土地沙化与防沙治沙措施研究

土地沙化是我国特别是西北地区当前最为严重的生态环境问题,不断加剧的沙尘暴与沙化土地的扩张更使生态环境问题雪上加霜。根据中国土地沙化现状及世界防沙治沙经验展开思考,分析了土地沙化治理的几个重点问题是:重视森林;搞好退耕还林还草治沙工程;强制节约水资源,开展径流林业;调整费税,政府投资放粮,携手治沙抗贫。提出了防沙治沙的总体原则、方针、思路和技术对策等。     

新疆风沙区建设项目人工沙障治理措施探析

近年来,随着西部大开发力度的加大,新疆经济发展步伐不断加快,涉及沙漠的建设项目越来越多。人类活动对沙漠的扰动最终会导致扬沙及沙尘暴天气的增加,不仅危害建设项目本身,而且会对千里之外的经济建设和人群健康造成危害。根据新疆近年来防沙治沙的工作经验,提出沙漠治理的个人经验,以期共同推进沙漠化的治理工作。     

福建省沿海沙化土地现状及其综合治理的对策

今春以来，我国长江以北部门城市屡遭沙尘暴，浮尘的侵害，环境问题逐渐成为人们关注的焦点，福建省部分沿海县（市）历史上曾经有过风沙危害的惨痛教训，建国以来开展了防沙治沙绿化造林的艰辛工作，使福建海滨有了一道能有效地抵御台风，风暴，风沙等自然灾害的绿色长城，使一度危害沙区人民生命财产的沙害得到有效控制，然而，防沙治沙是一项长期，连续而艰巨的工程，必须持之以恒，根据1999年沙化监测结果，我省治沙状况不容乐观，摆在我们面前的治沙道路曲折而漫长。     

京津沙源区草场沙退化综合整治模式探讨

为尽快落实中央政府关于做好京津周边地区防沙治沙工作,遏制土地继续沙化和沙漠蔓延扩展,加大草原沙化、退化治理力度,减轻风沙对京津周边地区危害的战略布署,开展浑善达克沙地草场沙化、退化综合整治技术试验示范研究,旨在全面了解浑善达克沙地草场沙化、退化形成演化规律,探索解决畜草矛盾的途径和草原生态环境综合整治及水-草-畜持续发展的模式,研究开发和引进一批草场沙化、退化综合整治和水草资源合理利用的技术,并通过治理工程将各种技术组装集成示范推广,使新模式实体化,从而为我国草场防沙、治沙生态保护及区域群众脱贫致富提供决策依据和技术支撑.     

库布齐沙漠东缘防沙治沙生态效益评价

[目的]研究库布齐沙漠东缘防沙治沙生态效益,为沙漠化治理效益评价提供科学参考。[方法]通过建立了库布齐沙漠东缘防沙治沙生态效益评价指标体系,采取层次分析法和模糊综合评价法进行生态效益评价。[结果]在生态效益评价指标的权重中,排在前3位的分别是植被盖度、地上生物量、草层高度评价指标,植被因子在沙漠化治理中较其他因子更为重要,植被恢复状况对库布齐沙漠化治理的影响显著;基于模糊综合评价结果可知,研究区防沙治沙生态效益值为53,属于一般状况。当地农户普遍认为防沙治沙明显改善了当地生态环境,大多数农户对沙漠化治理工作认同度较高。[结论]随着生态政策和治理措施的推进,治理效益将呈现良好态势;农户生态环保意识较差,还需加强农户生态环保意识,并提高农民文化水平。     

张家口市的防沙治沙

张家口市是北京地区沙尘灾害的主要沙源之一 ,水土流失和土地沙化极为严重。官厅水库上游永定河流域 18年国家水土保持重点防治工程的实施 ,积累了适合本地治理侵蚀、防治风沙的经验。坝上地区应在建设高标准基本农田的基础上实行退耕还林还草 ,坝下地区的防沙治沙应实行工程措施与植物措施相结合 ,防沙治沙应合理开发利用水资源 ,实行节水灌溉。     

防沙治沙造林技术分析

在当前,环境保护已经成为社会性的任务,防沙治沙是环境保护的重要内容及组成部分,有效开展防沙治沙工作十分重要。植树造林是防沙治沙的有效方法,可以得到比较理想的效果,因而有效进行植树造林十分必要。在目前的防沙治沙造林中,相关工作人员应合理应用防沙治沙造林技术,以使植树造林取得理想成果。基于此,阐述了开展防沙治沙造林工作的重要价值及意义,提出了防沙治沙工作的具体措施及途径,分析主要防沙治沙技术的具体应用。     

张家口市土地资源现状和开发利用策略

通过对河北省张家口市坝上坝下地区农业生态环境和沙化耕地生产条件的考察，从加速种植业结构调整、保持农业增效农民增收的角度出发，对该市当前防沙治沙、农业持续发展存在的土壤问题、包括培肥地力、防治耕地沙化、基本农田保护、农业节水措施等进行了论述，提出了加快张家口市农业结构调整、合理开发当地土地资源以及有效推广旱作农业技术的具体意见。     

川西北土地沙化区生态环境质量遥感动态监测

为了分析防沙治沙工程的实施对区域生态环境质量的影响,以川西北沙化土地为研究对象,选取沙化土地治理前(2004年)和治理后(2014年)的Landsat影像,基于ENVI平台,从绿度、湿度、干度、热度4方面分别提取归一化植被指数(NDVI)、湿度指数(WET)、建筑物—裸土指数(NDBSI)和地表温度(LST),并对这4个指数进行主成分分析,选择信息量较多的主成分贡献率为权重,建立遥感生态指数(RSEI)评价模型,对研究区的生态环境质量进行了评价。结果表明:2004—2014年,研究区的RSEI均值由-0.059 8下降为-0.068 6,降幅为14.72%,生态环境质量总体下降; 较2004年,2014年优和良等级比例分别增加0.70%和1.77%,增加区域位于川西北防沙治沙工程的实施区; 10年间共有1.25%的区域生态得到改善,1.96%的区域生态发生了退化,生态环境改善区域主要分布于石渠县的防沙治沙工程实施区。因此,川西北防沙治沙工程的实施对改善区域生态环境质量起到了重要的作用。     

中国防沙治沙60年

根据60年来我国防沙治沙的发展实际,将我国的防沙治沙分为新中国成立初至70年代中期、70年代中期至90年代末期和新世纪3个阶段,分别对不同阶段的有关防沙治沙的环境背景、防沙治沙的开展情况、防沙治沙的成就进行简要的分析和总结,并从历史和现实的角度分别对某些社会关注或有争议的问题客观地表述了作者的看法。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.