转型中的亚洲林业(续二)

在过去的20年里,亚洲林业经历了引人注目的转型,包括从计划经济到市场经济的转变,从天然林供给木材到人工林供给木材的转变,木材替代品与非木质林产品的增加,地方分权与当地群众的参与,生态时代的发展与生态系统管理。在促进亚洲可持续森林资源管理中,市场工具、社区参与和环境服务都得到了应用。亚洲林业的转型表现出多样化,其森林、社会与环境之间的联系是丰富多彩的。     

转型中的亚洲林业(续一)

在过去的20年里,亚洲林业经历了引人注目的转型,包括从计划经济到市场经济的转变,从天然林供给木材到人工林供给木材的转变,木材替代品与非木质林产品的增加,地方分权与当地群众的参与,生态时代的发展与生态系统管理。在促进亚洲可持续森林资源管理中,市场工具、社区参与和环境服务都得到了应用。亚洲林业的转型表现出多样化,其森林、社会与环境之间的联系是丰富多彩的。     

林业经济供给侧改革对木材进口的影响与对策

有效强化林业经济的供给侧改革,能够从根本上解决林业资源利用率偏低、属地管理薄弱等问题,并对高度依赖木材进口的木材加工企业产生积极影响。论述了林业经济供给侧改革内容及特点,分析了林业经济供给侧改革的优势,探讨了林业经济供给侧改革对木材进口的潜在影响,进而从3个方面提出了强化林业经济供给侧改革对木材进口促进作用的必要措施。     

资产选择的立木供给理论

一、前言用近代经济学的观点,在理论上研究立木供给问题的先驱者有岸根卓郎、半田良一、野村勇教授等。他们的立木供给理论是在木材供需矛盾突出、木材价格高涨的50年代相继发表的。但时至今日,经过近30年,林业状况发生了很大的变化,由于进口材增加,木材价格低落,农山村的劳动力不足以及高龄化等,日本林业的形势极其严峻。林业经营者的立木供给行为受其影响也发生了很大变化,即存在着这样一种倾向:立木即使到了伐期也不采伐,在观察木材价格动向的同时,把立木作为资产保存起来。因此,基于林业经营者的此类经济行为,以新的观点探讨立木供给问题,建立更接近于现实的立木供给理论已十分必要。本文将从这些观点出发来探讨资产选择的立木供给问题,     

发展木材工业,促进林业可持续发展

本文从发展木材工业的七个不同层面,论述了木材工业发展与生态建设和林业可持续发展的关系,指出发展木材工业与生态建设和林业可持续发展是相互依存、相互促进的,不仅可增加林产品供给,还可大量节约木材,保护森林资源,推动林木培育,增加森林资源,有力地支持生态建设,促进林业可持续发展.     

关于国有林场转型的思考

在我国林业发展建设以木材生产为主向生态建设为主转变中，内蒙古大兴安岭林区木材产量逐渐调减到“天保”工程实施前产量的40％，采伐方式也由过去主伐产量占90％调减到70％，过去林场的数量和职能也随着新时期林业发展的需要而转变，目前，内蒙古大兴安岭林区的林场、经营所，已由“天保”工程实施前的148个撤并转型到121个，基本满足生态建设为主的需要。     

完善会计核算体系 促进生态林业发屡

随着人们列可持续发展认识的提高，林业从“木材利用”转变为“生态利用”已成为人们的共识，生态林业已成为我国林业发展的必然趋势。我国林业环境改变之后，林业会计应如何参与森林资源的经营管护，全面反映森林资源资产的增减变动情况，如何促进森林资源的经济、生态和社会效益之间的深层融合与协调发展，彻底改革传统的重采轻育、     

林业经济学领域的拓展(续)

(接第2期)林业政策分析和制度经济学林业政策目标就是在森林和制度不断变化的环境中,实现复杂的经济、社会和政治目标之间的平衡。因此,政策模型往往是由许多变动因素组成,这些变动因素存在于各种林业法规中,而且还在不同主题(包括林业供给、木材销售和定价、森林税费、国际贸易、森林管理标准、碳汇、热带森林滥伐、林权、产权和政策改革等方面)的政策讨论中出现。尽管我们难以全面的回顾与这些主题相关的论著,但总体而言,这些论著不是以新古典经济学工具为基础,就是以制度经济学为基础。新古典经济学工具已经被用于分析木材供给、木材定价…     

完善会计核算体系促进生态林业发展

随着人们对可持续发展认识的提高,林业从"木材利用"转变为"生态利用"已成为人们的共识,生态林业已成为我国林业发展的必然趋势.我国林业环境改变之后,林业会计应如何参与森林资源的经营管护,全面反映森林资源资产的增减变动情况,如何促进森林资源的经济、生态和社会效益之间的深层融合与协调发展,彻底改革传统的重采轻育、采育分离的林业会计核算体系,构建新的适应我国林业新环境的林业会计核算体系,成为摆在我国林业会计理论与实践工作者面前的一项崭新而又严峻的课题.     

永丰县林业生态建设对策

林业建设正处于转型发展的关键时期,正从以木材生产为主向以生态建设为主转变。集体林权制度改革调动了全社会的造林积极性,激活了林业生产力。然而,2008年初的特大冰雪冻害给永丰县林区致命打击,森林生态系统遭受严重破坏,林业生态建设面临多种新问题。在分析永丰县林业生态建设现状及其影响因素的基础上,提出应对策略。     

Tropical Forest Management in the Asia-Pacific Region

Tropical deforestation in the Asia-Pacific Region has accelerated in Lhe last decade, seriously depleting the forest resource base. Most forest loss results from agricultural clearing, but is generally preceded by forest degradation from destructive logging (Southeast Asia) or overuse of forest resources (South Asia). Tropical forests are highly variable, requiring a system of classification to guide management objectives; one such system is ecological life zone mapping. Forestry operations should reflect the need for both conservation and production. Most Asia-Pacific forests are managed on variations of a selection system. Logging damage is the most important forestry-sector threat to commercial forestry, reducing both future timber production and the availability of non-timber products. The short duration of logging concession agreements, nontransferability of concession contracts, and undervaluation of forest resources all contribute to forest "mining" practices. Alternative forest management methods exist: logging damage can be substantially reduced at little or no additional cost; small-scale mobile sawmills can increase local incomes while reducing the need for skidding; and Assisted Natural Regeneration can facilitate the reforestation of denuded lands. The best hope for sustainable use of forest resources lies with those who must live with the consequences of forest mismanagement. Local involvement in foresy planning, implementation and enforcement is essential. Successful forest management projects depend on the judgement of field-based personnel familiar with the forests, cultures and institutions of each country, working in cooperation with local forestry experts and forest-dependent people.     

The role of biodiversity in Asian forests

Biodiversity in Asia is reviewed here from both scientific and socio-economic perspectives. Biodiversity in Asia has been very high, for historical and climatic reasons; however, this situation has been changing rapidly, due to population growth and economic development. The forest biodiversity in this region has both global and local value, yet it is seriously threatened. As natural capital, biodiversity functions in a variety of ways: production and regulation functions have global value, while habitat and information functions have social and cultural value, as well as local importance. Sustainable forest management is dependent on the regulatory functions of the ecosystem and biodiversity. Sometimes the functions of forests or biodiversity make conflict. Moreover, biodiversity has an information function related to sustainability via local knowledge and culture. Levin’s (1999) proposals are helpful as a conceptual framework for developing sustainable management for Asian forests.     

马来西亚森林资源可持续经营方式

马来西亚是亚洲典型的热带国家,有着丰富的热带森林资源和悠久的森林经营管理历史。在第二次世界大战期间,马来西亚的森林资源遭到严重地破坏,二战结束以后,马来西亚迅速开展了热带林经营采伐的研究。文中介绍了马来西亚的森林资源状况,通过对热带天然林实施的一致经营作业法、选择经营作业法、伐后天然次生林人工促进天然更新的介绍,指出对我国热带天然林经营的借鉴意义。     

Forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna, south China

1 Introduction The tropical area of southern China is climatically and biogeographically located at the northern edge of tropical Asia, including southeastern Xizang (Tibet, lower valleys of the southern Himalayas), southern Yunnan, southwestern Guangxi, southern Taiwan and Hainan Island. The largest tropical area still covered by forests is in southern Yunnan. Tropical forests of southern Yunnan were little known until the late 1950s because of poor access except for some brief descrip-…     

Changes in forest resource utilization and forest landscapes in the southern Abukuma Mountains,Japan during the twentieth century

Land use and landscape changes, which have much effect on local biodiversity, are driven primarily by socioeconomic forces. Understanding these forces is important for preservation of current biodiversity. In this study, we clarified the socioeconomic forces that have brought about changes in the forest landscape around the Ogawa Forest Reserve in the southern Abukuma Mountains, Japan, by interviewing local residents and reviewing local historical documents. Furthermore, we reconstructed past forest landscapes and quantified the changes that have occurred from the beginning of the twentieth century until the present by use of old land-use maps and past aerial photographs. The use of forest resources has dramatically changed during the past hundred years, and it can be divided into three periods corresponding to the level of economic development. The main landscape has changed significantly from one mainly composed of expansive grasslands and broad-leaved forests into a mosaic of fragmented secondary forests and coniferous plantations. These landscape changes reflect shifts in both the use of forest resources by local residents and the management of the national forests. Clarifying temporal–spatial landscape changes by understanding the historical relationship between humans and the landscape provides useful information for optimizing conservation and management planning.     

Forest Management and Regeneration Success in Protection Forests near the Timberline in Finnish Lapland

Sustainable forestry is practised in Finnish Lapland north of latitude 69°, i.e. farther north than anywhere else in the world. The Protection Forests Act was passed in 1922 to guarantee the stability of timberline forests in this climatically extreme, unique area. This review, based on earlier studies, covers forest and climate statistics, and legislation, regulations and recommendations of forest management, and the effects of management practices and climatic trends on the results of natural and artificial regeneration of conifer forests, as well as on shifts in the timberline. The review is mainly based on Finnish research, but references from the other Fennoscandian countries have also been used. Temperature plays the main role in forest regeneration success, and the effective temperature sum has been found to express well the location of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) timberline. Natural regeneration of pine has been satisfactory, especially when combined with soil preparation. In many cases the pine forests regenerate in the form of advance growth without any silvicultural action. The success of artificial regeneration seems to be associated with favourable, warm periods lasting for at least 20 yrs. The effects of cutting, forest fires, reindeer herding, biotic damage and air pollution on forest regeneration and the conifer timberlines are discussed.     

Underpricing and Overexploitation of Tropical Forests

Abstract

Forest pricing policies for tropical timber and forest concessions can play an important role in the management, conservation, and preservation of tropical forests. The paper draws on regional studies of forest revenue systems and forest concession arrangements, country case studies, and studies in individual countries of West and Central Africa and South East Asia (Grut, Gray, and Egli, 1991; Gray and Hadi, 1989; Gray and Hadi, 1990; and Gray, 1983). Forest pricing and concession management policies, problems, and experiences in individual countries are examined, common problems and experiences highlighted, and alternatives identified. From these, the elements of a forest pricing and concession management system which supports sustainable management, efficient utilization, and forest renewal are developed.     

The effect of thinning on ground spider diversity and microenvironmental factors of a subtropical spruce plantation forest in East Asia

Currently, information about the effect of forest management on biodiversity of subtropical plantation forests in Asia is quite limited. In this study, we compared the spider community structures and guild compositions of subtropical Cryptomeria japonica plantation forests receiving different degree of thinning (0, 25 and 50 %) in central Taiwan. The ground spider diversities and environmental variables were sampled/measured once every 3 months for 1 year before thinning and 2 years after thinning. Results showed that before thinning spider compositions did not differ significantly among three plantation forest types. Two years after thinning, spider species and family compositions of three plantation forest types differed significantly. In all three plantation forest types, the spider composition differed from year to year, indicating existence of temporal variations in spider diversity. Ground hunters (increased 200–600 % in thinned forests), sheet web weavers (increased 50–300 % in thinned forests) and space web weavers (decreased 30–50 % in thinned forests) were the major contributors of the observed spider composition differences among plantation forests receiving different treatments. The stands receiving thinning treatments also had higher illumination, litter decomposition rate, temperature and understory vegetation density. Thinning treatments might have changed the structures of understory vegetation and canopy cover and consequently resulted in abundance and diversity changes of these guilds. Moreover, the heterogeneity in understory vegetation recovery rate and temporal variation of spider composition might further generate spider diversity variations in subtropical forests receiving different degree of thinning.