苹果分根交替灌溉不同水量对树体生长和水分利用效率的影响

以3 a生分根盆栽嘎拉苹果为试材,研究了不同根域交替灌溉不同水量对树体生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌水量调控了苹果新梢二次生长的发生、生长时间和速率,每一根域每次灌水量为500 mL时,仅4/4根域灌水处理的新梢出现二次生长;灌水量为750 mL时,2/4、3/4和4/4根域灌水处理的新梢均出现二次生长;灌水量为1 000 mL时,1/4、2/4、3/4和4/4处理的新梢均有二次生长,其二次生长随着灌水根域的增多而时间提早,生长速率加快。每一根域灌水量相同时,植株主干、枝条、叶片、根系和总生物量随灌水根域增多而提高,750 mL与1 000mL根域灌水处理差异不显著。植株的水分利用效率随灌水根域的增多而降低。从确保树体正常生长和提高树体水分利用效率综合分析,2/4根域每次灌水750 mL为最佳灌溉方案。     

部分根域施有机肥对梨幼树生长与生理特性的影响

【目的】探讨梨园有机肥施用方法与合理的施肥量。【方法】以3 a生分根盆栽梨幼树为材料,研究砂土、壤土2/4根域用10%、20%、30%有机肥改良对新梢生长和枝类组成等生长指标,叶片水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度等生理指标的影响。【结果】砂土、壤土2/4根域改良均显著促进梨幼树新梢生长,调控长、中、短枝数量和枝类组成。其中,随有机肥水平增加,砂土栽培梨幼树新梢生长量与总枝量等先增加后降低;壤土栽培时则逐渐降低,且砂土、壤土分别以20%、10%有机肥处理最大。2/4根域施用有机肥能有效调控梨幼树叶片水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度等生理指标。砂土上10%有机肥处理,有机肥施用量不足,对叶片生理特性指标的促进作用较小;砂土栽培30%有机肥及壤土栽培20%、30%有机肥处理,有机肥施用量偏高,对梨幼树叶片生理特性有抑制效应。【结论】从促进梨幼树树体生长和叶片生理特性指标考虑,2/4根域改良条件下,砂土施用20%有机肥、壤土施用10%有机肥的效果最好。     

根系分区灌水对苹果叶片内源激素及生长的影响

 以2年生分根盆栽‘皇家嘎拉’ (Royal Gala) 苹果为试材, 通过全部根系、3 /4、2 /4、1 /4根系灌水和全部根系干旱5种处理研究了根系分区灌水对叶片内源激素变化及枝叶生长的影响。结果表明1 /4、2 /4根系灌水叶片ABA含量提高, IAA、GA₃、ZR含量降低, 枝叶生长显著被抑制, 并认为局部灌水处理对枝叶生长的抑制是由于根系ABA合成量增加、CTK合成量降低, 地上部茎尖和幼叶IAA、GA₃合成量降低共同作用的结果。     

重水分胁迫下苹果树茎、叶水势的变化

对田间生长的3年生苹果树(红富士/M26/八棱海棠)在土壤干旱和湿润条件下的茎及叶片水势、气孔导度和净光合的日变化进行了测定。茎水势的测定采用外围新梢的直接取样测定法,以便同剪口处叶片的水势进行比较。测定结果表明,干旱土壤条件下的叶片水势稍低于土壤湿润的树,一般仅相差0.3MPa。而二个处理之间午间茎水势的差别则高达1～1.2MPa,表现出该指标对土壤干旱十分敏感。干旱条件下叶片气孔导度和净光合与土壤湿润的树也有明显差异。研究还发现,在水分严重亏缺条件下存在茎水势低于叶水势及一定压力下枝条木质部漏气现象。对这些现象的发生条件和可能原因进行了讨论。     

控制灌水对梨幼树枝条生长和成花的影响

以3年生梨幼树为试材,研究了4种不同灌水处理对梨幼树枝条生长和花芽形成的影响。结果表明,在冬季一次灌水(250m~3/亩)的基础上,减少土壤供水可有效地控制新梢长度和粗度,缓和树势,增加花芽数量。减少土壤供水可使幼树总生长量轻微下降,主干生长减弱,树冠长梢比例下降,中、短梢比例增加,单位主干横截面积上的花芽数明显增加。生长季节控制灌水,可节约灌水量、扩大灌溉面积、并能促使梨幼树早期结果。     

砂土1/4根域施用有机肥对苹果幼树生长的影响

以2 a生有机玻璃箱栽植的分根苹果幼树为材料,研究1/4根域施用不同水平有机肥对苹果幼树新梢和根系生长的影响。结果表明,6月中旬以后,10%和30%有机肥处理的新梢二次生长旺盛;20%有机肥处理春梢段节数、占总新梢节数比例、叶面积、比叶重和春梢生长量均显著大于10%和30%处理,10%有机肥处理秋梢长度、节数、叶面积和比叶重均显著大于20%处理,秋梢补偿生长旺盛;不同比例有机肥处理调控梢类组成,10%和30%处理的长梢比例分别占总新梢22.2%和25.0%,而20%处理的仅占11.8%;除6月份外,20%有机肥处理根系总长度在果树整个生长季节内均显著大于10%和30%处理。砂性土壤局部施用适量有机肥可以调控新梢生长和根系的发育,为果园土壤局部改良、集中营养供应等提供理论依据。     

短枝富士苹果不同负载和灌水量对新梢生长、产量和灌水利用效率的影响

【目的】探明黄土高原地区苹果优质高效生产的负载量与灌溉量的关系。【方法】以9年生短枝富士苹果树为研究对象，试验设3种负载量：低负载T1(2果·cm^-2主干横截面积)、中负载T2(4果·cm^-2主干横截面积)和高负载T3(6果·cm^-2主干横截面积)，及6个灌水梯度：W0(0)、W1(40%ETc)、W2(60%ETc)、W3(80%ETc)、W4(100%ETc)和W5(120%ETc)。研究负载量与灌水处理对苹果生长、叶面积指数、光合特性、品质、产量及灌水利用效率的影响。【结果】在相同负载量条件下，随着灌水量的减少，新梢生长长度和叶面积指数LAI逐渐降低，光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr和气孔导度Gs的日均值均会随灌水量的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势。在相同灌水量条件下，随着负载量的增加，新梢生长长度显著降低(p<0.05)，其他无明显变化。负载量和灌水量对苹果产量和灌溉水利用效率(简称IWUE)有极显著影响，各处理以T3W4产量最高，T1W1处理产量最低；T3W1处理的IWUE最大，T1W5处理最小。【结论】回归分析表...     

伤根富士苹果树应用巴姆斯的效果

对18年生根系受伤的富士苹果树应用巴姆斯灌根试验,结果表明,巴姆斯对伤根富士苹果树新梢萌芽和生长有较强促进作用,对叶片生长和伸展有较强的促进作用,能够有效增加新梢和叶片生长量,促进秋梢生长,较好提高伤根富士苹果树的产量、果实品质和经济效益。     

根域容积对主干形清水白桃生长结果的影响北大核心

以清水白桃为材料,设置25、50、100、150 L 4种根域容积处理,以大田栽培为对照,研究了不同根域容积处理对清水白桃生长结果的影响。试验结果表明:随着根域容积增加,对地上部的抑制作用逐渐减弱,表现为树体营养生长量增加和叶片光合能力增强;100、150 L根域容积的主干及主枝增长量、新梢生长量、单果重、叶面积、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)和净光合速率(Pn)等指标明显高于25、50 L根域容积;根域容积较大处理(100、150 L)的果实可溶性固形物含量与根域容积较小处理(25、50 L)相比没有显著性差异,对照最低。综合评估树体营养生长量和果实品质,认为100~150 L是进行清水白桃根域限制的合理容积。     

干旱条件下断根对苹果幼树生长和光合特性的影响

控制地上部营养生长是果树生产中的一项重要工作。现以2年生盆栽苹果幼树为研究对象,分析了干旱条件下断根对苹果幼树生长发育和光合作用的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫导致苹果叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)下降,提高了叶片的水分利用效率(WUE),而断根对这些指标没有显著影响。断根能够刺激苹果幼树产生大量新根,干旱条件下,断根处理后苹果根系再生能力显著下降。苹果春梢和叶片生物量,春梢长度和粗度,叶片长度、宽度和叶面积等营养生长特性都表现为T0T1T2T3的变化趋势。在干旱条件下进行断根处理,苹果叶片的光合能力和根系再生能力大大降低,春梢和叶片生长发育受到严重抑制。     

交替根区灌溉和施氮量对葡萄幼树生长特性的影响

该试验采用盆栽进行。以2年生‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,设置不同灌溉方式(传统双侧滴灌、固定根区滴灌、交替根区滴灌)和施氮水平(0.4、0.8、1.2 g/kg土,依次记为低氮、中氮、高氮),研究根区交替灌溉与不同施氮量对葡萄生长特性的影响。结果表明,灌溉方式与施氮量存在显著的互作效应,在新梢修剪前,新梢长度表现传统双侧滴灌最长(77.22 cm)、交替根区滴灌居中(68.53 cm)、固定根区滴灌最短(64.50 cm)。交替根区滴灌和固定根区滴灌的新梢长度依次比传统双侧滴灌降低11.3%、16.5%;葡萄新梢修剪量依次降低10.8%、21.3%。同一灌溉方式下,随着施氮量的增加,新梢修剪量增加。与传统双侧滴灌相比,交替根区滴灌叶面积略有降低,固定根区滴灌叶面积显著降低,在局部根区滴灌2种方式下,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积均呈上升趋势,中氮和高氮处理差异不显著;在传统双侧滴灌方式下,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积先增加后降低。综合考虑不同水氮耦合处理,交替滴灌与中氮互作能够在减少灌溉量和施氮量的条件下优化树体生长。     

Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines

The grapevine plays a very important role in the economic, social and cultural sectors of many regions; however vineyards are often grown in regions under stressful conditions and thus they are vulnerable to climate change. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation on vine water relations, vegetative growth, plant microclimate, berry composition and yield components, compared to conventional deficit irrigation (DI, 50% ETc), full irrigation (FI, 100% of ETc) and non-irrigated vines (NI). The study was undertaken in mature ‘Moscatel’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Pegões, South of Portugal. Compared to the other irrigated treatments, PRD vines showed a better microclimate at the cluster zone with higher incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Within the more open canopies of NI and PRD treatments, berry temperatures were higher than those of denser ones (DI and FI). Compared to the conventional irrigation technique the better microclimate observed in PRD vines was a consequence of a reduction in vine growth, where lower values of leaf layer number, leaf area, canopy wideness, water shoots and shoot weight were observed. In PRD vines we observed a tendency to a development of a deeper root system, while DI and FI showed a more homogeneous root distribution throughout the different soil layers. PRD showed an improvement in berry quality with higher values of flavour precursors, and total phenols concentration without any significant yield reduction compared to DI and FI.     

交替根区滴灌对西瓜生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

为探索设施西瓜栽培的最优灌水策略,以“早佳8424”西瓜为研究对象,在早春塑料大棚栽培模式下,以常规滴灌为对照,设置3个交替根区滴灌处理(灌水上限分别为70%、80%、90%田间持水量),研究不同灌溉模式对西瓜生长、产量、品质、养分吸收及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：交替根区滴灌处理(灌水上限和下限分别为90%和60%田间持水量)的综合性状最好,其主蔓长、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、平均单果质量、产量及果实中心可溶性固形物含量、全氮含量、全钾含量均较对照显著提高;理论产量达48 217.5 kg/hm²,水分利用效率达78.21 kg/m³,较对照分别增长11.09%和35.50%;且较对照节水33.01%,具有明显的节水效果和较高的水分利用效率,不仅促进了西瓜生长、品质提升以及养分吸收,同时可以实现高产、节水,有效提升灌溉水分利用效率。     

Comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation and deficit irrigation on phosphorus uptake in tomato plants

Summary

The comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) and deficit irrigation (DI) on phosphorus (P) uptake in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were investigated in a split-root pot experiment. The results showed that PRI treatment improved water-use efficiency (WUE) compared to the DI treatment. PRI-treated plants accumulated significantly higher amounts of P in their shoots than DI plants under organic maize straw N fertilisation, whereas similar levels of shoot P accumulation were observed under mineral N fertilisation. Thus, the form of N fertiliser, and thereby the different plant N status, affected the accumulation of P in shoots, as reflected by a higher plant N:P ratio following mineral N fertilisation than after organic N fertilisation. Compared to the DI treatment, PRI significantly increased both the physiological and agronomic efficiencies of P-use under mineral N fertilisation, while similar physiological and agronomic P-use efficiencies were found between the two irrigation treatments with organic N fertilisation. PRI-induced drying and wetting processes might have influenced the bio-availability of soil P, as the concentrations of bio-available P in both bulk and rhizosphere soils were increased compared with the DI treatment under both forms of N fertilisation. It is suggested that a relatively high soil water content in the wet zone of the PRI treatment should be maintained in order to facilitate nutrient (i.e., N and P) transport from the bulk soil to the root surface, thereby enhancing nutrient uptake by the roots.     

分根区交替灌溉对百合鲜切花生理变化和质量的影响

研究了分根区交替灌溉（APRI）和施用钾肥对亚洲型百合鲜切花质量及其瓶插期间生理变化的影响。结果表明，采收时APRI处理的切花形态指标与常规均匀灌溉（CI）之间差异不明显，但一般优于部分根干燥灌溉（PRD）。此外，APRI处理的切花寿命比CI处理延长1～1．5d。切花当天和瓶插期间APRI处理的切花百合叶片和花被片中淀粉和可溶性糖含量高于CI和PRD处理，且APRI可减缓瓶插期间鲜切花叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的下降。此外，施用适量钾肥提高百合叶面积、叶片数、株高以及延长切花寿命1～1.5d；且能增加采收时鲜切花叶片和花被片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量，但降低花被片中丙二醛（MDA）含量，还可减缓瓶插期间鲜切花叶片和花被片中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的下降和MDA含量的升高。上述结果表明，分根区交替灌溉和施用钾肥有利于糖的积累，并在一定程度上减缓丙二醛的积累，这将可能延缓亚洲型黄百合切花的衰老和提高切花的品质。     

Shade Effects on Growth and Development of Cacao Following Two Years of Continuous Dry Season Irrigation

ABSTRACT

The deployment of plantain shade and irrigation (5- and 10-day) intervals) for enhancing survival, field establishment, flowering and pod production of field-grown cacao seedlings in the dry season was investigated. The effects of dry season irrigation was profound on cacao growth, field establishment (over 90% seedling survival) and development, flowering and pod production. For the non-irrigated moderately shaded cacao, about 30% of the transplanted seedlings survived and the achievable percent survival from the various shade-irrigation combinations ranged from 47–90%. Open sun in combination with 5-day irrigation interval had best results in term of growth (root and shoot development and biomass accumulation) and establishment, flowering and pod production. Lower values of air and soil temperatures were obtained for combination of irrigation and shade regimes (dense and moderate) and higher soil moisture contents. The shade-irrigation combinations ameliorated microclimate and enhanced growth and development, seedling survival, root and shoot development, advanced flowering and promoted uniform fruiting/pod production and total bean yield. The effects of dry season irrigation at 5- or 10-day intervals was profound on cacao growth, field establishment (over 90% seedling survival), flowering and pod production. Irrigated unshaded (open sun) cacao had best results in term of growth (root and shoot development and biomass accumulation) and establishment, flowering and pod production. The achievable percent survival from the various shade-irrigation combinations ranged from 47–90%. The drip irrigation strategy adopted ameliorated dry season terminal drought (hydrothermal stresses) and promoted cacao growth, survival and flower/pod production.