Zonal,provincial, lithological,and geomorphic features of soil salinization in the Southern federal okrug of Russia

The relationships between soil salinization and the zonal and provincial bioclimatic conditions, the lithological composition of the sediments, and the geomorphic features of the territory have been analyzed for the Southern federal okrug of Russia. It is shown that the lithological and geomorphic conditions (relief, salinity of parent materials, degree of drainage, and the depth of saline groundwater) play an important role in the distribution of salt-affected soils against the background of the more general regularities specified by the climate. The participation of salt-affected soils in the soil cover of the Southern federal okrug increases in the eastward direction from the forest-steppe zone to the semidesert zone in agreement with an increase in the aridity and continentality of the climate. The chemical composition of soil salts also changes: the sulfate and soda-sulfate types predominate in the forest-steppe zone; the sulfate type or the sulfate type with the participation of soda, in the steppe zone; the sulfate-chloride type, in the dry steppe zone; and the chloride type, in the semidesert zone. The lithological and geomorphic conditions within the particular zones and provinces affect the distribution pattern of the salt-affected soils and the degree and chemistry of the soil salinization. The areas of salt-affected soils were calculated with the use of a digital version of the Map of Salt-Affected Soils of Russia (1: 2.5 M scale) with due account for the participation of these soils in the soil cover of the particular delineations and the data on the depth of the upper boundary of the salt-bearing horizons, the degree and chemistry of the soil salinization, and the area of solonetzes and solonetzic soils.     

Pedogenic chlorites in podzolic soils with different intensities of hydromorphism: Origin,properties, and conditions of their formation

Minerals of the pedogenic chlorite group were studied in the clay fractions isolated from the mineral horizons of podzolic and gleyic peat-podzolic soils. In the AE and E horizons of the podzolic soil, pedogenic chlorites are thought to develop from vermiculite, whereas in the E horizon of the gleyic peat-podzolic soil, they can be formed from smectite minerals. For estimating the degree of chloritization (the degree of filling of the interlayer space of 2: 1 minerals with Al hydroxides), a numerical criterion was is proposed. The difference between the values of this criterion before and after the treatment of the preparations with NH₄F indicated that the degree of chloritization in the pedogenic chlorites decreases in the following sequence: the E horizon of the podzolic soil > the AE horizon of the podzolic soil > the E horizon of the gleyic peat-podzolic soil. Another numerical criterion was proposed to estimate the degree of polymerization of Al-hydroxy complexes in pedogenic chlorites. This criterion was based on the thermal stability of soil chlorites and represented the temperature at which an increase in the intensity of the 1.0-nm peak after heating the K-saturated preparations exceeds 50% of its initial value. According to this criterion, the degree of polymerization of the Al-hydroxy interlayers in pedogenic chlorites decreases in the following sequence: the E horizon of the podzolic soil > the E horizon of the gleyic peat-podzolic soil ≥ the AE horizon of the podzolic soil. The distinct interrelation between the soil properties and the degrees of chloritization and polymerization of the Al-hydroxy interlayers attests to the modern origin of the pedogenic chlorites.     

Post-fire transformation of the microbial complexes in soils of larch forests in the lower Angara River region

The postfire transformation of the functional activity of the microbial cenoses and the main soil properties under mixed larch forests were studied in the lower reaches of the Angara River. It was shown that the intensity of the postfire changes in the population density, biomass, and activity of the microorganisms in the dark podzolized brown forest soil depended on the degree of burning of the ground cover and the surface litter during the fire. The maximum effects of the fire on the microbial cenoses were observed in the litter and the upper 5-cm-thick layer of the dark-humus horizon in the areas of intense burning. The postfire restoration of the structural-functional activity of the microbial cenoses was determined by the degree of transformation of soil properties and by the postpyrogenic succession in the ground cover. The microbial complexes of the dark podzolized brown forest soils under mixed larch forests in the studied region restored their functional activity after the fires of different intensities quicker than the microbial cenoses of the sandy podzols in the pyrogenic lichen-green-moss pine forests of the same zone.     

石羊河中游荒漠绿洲区土壤水分的分布特征

通过田间实验,研究了不同土壤层颗粒组成、土壤水分的分布特征及不同土壤层间土壤水分的关联性。结果表明：（1）土壤颗粒组成决定了不同土壤层的持水性能,是导致土壤水的分布及运动方式发生变化,影响水分在土壤中滞留时间的根本原因,土壤层中的砂砾所占百分数越大,粘粒含量就越少,含水率就越小,壤土中的土壤水分滞留时间远大于砂质土壤。（2）试验区3m内土壤层可分为水分散失带、水分滞留带和水分过渡带,水分滞留带是土壤水分暂时贮存的重要土层,也是为植被提供深层土壤水分的直接来源,对植被的生长及农作物生产有重要的影响,而土壤中粉砂质粘粒含量的高低决定了水分过渡带的形成及其对水分调节能力的强弱。（3）在地下水深埋区,灌溉是土壤水分重要的补给来源,也是影响土壤水分重分布的主要因素,在天然降水量大部分为无效降水的情况下,灌溉水是土壤水唯一的补给源。补给水分滞留带的灌溉水量的多寡,直接影响着水分滞留带的调节能力及作物和植被的生长。     

不同口环间隙离心泵性能及水力激励特性分析及试验

为进一步研究改变口环间隙所产生的影响,该文通过改变口环间隙大小,采用数值计算与试验相结合的方法,研究了离心泵内叶轮所受径向力以及压力脉动的变化。分别采用0.25、0.5以及0.75 mm的口环间隙,进行数值计算和试验。通过对叶轮外表面的压力场求解和分析,得到不同口环间隙对叶轮所受径向力的影响,通过试验测得的各监测点的压力脉动数据进行分析。结果表明:模拟所得扬程与试验结果较为吻合。叶频所对应的压力脉动幅值在前腔进口处,口环间隙为0.5 mm的方案约为0.25 mm方案的3.1倍,在叶轮出口处约为1.3倍;口环一周的平均压力脉动在0.75 mm时最小,此时约为0.5 mm方案的0.81倍;叶轮进口及其上游的压力脉动以0.75 mm方案最小,约为其他2个方案的0.67倍,说明口环间隙为0.5 mm时离心泵前腔及进口处的压力脉动最大。叶轮所受径向力随着口环间隙的改变呈现非线性变化,小流量及设计工况时0.75 mm方案的径向力最小,设计工况时0.25 mm方案的径向力最小。通过研究不同口环间隙所诱导的压力脉动及径向力的变化,对离心泵的传统设计进行了一定的补充,并且对口环的设计提供了参考。     

Population and biomass of microorganisms in soils of pyrogenic succession in the northern taiga pine forests

In the organic horizons of the Al-Fe-humus podzols under the old pine forests of the northern taiga, the biomass of all the groups of microorganisms, the length of the fungal and actinomycete mycelium, the number of fungal spores, and the bacterial population were maximal (13 mg/g) irrespectively of the stage of pyrogenic succession. The share of fungi (mainly, of basidiomycetes) exceeded 90%. In the mineral root-inhabited soil horizons, the biomass of microorganisms was not greater than 1.0 mg/g. The soil under the lichen pine forest had the smallest biomass of microorganisms as compared to the soil under the pine forests that were not exposed to fire for a long time. At all the stages of the pyrogenic succession, the most favorable conditions for the functioning of microorganisms were in the root-inhabited horizons of the soils in near-stem sites due to the accumulation of nutrients there. In the soils of these zones, the basidiomycete biomass was greater than that in the soils of the gaps. In the mineral soil horizons, buckleless micromycetes demonstrated the same trend. No distinct parcella differences, with respect to the soil nutrient regime, were found only for the prokaryotes. The fungi in the Al-Fe-humus podzols may be used as indicators for the pyrogenic succession stages of forest ecosystems. At the early stages, micromycetes without buckles prevailed, and, in the course of succession, the share of basidiomycetes clearly increased. The density and structure of mycorrhiza were tightly related to the nutrient regime of the soils. The increase in the concentration of available biogenic elements in the root-inhabited soil horizons did not cause the necessity of developing complex mycorrhiza forms.     

棉纤维质量密度光学检测模型的优化

建立棉纤维质量密度检测模型对于在线测量气力输送管道内棉花流量具有重要作用。该文运用光吸收基本定律,研究棉纤维对不同波长光源的衰减作用。结果表明,选用波长940nm近红外光作为光源时,品种、水分和环境温度的变化对测试结果影响不显著。因此,选用940nm近红外光源作为发射器,构建棉纤维质量密度测量系统。通过测算透过棉纤维的光强衰减率,结合实际测量的相应区域棉纤维质量,利用回归分析建立棉纤维质量密度检测模型。模型验证结果显示,测量结果的平均误差达到6.1%,该研究为开发棉花流量传感器及输棉管内棉花流量的在线监测奠定基础。     

四足机器人腿部并联机构末端位置误差分析与验证

为合理确定应用于四足机器人腿部机构的2自由度平面并联机构零件制造公差范围,该文进行了并联机构末端位置误差灵敏度分析与工作空间内的位置精度预估,建立2自由度平面并联机构位置方程;采用全微分理论建立2自由度平面并联机构的误差模型,得到各误差源相对于末端位置误差的映射关系;建立机构位置误差灵敏度模型与评价指标,借助灵敏度评价指标揭示出统计意义下各几何误差源对末端位置精度的影响程度;依据3?原则与灵敏度评价指标,确定了各误差源的零件制造公差;采用三坐标测量仪对试验样机制造误差值进行测量,依据误差模型对末端位置精度在工作空间内的分布进行预估及实例验证。结果表明:实际位置精度值与理论位置精度预估值最大误差绝对值为0.0038 mm,最小误差绝对值为0.001 5 mm,各误差值均较小,验证了误差传递模型、位置精度预估的正确性及该方法确定构件制造公差的有效性。研究结果可为四足机器人腿部机构的运动学标定、误差补偿及执行精确任务时的轨迹规划提供理论依据。     

蝼蛄爪趾特性仿生钢丝辊刷除椰衣装置设计及参数优化

针对手工剥除椰子纤维外衣中存在的加工效率低、易造成人员受伤等问题,设计了一种基于蝼蛄爪趾特性的仿生钢丝辊刷除椰衣装置。该装置主要由钢丝辊刷、椰子夹紧机构和进给机构组成,其工作时依靠钢丝断面刃口勾刷椰衣纤维,结合钢丝的弹韧性实现除衣后不损坏椰壳。利用除椰衣装置开展参数优化试验,并运用Design Expert软件进行试验方案设计和结果数据分析。试验结果表明,辊刷转动速度对除椰衣厚度影响最大,刷毛栽植间距影响次之,刷毛直径影响最小;在辊刷转动速度一定时,随着刷毛栽植间距的增加,除椰衣厚度呈先增大再减小的变化趋势,但当辊刷转动速度增大时,除椰衣厚度的变化量不明显;当刷毛栽植间距一定时,随着辊刷转动速度的增大,椰衣去除的厚度会逐渐上升,刷毛直径的大小对除椰衣厚度的影响较为显著(P0.05)。试验数据回归分析结果表明,除衣装置的最优组合参数为辊刷转动速度是970rad/min,刷毛直径是6mm,刷毛栽植间距是10mm,预测在最优参数组合下的除衣厚度为31.24 mm,通过重复试验证明最优组合参数可以到达规定的除衣厚度,且不损伤内部椰壳,满足椰子深加工需要。     

Monitoring glycation of lysozyme by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to study the glycation of lysozyme by D-glucose (LZM-G) and by D-fructose (LZM-F) under dry heating conditions in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. ESI-MS proved to be a precise method for monitoring protein glycation with respect to following the extent of glycation and changes in the glycoconjugate profile with time. The ESI-MS spectrum of glycated LZM revealed a heterogeneous distribution of glycoforms of LZM at different reaction stages. D-Glucose showed a higher level of reactivity with the amino groups of LZM than D-fructose, both in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. The presence of oxygen in the reaction system induced oxidative side reactions, which competed with and slowed the initial rate of formation of Amadori or Heyns products. The more reactive glycoxidation products formed during the initial stages of incubation in the presence of oxygen accelerated the rate of glycation during the later stages of incubation and increased the involvement of arginine residues of LZM in the glycation reaction. The interaction between the initial glycoxidation product(s) of the reducing sugars and intact lysozyme during the later stages of incubation was observed by the appearance of a different cluster of glycoconjugates in the mass spectrum during the latter stages of incubation. The molecular weight differences between the molecular ions of the new cluster of glycoconjugates are consistent with the formation of D-glucosone from the autoxidation of D-glucose or from the oxidative cleavage of the glucose-lysozyme imine adduct in the lysozyme-glucose system. The effect of oxygen-induced glycoxidation on the glycation reaction was also more pronounced in the LZM-G system compared with that in the LZM-F system.     

离心泵平衡孔液体泄漏量试验与分析

针对离心泵上叶轮平衡孔的实际液体泄漏量难以测量的问题,设计了通过调节平衡腔液体压力来测量平衡孔液体泄漏量的试验装置,在平衡孔直径4、6、8、11 mm条件下对泵性能、平衡孔液体泄漏量和平衡腔液体压力进行了测试及分析,获得了不同直径平衡孔下泵的性能曲线、平衡孔泄漏量系数和轴向力系数与比面积的关系曲线。试验结果表明:加大叶轮平衡孔直径会使泵的扬程降低、输入功率增大和效率降低;平衡孔液体泄漏量系数与比面积关系曲线有明显的规律性,其随着比面积增大而减小,且扬程系数对其有较大的影响;轴向力系数曲线是非线性曲线,在比面积小于2.5时,轴向力系数随比面积增大而急剧减小;比面积大于等于2.5小于等于4.5时,轴向力系数曲线趋于平坦,其均值为0.112;比面积大于4.5时,轴向力系数曲线几乎与横坐标平行,其均值为0.067。该研究为较精确计算平衡孔液体泄漏量与平衡腔区域的轴向力提供了参考。     

基于双椭圆弧型中弧线的系列翼型设计方法

为了能够方便快捷的设计和修改翼型,采用两段椭圆弧来构造翼型的中弧线,并推导了描述中弧线的方程式。用该方法构造的中弧线光滑连续,且不存在拐点。选用现有翼型的厚度分布,与中弧线分布函数进行叠加,并引入厚度比例因子来实现对厚度的调整,最终得到了一种基于双椭圆弧型中弧线的翼型设计方法,称之为DEA(double ellipse arcs)翼型。选用Clark-Y翼型作为基础翼型,设计了多款DEA翼型,并利用X-foil软件对翼型气动性能进行求解,分别研究了最大相对弯度、最大弯度相对位置、最大相对厚度以及翼型中弧线的形状因子对翼型气动性能的影响。研究表明:增加最大相对弯度,可以提高翼型的升力系数,同时使翼型的升阻特性得到一定的改善;最大弯度位置前移,可以提高翼型在小攻角下的升力系数,同时增加翼型高效升阻比的攻角范围;增加最大相对厚度可以提高翼型的最大升力系数,以及增大失速攻角,同时,高效升阻比的攻角范围也随着翼型最大相对厚度的增大而增加;中弧线前、后缘形状因子对翼型气动性能的影响相对较小。     

Impact of the suppression of lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase on the quality of the green odor in green leaves

Most of the volatile compounds responsible for the "green" notes to the aroma of fruits and vegetables are produced by the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids through the lipoxygenase pathway. The most determinant steps of this pathway are the peroxidation of free linoleic or linolenic acid by the action of lipoxygenase and then the lysis of the resulting hydroperoxides through a reaction catalyzed by the hydroperoxide lyase. This work analyzes the impact of the depletion of these enzymes on the volatile composition of leaves from potato plants. A characterization of the volatile profiles of the different potato mutants, a study of the metabolism of radiolabeled linoleic acid, and a determination of lipoxygenase activity have been carried out. The depletion of hydroperoxide lyase induced an increase in the lipoxygenase activity and the content of C5 volatiles, whereas the lipoxygenase silencing caused a severe decrease in the amount of volatiles produced by the leaves and always in the intensity of their aroma. The changes in the sensory evaluation of leaf aroma, as correlated to depletion of the two enzymes, have been investigated. The perspectives of producing vegetable products with a modified aroma by genetic engineering are discussed in light of the statistical results.     

北墙不同外倾角对日光温室表面风压与体型系数的影响

为探明日光温室北墙外倾角的改变对其屋面风压系数和风荷载体型系数的影响,该研究基于计算流体力学原理,采用数值模拟方法,考虑北风和西北风2种风向,研究了不同北墙外倾角下日光温室表面风压分布规律,并给出不同北墙外倾角情况下的细化分区风荷载体型系数。结果显示：1）风压分布规律为：北风和西北风时日光温室前屋面和后屋面上半部风压系数为负,屋脊处和东、西边缘风吸力集中;随北墙外倾角减小,前屋面上部和后屋面风压系数绝对值明显减小,前屋面下部风压系数无显著变化。2）风荷载体型系数规律：北风时,以北墙外倾角90°（即竖直）为参照,外倾角减至30°可使前屋面上部体型系数的绝对值减小16%～26%,可使前屋面下部体型系数的绝对值增大6%～57%,可使后屋面体型系数绝对值减至0左右;西北风时,前屋面上部和后屋面体型系数绝对值均为西端大、东端小,前屋面下部体型系数绝对值为中间大两端小,屋面风荷载体型系数随北墙外倾角的变化不显著。因此,北墙外倾角的变化导致日光温室屋面风荷载分布发生变化较大,对日光温室结构的抗风性能影响较大,建议日光温室屋面风荷载计算应考虑北墙外倾角的影响,抗风设计时可合理选择北墙外倾角以减小屋面风荷载,边榀骨架结构和围护结构的边缘处需加强。     

黄河中游粗泥沙集中来源区界定研究中粗泥沙界限的确定

针对黄河粗泥沙界限问题,介绍了粗泥沙界限0.05 mm的由来,利用下游河床质钻孔资料分不同时段研究主槽淤积物粒径组成,利用输沙率平衡法计算下游河道不同时段的区间淤积比和排沙比,利用小浪底水库运用以来下游河床质淤积物钻孔资料分析淤积物粒径变化。依据1960年以前天然情况下、对长系列资料分析结果显示、小浪底水库运用以来的黄河下游主槽淤积物中d≥0.10 mm的泥沙淤积特点,确定应以0.10 mm作为黄河中游粗泥沙集中来源区界定研究中的粗泥沙界限。     

Fungal communities in the soils of early medieval settlements in the taiga zone

The difference between the mycobiota in anthropogenically transformed soils of the settlements of the 9th–14th centuries and in the background zonal Podzols and umbric Albeluvisols of the middle and southern taiga subzones in the European part of Russia is demonstrated. The mycological specificity of anthropogenically transformed soils with a cultural layer (CL) in comparison with the background soils is similar for all the studied objects. Its characteristic features are as follows: (1) the redistribution of the fungal biomass in the profile of anthropogenically transformed soils in comparison with zonal soils, (2) the lower amount of fungal mycelium in the CL with the accumulation of fungal spores in this layer, (3) the increased species diversity of fungal communities in the CL manifested by the greater morphological diversity of the spore pool and by the greater diversity of the fungi grown on nutrient media, (4) the change in the composition and species structure of fungal communities in the CL, (5) the replacement of dominant species typical of the zonal soils by eurytopic species, and (6) the significant difference between the fungal communities in the CL and in the above-and lower-lying horizons and buried soils of the same age. Most of the mycological properties of the soils of ancient settlements are also typical of modern urban soils. Thus, the mycological properties of soils can be considered informative carriers of soil memory about ancient anthropogenic impacts.     

煎炸次数对大豆油及薯条脂质中极性组分的影响

采用中压快速制备型色谱-高效体积排阻色谱技术,探索了煎炸次数对大豆油及薯条表面所吸附油脂中极性化合物总量(total polar compounds,TPC)及其组分的影响。结果表明,煎炸薯条后剩余的大豆油中的TPC总量随着煎炸次数的增加而是逐渐增加,而薯条表面所吸附油脂中的TPC含量也随之逐渐增加;同时,煎炸次数的增加,显著改变了极性组分氧化甘油三酯寡聚物(oxidized triglyceride oligomers,TGO)、氧化甘油三酯二聚物(oxidized triglyceride dimers,TGD)、氧化甘油三酯单体(oxidized triglyceride monomers,ox-TG)在大豆油中的分布,而甘油二酯(diacylglycerols,DG)的含量增加缓慢,游离脂肪酸和甾醇(free fatty acids and sterols,FFAsterols)和其他未知小分子化合物的含量呈现波动性变化。煎炸次数严重影响了大豆油和薯条表面所吸附油脂中的TPC及其组分分布,也在一定程度上影响了薯条的健康价值。     

Changes in the rheological properties and bulk density of soddy-podzolic soils under dynamic loads

Field studies of the rheological properties of loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soils were performed. Within the studied ranges of the soil moistening and bulk density values, the soils behaved as viscoelastic bodies. The dynamic deformation of such soils under compressive stress was modeled by a differential equation of the first order linking the compressive stress, the rate of its changes, and the relative soil deformation in the vertical direction. Correlative relationships between the viscoelastic soil properties, the soil bulk density, the soil water content, and the angular frequency of the harmonic law of the soil deformation were obtained. The methods of calculation of the soil bulk density as dependent on the initial bulk density and the mode of the soil deformation upon cyclic loads by rigid cylinders and by elastic wheels were developed. These methods were realized in a computer program for the quantitative assessment of the effect of the major factors on the changes in the rheological properties, the indices of the soil deformation, and the soil bulk density under the impact of compressive loads. It was shown that an increase in the number of loading-unloading cycles leads to the transformation of the viscoelastic soil properties into elastic properties.     

寒区沼气工程热能损耗分布规律及节能途径探讨

热能损耗是制约沼气工程在北方寒冷地区发展的瓶颈问题。全面系统分析沼气工程全年热能损耗,探寻其分布规律,是实现沼气工程节能降耗的基础和前提,也是全面科学评价沼气工程加热系统合理有效地利用能源,提高能源利用率的依据。沼气工程热能损耗主要包括工程新投入的发酵原料温升所需的耗热量和厌氧发酵反应器的传热耗热量2部分。该文以月为单位建立了沼气工程各项热能损耗的计算模型,并将模型应用到黑龙江省哈尔滨市一中温厌氧发酵的沼气工程中,获得了沼气工程全年各月热能损耗量。结果表明,在厌氧发酵反应器各月的总热能损耗中,厌氧发酵反应器围护结构的传热耗热量占总耗热量的比例约为70%～90%,厌氧发酵反应器节能的关键在于围护结构的节能,减小反应器的体形系数,增大围护结构导热热阻,可有效降低厌氧发酵反应器能耗;在各月沼气工程的总热能损耗中,发酵原料温升能耗占沼气工程总能耗的比例约为85%～95%,此项能耗是沼气工程加热系统能源消耗过程中的薄弱环节,回收沼气工程排出沼液中的余热,是实现沼气工程节能降耗的有效途径;通过对各月沼气工程产能与总热能损耗的对比分析,沼气工程热能损耗量占产能量的比例约为15%～37%,沼气工程在保证正常的中温厌氧发酵的情况下,产能量远大于热能损耗量,在北方寒冷地区实现沼气工程正能输出是可能的。该文研究结果可为今后全面科学合理评价沼气工程用能状况,减少用能过程的损失和浪费,实现沼气工程低能耗、高产能提供参考依据。     

篱架式栽培葡萄株间除草机自动避障机构优化设计

针对篱架式栽培葡萄株间自动避障除草机作业时需要避开葡萄藤的要求,该文设计了一种自动避障机构,分析了自动避障机构躲避葡萄藤的工作原理。自动避障机构包括平行四连杆机构和避障触发机构,避障触发机构的关键部件是触杆,触杆由两段直线及连接两者的圆弧部分构成。在ADAMS中建立了参数化除草机模型,以触杆较长直线部分的长度L、中间过渡圆弧的角度θ和触杆与除草部件边缘的3个距离d1、d2、d3的组合D为试验因素,以作业后未除杂草面积S3为指标进行正交试验,得出D为显著因素。以D作为优化变量,对S3进行优化。优化结果表明,当D为225、300、212 mm时,S3取得最优值。田间试验表明,优化后平均除草作业覆盖率比优化前提高8个百分点以上,除草作业覆盖率的标准差降低,作业稳定性较好,可为篱架式栽培葡萄株间自动避障除草机优化设计提供参考。