不同氮肥处理对黑青稞籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为了解施用不同量尿素（N）、缓释尿素（CN）及其配施黄腐酸（FA）对黑青稞籽粒灌浆特性的影响,以隆子黑为材料,测定并分析了不同氮肥处理下其籽粒灌浆相关指标及其相关性。结果表明：（1）相同施氮量下,较N处理,CN处理下隆子黑渐增期、快增期灌浆速率（R₁、R₂）及最大灌浆速率（R_max）分别提高11.84%、2.65%、0.46%,渐增期持续时间（T_a）缩短,快增期持续时间（T_b）延长,籽粒产量、千粒重分别提高13.8%、4.11%;（2）较单施氮肥,氮肥配施黄腐酸可提高隆子黑灌浆速率,延长灌浆持续时间,CN+FA处理增效作用最好,其较CN处理的产量、有效穗数、千粒重、穗粒数分别提高21.66%、17.88%、2.87%、20.24%;（3）减氮20%处理下,隆子黑灌浆指标均呈下降趋势,缓释尿素处理无显著的减氮增效优势,CN80%较N、CN处理产量分别下降5.51%、12.08%;（4）快增期灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、灌浆持续时间、快增期持续时间、缓增期持续时间与千粒重呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),提高灌浆速率、延长灌浆持续时间是增加隆子黑产量的有效措施。缓释尿素配施黄腐酸提高了黑青稞籽粒灌浆能力、千粒重和产量,生产上推荐135 kg·hm^-2缓释尿素配施45 kg·hm^-2黄腐酸为黑青稞的最佳施肥方案。     

中国河西走廊东灰山和西灰山作物遗存研究

河西走廊是古代中原文化和西域文化的交叉地带,也是古丝绸之路的重要通道。为了给研究东西方物质和文化交流在中国农业发展史上的作用提供实物证据,对甘肃民乐东灰山和西灰山现有材料采用遗址剖面土壤样本浮选、分拣、鉴定和理化分析方法,以现代作物种子为对照,确定遗址炭化作物籽粒的种类、性状差异及年纪。结果显示,东灰山遗址发现了炭化小麦、大麦、谷子(粟)、糜子(黍、稷)、黑麦、荞麦和燕麦籽粒,以及胡桃壳、枣核等;西灰山遗址发现了炭化小麦、谷子、糜子和大麦籽粒;两个遗址的作物种植结构基本一致。东灰山和西灰山发现的作物以小麦最为古老,距今在3 800~3 600年之间,西灰山小麦种植历史稍早于东灰山。在新石器晚期至青铜器时代,河西走廊的粮食生产已有比较合理的作物种类结构,包括小麦、大麦、谷子、糜子、黑麦、荞麦和燕麦等。炭化小麦籽粒较小,且大小不均匀,说明人工选育程度低。如对东灰山和西灰山作物和植物遗存开展系统性发掘,可能还会有更多新发现或新认知。     

大麦籽粒苯丙氨酸含量QTL初步定位分析

为挖掘控制大麦籽粒苯丙基酸含量的QTL,以紫光芒裸二棱和Schooner构建的包含193个家系的重组自交系（RIL）为材料,测定RIL群体及亲本籽粒苯丙氨酸含量,并结合SSR标记和完备区间作图法构建遗传连锁图谱,对大麦籽粒苯丙氨酸含量进行QTL定位。结果表明,紫光芒裸二棱籽粒苯丙氨酸含量为1.23 mg·g^-1,Schooner籽粒苯丙氨酸含量为0.60 mg·g^-1,群体籽粒苯丙氨酸含量在0.59~1.24 mg·g^-1之间;所构建的大麦遗传连锁图谱包含180对SSR标记,总遗传距离为2 671.03 cM,平均标记间距为14.84 cM;共检测到4个控制大麦籽粒苯丙氨酸含量的QTL,均为新发现的QTL,除 qPHE-4H加性效应来自母本紫光芒裸二棱外,其他3个QTL加性效应均来自父本Schooner。 qPHE-2H和 qPHE-7H为主效QTL,分别位于2H和7H染色体上,表型贡献率分别为12.32%和15.45%。该研究结果为大麦籽粒苯丙氨酸含量QTL精细定位奠定了基础。     

青稞HvnWAK基因的克隆及其在条纹病胁迫下的表达

为探索青稞（Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f）WAK类基因在青稞抗条纹病中的作用，以抗条纹病青稞品种昆仑14号和感病品种Z1141为材料，从叶片中克隆了HvnWAK基因。昆仑14号HvnWAK基因开放阅读框（ORF）为2 964 bp，Z1141的ORF为3 048 bp，分别编码988个氨基酸和1 016个氨基酸，两者氨基酸序列一致性为97.14%。启动子区域预测表明，该区段包含脱落酸、茉莉酸、赤霉素等与逆境胁迫相关的多个顺式作用元件。蛋白质序列分析表明，HvnWAK为亲水性的不稳定酸性蛋白，具有典型的细胞壁相关激酶结构特征，如细胞壁受体结构（GUB_WAK_bind）、胞内激酶结构域（intracellular kinase structural domain）和跨膜域、表皮生长因子结构域（epidermal growth factor，EGF），属于WAK家族。同源比对与系统进化分析表明，昆仑14号的HvnWAK蛋白与大麦、山羊草、硬直黑麦草的WAK蛋白序列相似性分别为97.24%、92.17%、80.80%;Z1141的HvnWAK蛋白与大麦、山羊草、硬直黑麦草等的WAK蛋白序列相似性分别为100%、92.17%、80.80%。青稞HvnWAK蛋白与大麦HvWAK蛋白的亲缘关系最近，与玉米和水稻的亲缘关系较远。蛋白互作预测结果表明，与WAK蛋白存在互作关系的有抗病蛋白同源物、解旋酶家族蛋白、苏氨酸蛋白激酶等。实时荧光定量（qRT-PCR）分析表明，该基因在感病后迅速表达，且在抗病材料昆仑14号中的表达峰值显著高于Z1141（P＜0.01），且高峰时期（8～9周）晚于在Z1141中的表达高峰时期（7～8周）。由此推测，HvnWAK基因在青稞抗条纹病的后期发挥重要的调控作用。     

三种数学模型模拟不同播期小麦籽粒灌浆过程的比较分析

为比较分析Logistic、Richards和三次多项式（Cubic）3种小麦籽粒灌浆模型的特点,用其分别对4个小麦品种（济麦44、品育8012、周麦36和晋麦84）在4个播期下的籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合。结果表明,不同播期小麦籽粒灌浆过程用三种模型均可拟合,各模型方程的决定系数均在0.98以上,且达极显著水平,Cubic和Richards模型拟合效果优于Logistic模型;通过Cubic模型模拟的灌浆起始期较观测值晚0.58~6.65 d,10月12日播期起始灌浆日期模拟值与观测值最接近;在本试验条件下,Logistic模型可以假定粒重达理论最大粒重的2.76%左右时为灌浆起始期（开花期）;Richard模型中,播期对起始粒重比例（灌浆起始期粒重/理论最大粒重）有显著影响,第一、第二播期（10月12日、10月20日）的超始粒重比例显著低于第三、第四播期（10月28日、11月5日）;三种模型理论最大粒重在品种和播期间的规律与灌浆终止粒重一致;Cubic模型模拟的理论最大粒重与灌浆终止粒重最接近,终止粒重比例（灌浆终止粒重/理论最大粒重）平均值达 97.84%;Logistic与Richards模型中,终止粒重比例随播期的推迟呈增加趋势,Richards模型终止粒重比例在播期间的变异系数大于Logistic和Cubic模型。小麦快增期灌浆参数T₂（快增期持续时间）、T_max（最大灌浆速率出现时间）、V₂（快增期平均灌浆速率）、V_max（最大灌浆速率）在三种模型间存在差异,Richards模型在播期间差异最大（T₂、T_max、V₂、V_max变异系数分别为35.25%、20.43%、11.94%、10.8%）,Logistic模型在播期间差异最小（T₂、T_max、V₂、V_max变异系数分别为8.79%、7.59%、3.30%、3.30%）。     

利用比重和孔隙度评估小麦籽粒饱满度

为探究比重、孔隙度与饱满度之间的关系,测定了131份小麦籽粒的容重和比重,并对容重与比重和孔隙度之间的关系进行回归分析,以实现用比重、孔隙度定量描述籽粒饱满度。结果表明,籽粒容重和比重呈线性正相关,与孔隙度呈线性负相关;回归方程式分别为y_容重=829.84x_比重－286.25和y_容重= -16.212x_孔隙度＋1 414.2,对应的R值分别为0.599 5和0.720 2。“饱满”、“较饱满”、“一般”、“较瘪”、“瘪”的籽粒对应的比重范围分别为≥1.297、1.273～1.296、1.249～1.272、1.225～1.248、1.201～1.224 g·cm^-3,对应的孔隙度范围分别为≤38.50%、38.51%～39.74%、39.75%～40.97%、40.98%～42.20%、42.21%～43.44%。     

西藏青稞产区土壤和籽粒硒含量调查研究

为明确西藏青稞产区土壤和籽粒硒含量及两者之间的关系，对西藏青稞主产区80个地点的青稞籽粒和土壤进行取样调查，研究不同青稞产区土壤全硒含量、有效硒含量和青稞籽粒硒含量及其成因。结果发现，西藏青稞产区土壤全硒含量范围在0.026～0.432 mg·kg^-1，平均值为0.180 mg·kg^-1；根据土壤全硒含量分类标准，缺硒土壤占49%，硒适量土壤占33%，富硒土壤占18%，富硒土壤主要分布在雅鲁藏布江以南地区。土壤有效硒含量范围在0.001～0.059 mg·kg^-1，平均值为0.013 mg·kg^-1。青稞籽粒硒含量范围在0～0.098 mg·kg^-1，平均值为0.011 mg·kg^-1；根据籽粒硒含量分类标准，其中90%属于硒缺乏。青稞主产区土壤全硒含量与土壤有效硒含量之间及二者与青稞籽粒硒含量之间均呈显著正相关关系，说明土壤全硒和有效硒含量可作为衡量青稞富硒潜力的有效指标。土壤有效硒每增加0.01 mg·kg^-1，籽粒硒含量增加0.014 4 mg·kg^-1。本结果有助于西藏富硒土壤资源的合理开发、富硒青稞等农作物生产。     

粗山羊草新型硬度等位基因的克隆及分析

小麦籽粒硬度是其最为重要的品质性状之一,现已发现控制小麦籽粒硬度的主效基因是Pina和Pinb。为了丰富籽粒硬度新型等位基因,根据已报道的小麦Pina和Pinb基因的保守序列,设计了2对特异性引物,对粗山羊草（Aegilops tauschii)进行Pina和Pinb基因的PCR扩增、克隆及序列分析。结果表明,本研究共得到2个新型Pina等位基因和3个新型Pinb等位基因,核酸序列长度均为447 bp,编码148个氨基酸残基,具有麦类作物PINA和PINB蛋白所特有的色氨酸结构域：WRWWKWWK和WPTKWWK。与已知的Pina和Pinb基因序列相比较,这些基因含有多个SNP变异位点,丰富了小麦籽粒硬度改良的遗传资源。[JP]     

京科968的灌浆特征与产量性能分析

以京科968为材料, 采用春播、夏播2种播期, 设置45 000、60 000、75 000株/hm²共3种密度处理, 对其灌浆特征与产量性能进行分析。结果表明, 粒重与灌浆速率最大时的生长量(W_max)、最大灌浆速率(G_max)、活跃灌浆天数(P)呈极显著正相关, 与达到最大灌浆速率的天数(T_max)、灌浆起始势(R₀)呈显著或极显著负相关。平均叶面积指数、穗数、产量与密度呈正相关;平均净同化率、穗粒数、千粒重与密度呈负相关;平均叶面积指数与穗数与产量都呈极显著正相关。     

小麦淀粉合成关键酶基因和相关蛋白表达对不同施磷量的响应

为深入研究磷素在小麦淀粉产量和品质形成过程中的作用,以新疆冬小麦主栽品种新冬20号为试验材料,研究0 kg·hm^-2（CK）、105 kg·hm^-2（LP）和210 kg·hm^-2（HP）3种施磷（P₂O₅）量对小麦籽粒灌浆特性、淀粉合成关键酶(AGPase和GBSS)活性和基因表达、胚乳可溶性蛋白和淀粉粒结合蛋白含量及谱带特征、胚乳微观特性等的影响。结果表明,籽粒灌浆后期磷肥对粒重的促进作用逐渐增强;低磷（LP）条件下, agp1、 agp2、 gbss1、 gbss2基因表达量显著提高;3个处理下AGPase活性的变化趋势基本一致;籽粒灌浆中期（14～21 d）,低磷处理的GBSS活性显著高于CK;不同磷处理对淀粉粒结合蛋白和胚乳可溶性蛋白含量的影响显著,但对蛋白谱带特征的影响较弱。扫描电镜结果显示,不同磷处理的胚乳淀粉粒形态未发生明显变化;与CK和高磷（HP）处理相比,低磷处理下籽粒胚乳横断面蛋白基质较少,淀粉粒与蛋白质结合较疏松。说明常规施磷（低磷）条件下,淀粉合成关键酶基因（agp和gbss）相对表达量提高或酶活性变化可影响籽粒淀粉合成及胚乳中蛋白与淀粉粒的嵌合度,并最终造成粒重的增加和淀粉特性的变化。     

Beta-amylase degradation by serine endoproteinases from green barley malt

Proteolytic degradation of barley proteins is examined in green (unkilned) malt and germinating seeds from Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Harrington. Zymographic analysis of the Harrington green malt extracts using commercial preparations of barley beta-amylase incorporated as a proteolytic substrate in 2-D SDS gels shows multiple proteolytic activities. A developmental study shows that the several green malt beta-amylase-degrading activities appear at around day 2 of germination. The several activities appear to increase and decrease through 7 days of germination in a coordinated fashion. Gels treated with class-specific proteinase inhibitors show that serine-class proteinase activities are responsible for barley beta-amylase degradation seen on the zymograms. Western blot analysis also shows that proteolytic enzymes recovered from 1-D electrophoretic gels degrade barley beta-amylase, and that the degradation is inhibited by PMSF. This is the first demonstration that malt proteinases are capable of degrading important metabolic enzymes in germinating barley, and the first postulated physiological role for the serine class proteinases in barley malt.     

Grain weight changes over time in ancient cereal crops: Potential roles of climate and genetic improvement

Inferences of grain weight (GW) for cereals cultivated in the past could be useful to track early agronomic improvements. Though strongly genetically determined, GW also depends on environmental conditions, such as water availability. In the archaeological context, we can estimate GW and plant water status from grain dimensions and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C), respectively. In this study we attempted to determine the role of environmental changes on the evolution of GW of naked wheat (Triticum aestivum/durum) and hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare) in the Ebro Depression (NE Spain) during the last four millennia. To that end, we examined charred grains from nine archaeological sites, from the Bronze Age (ca. 1950 BCE) to the end of the Middle Ages (XVth century). Estimated GW in archaeological grains (averaging ca. 19.5 mg for both species) was significantly lower than in present rainfed cereals in the area (ca. 35 mg). In contrast, for both species mean Δ¹³C values in archaeological grains were similar to or even greater than in modern material (16.3‰ and 15.5‰, respectively). Accordingly, we conclude that the most recent increase in GW cannot be attributed to increased water availability, but probably to empirical breeding efforts which would have started not before the beginning of the CE.     

Grain composition of Virginia winter barley and implications for use in feed,food, and biofuels production

Grain compositional components impacting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) use in food, feed and fuel products, must be combined with improved agronomic traits to produce a commercially viable barley cultivar. Little current information is available on grain composition and variability among winter barley genotypes. This study was conducted to determine the variability among modern hulled and hulless winter barley genotypes in grain composition. Barley types varied significantly in grain and kernel weight, starch, beta-glucan, oil and ash content, but not in protein concentration. Hulless barley had significantly higher grain test weight and starch concentration than hulled and malting types, and significantly higher beta-glucan than malting barley. Hulless barley had significantly lower kernel weights, oil, and ash concentrations than hulled and malting types. Higher starch and lower fiber and ash in grain of hulless barley versus hulled feed or malting type barley are characteristics that increase hulless barley desirability. Selection for high starch concentration among all barley types is feasible and will facilitate development of barley cultivars better suited for use in feed, malt, and ethanol production.     

利用SNP标记鉴定青稞种质资源

近年来,青稞(Hordeum vulgare var.nudum Hook. f.)育种速度逐步加快,青稞品种的类别和数量日渐增多,形成了丰富的青稞品种资源。然而,在青稞资源的大量引种和品种资源交换过程中,造成了同名异物、同物异名的现象,因而建立高效、准确的青稞品种鉴定技术体系和数据系统迫在眉睫。为基于青稞品种基本信息实现青稞品种的快速和准确鉴定,本研究利用简化基因组(GBS)测序获得的青稞基因组高通量SNP基因分型数据,对314份青稞种质资源进行群体结构分析;根据SNP注释结果,筛选获得位于外显子区的SNP并计算其杂合率和遗传多态性指数;用Genstat的去冗余(IRREDUNDANT)指令通过顺序算法(sequential algorithm)获得能够区分参试青稞种质资源的核心SNP位点组合,并构建DNA指纹图谱,结合参试材料地理来源等基本信息构建青稞品种的分子身份证。结果表明,群体遗传结构分析可将314份参试青稞材料划分为3个类群,类群划分与其材料类型密切相关。从4 954个位于外显子区域的高质量SNP位点中筛选出14个多态性高且能完全区分青稞种质资源的SNP位点,称其为核心SN...     

NADPH Oxidases Act as Key Enzyme on Germination and Seedling Growth in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in seed germination. Although hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a type of ROS, enhances the germination rate of various plant seeds, little is known about the mechanism. NADPH oxidases catalyze the production of superoxide anion (O₂^-) that is one of the ROS and the enzymes regulate plant development. We, therefore, investigated the role of NADPH oxidases in seed germination and seedling growth in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The production of O₂^- was observed both in embryo and aleurone layers in barley seeds treated with distilled water (DW). However, it was suppressed in seeds treated with diphenylene iodonium (DPI) chloride, NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Moreover, DPI markedly delayed germination and remarkably suppressed α-amylase activity in barley seeds, indicating the importance of NADPH oxidases in germination of barley seeds. The gene expression and the enzyme activity of NADPH oxidases gradually increased after imbibition, and the enzyme activities were closely correlated with seedling growth after imbibition. Besides, DPI markedly suppressed the seedling growth. These results indicated that NADPH oxidases perform a crucial function in germination and seedling growth in barley. These facts clearly reveal that O₂^- produced by NADPH oxidases after imbibition regulates seed germination and seedling growth in barley.     

大麦转基因技术研究进展及其应用

大麦是世界第四大禾谷类作物,种植范围和用途极为广泛。近十年来,大麦转基因研究取得了很大进展。本文概述了大麦遗传转化的主要方法,着重介绍农杆菌介导法转化大麦的研究成果,分析影响其转化效率的因素;总结了转基因技术在大麦遗传研究中的应用,包括生物和非生物胁迫抗/耐性、籽粒产量、麦芽和营养品质改良,以及饲用酶和其他重组蛋白的生产等。     

中国小麦的起源、传播及进化

小麦是由西亚引入我国的主要粮食作物之一,是古丝绸之路物质和文化交流的产物。研究认为,大约3800年前的新石器时代晚期至青铜器时代早期,小麦被引入河西走廊地区,作为春麦种植,逐步引种到祁连山以南地区,到达海东和洮河流域,之后进入关中平原;然后,进化为冬小麦,以适应当地的种植制度。西汉时期,由于朝廷的重视和推广,小麦开始在黄河及淮河流域种植。由于小麦可秋播夏熟,产量稳定,具有救荒救灾的作用,使小麦在中国的种植区域持续扩大。近百年来由于作物遗传育种和栽培技术水平的提高,目前小麦产量已达到每公顷10 500 kg以上。小麦在中国的传播和进化,对中国的农业生产结构以及人们的饮食结构和饮食文化产生了深远的影响。     

Barley for food: Characteristics,improvement, and renewed interest

Barley (Hordeum vulgare vulgare L.) is an ancient cereal grain, which upon domestication has evolved from largely a food grain to a feed and malting grain. However, barley food use today remains important in some cultures around the world, particularly in Asia and northern Africa, and there is renewed interest throughout the world in barley food because of its nutritional value. This review covers basic and general information on barley food use and barley grain processing for food use, as well as an in-depth look at several major aspects/traits of interest for barley food use including kernel hardness and colour, grain starch, and β-glucan contents. These traits are described in terms of their effects on processing and nutrition, as well as their inheritance and the prospects for barley improvement through breeding. Whereas, the aspects listed above have been studied relatively extensively in barley in terms of content, form, genetics, physiology, and in some cases nutritional quality, little is know about functional properties for processing and food product development. Renewed interest in barley for food uses largely centres around the effects of β-glucans on lowering blood cholesterol levels and glycemic index. Wholegrain barley foods also appear to be associated with increased satiety and weight loss. There is great potential to utilise barley in a large number of cereal-based food products as a substitute partially or wholly for currently used cereal grains such as wheat (Triticum aestivum), oat (Avena sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), and maize (Zea mays).     

利用RNAi技术沉默大麦B-Hordein基因的研究

为限制大麦籽粒中贮藏蛋白的积累,降低其蛋白质含量,以大麦幼胚为受体材料,采用农杆菌介导的转化方法,将大麦B组醇溶蛋白基因gp4/antisense gp4片段与Ubi启动子相连导入大麦,经PCR检测证实,含有gp4反向重复基因片段的RNAi抑制表达框架已成功转入大麦。RT-PCR结果表明,转基因株系中B-Hordein mRNA积累受到明显抑制。收获T1代籽粒,经近红外谷物分析仪测定表明,2个转基因大麦株系籽粒蛋白质含量(分别为11.4%、11.7%)较对照(12.3%)降低。因此,利用RNA干涉技术降低大麦蛋白质含量是可行的。