South Pacific area. Although aeolian material from both local and more distant sources has been deposited on the Franz Josef, Fox, and Tasman glaciers, the extent to which aeolian materials have been added to soils in South Westland, New Zealand, could not be determined because the oxygen-isotope abundance (12.9 to 13.5 0/00 in quartz from the soils was similar to that (13.1 to 13.9 0/00) in quartz from the dust samples. The quartz from loess added to two basaltic soils in North Auckland, New Zealand, had an oxygen-isotope abundance (12.9 to 13.9 0/00) slightly lower than that (15.0 to 15.4 0/00) in quartz from a greywacke-derived soil and the underlying rock also in North Auckland. The oxygen-isotope abundance (13.6 to 15.4 0/00) in quartz from a chronosequence of soils developed in basalt in Victoria, Australia, indicates that the quartz did not originate from the parent basalt, but probably was transported by aeolian processes from stranded beach ridges and dunes and added to the soils in the form of flöttsand, an aeolian material coarser than loess and finer than dune sand. Most particles of the pelagic sediments fell within the aerosolic dust size range. The oxygen-isotope abundance (12.1 to 15.1 0/00) in quartz isolated from several pelagic sediments between latitudes 35 and 45° S. was similar to that (12.9 to 15.4 0/00) in quartz from New Zealand and Australian soils located between these latitudes. An aeolian source of quartz explains the above relationship and also the decreasing delta values of quartz from sediments and soils with increasing latitude in the South Pacific area. Oxygen-isotope abundance in quartz refutes a volcanic origin of quartz in pelagic sediments but supports the deduction of Griffin et al. (1968) from mineralogical analyses that the quartz and associated minerals were transported from lands to seas.     

黄土高原土壤干燥化问题探源

以黄土沉积环境的旱化和黄土形成的三种风化类型为切入点 ,通过古今类比分析 ,探究了黄土高原土壤干燥化的黄土地质渊源。其次 ,讨论了土壤干燥化的土壤物理学成因。土壤水分物理特性 ,因受黄土粒度组成的制约而呈现出明显的方向性变化 ,即从西北向东南 ,土壤持水性能渐次增高 ,土壤蒸发性能渐趋降低 ,以田间持水量作为参照状态 ,则会发现黄土高原土壤经常处于水分亏缺状态。土壤干层的形成是干扰和破坏植物演替序列及其土壤水分生态基础造成的后果 ,从而引起土壤干燥化的趋强化发展 ,最后 ,从气侯变化入手 ,对黄土高原土壤干燥化趋势进行了预估     

淮河上游全新世黄土-古土壤序列元素地球化学特性研究

在野外考察研究的基础上,对河南禹州全新世风成黄土-古土壤剖面系统采样,利用X-荧光光谱仪测定了常量元素和微量元素的含量及其变化,并与磁化率曲线、粒度变化曲线对比分析发现:常量元素氧化物比值钾钠比、残积系数和以Rb为代表的微量元素含量等随剖面层次呈规律性变化,即在古土壤层(S0)中含量最高,表土层(MS)中次之,在黄土层(L1、Lt、L0)中最低。硅铝率和Sr的含量表现出相反的变化规律。表明在全新世古土壤层和表土层形成时期,气候温暖湿润,成壤作用和次生粘化作用较强;在黄土堆积时期,气候比较干旱,沙尘暴频繁,成壤作用微弱。这些化学参数与磁化率曲线可以进行对比,表明成土过程中元素的迁移变化受全新世以来气候变化和成壤环境变化的控制。与黄土高原腹地的洛川剖面相比,淮河上游禹州剖面中绝大多数常量元素的含量较高,而绝大多数微量元素的含量偏低,磁化率也显著偏低,绝对值差别很大,粒度组成当中细沙成分含量很高,这说明淮河上游黄土物质来源与黄土高原地区明显不同。联系全新世时期黄河频繁泛滥、改道、沉积与黄淮平原盛行东北风形成流沙地的事实,认为淮河上游的黄土是黄河泛滥沉积物质经过风沙活动改造,由东北风力系统搬运而来的近源粉尘堆积,再经过就地风化或者成土改造而形成。     

环洞庭湖区两种典型红土理化特性比较研究

通过环洞庭湖区两种典型成因红土的野外勘察与取样、室内磁化率、粒度、微量元素(Li、Rb、Sr、Ba)分析,进行两种不同成因的红土理化性质的比较。研究结果表明,风成成因的红土粒度比基岩风化成因红土明显较细,风成成因红土以粉砂为主,基岩风化型红土为砂和粉砂为主;两种成因红土受到长江中游地区高温高湿的气候条件影响,磁化率均显示为低值,明显低于黄土高原黄土和长江下游下蜀黄土;微量元素Li/Ba、Rb/Sr比值显示为高值,显著高于黄土高原黄土和长江中下游地区下蜀黄土,表明两种红土均经历了强烈的风化淋溶过程,但基岩风化型红土的风化成壤强于风成成因红土,可能基岩风化型红土经历了更长的风化成壤过程。