柱花草超干燥种子预先回湿方法研究

柱花草种子超干燥后,种子生活力明显下降.经六种不同的预先回湿处理,结果表明:除c处理外,其余五种回湿处理的超干种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均高于对照,其中以f处理的效果最佳.     

超干处理对桔梗种子生理特性的影响

将同一批桔梗种子经过不同时间的超干处理,然后经过回湿处理、老化处理,测定种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、丙二醛含量、过氧化物酶活力以及种子浸出液电导率,研究超干处理对种子生理生化特性的影响。结果表明随着超干处理时间的增加,桔梗种子含水量逐渐降低,与自然含水量对照种子相比,经老化处理后超干种子的各项生理指标保持了较高水平,发芽势、发芽指数分别高于对照3-5%、9.6-21.4%,回湿后种子浸出液电导率降低7.3-28.2%,膜系统完好程度高于对照,丙二醛含量低于对照10.3-66.1%,过氧化物酶活性高于对照10.5-40.7%,耐贮性显著提高。结论：南桔梗种子超干贮藏最适合水分应在3.06%左右。     

超干处理对南桔梗种子生理特性的影响

为了解决南桔梗种子贮藏期间生活力不断下降的问题,将同一批南桔梗种子经过不同时间的超干处理,再经过回湿处理、老化处理,测定种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、丙二醛含量、过氧化物酶活力以及种子浸出液电导率,研究超干处理对种子生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,随着超干处理时间的增加,桔梗种子含水量逐渐降低,与自然含水量对照种子相比,经老化处理后超干种子的各项生理指标保持了较高水平,发芽势、发芽指数分别高于对照3%~5%、9.6%~21.4%,回湿后种子浸出液电导率降低7.3%~28.2%,膜系统完好程度高于对照,丙二醛含量低于对照10.3%~66.1%,过氧化物酶活性高于对照10.5%~40.7%,耐贮性显著提高。研究认为,南桔梗种子超干贮藏最适合水分应在3.06%左右。     

不同萌发温度下储藏方式和添加GA3对3种荒漠十字花科植物种子萌发的影响

为揭示土壤种子库种子萌发对外界环境变化的响应策略,设计储藏方式和温度对古尔班通古特沙漠3种十字花科植物菥蓂、庭荠和条叶庭荠种子萌发影响.2个萌发温度(5℃/15℃、15℃/25℃)下,以室温干藏种子为对照,设置5种储藏处理(干种子:冬季室外干藏、冬季室外沙埋;吸胀种子:4℃、-10℃、冬季室外沙埋)及添加外源GA3的萌发实验.结果表明,1)5℃/15℃萌发条件下,与对照相比,各储藏处理都显著延长了菥蓂和庭荠初始萌发时间,冬季室外沙埋干藏处理显著降低了庭荠种子萌发率.15℃/25℃萌发条件下,4℃、湿藏处理显著延长了3种种子初始萌发时间,同时显著抑制条叶庭荠种子萌发;各储藏处理下菥蓂种子初始萌发时间显著缩短,对萌发率无影响.2)添加GA3可使各储藏处理下种子萌发进程由停滞状态转变为持续萌发.3)各储藏处理和对照中菥蓂和庭荠种子的潜在萌发率均超过50％,5℃/15℃温度下大量条叶庭荠种子腐烂或失去活力导致潜在萌发率低于20％;添加GA3对3种种子潜在萌发率贡献不同.     

不破坏种子活力测定方法研究Ⅱ种子活力与呼吸速率的关系

对不同活力的白菜种子进行连续5次吸水回干处理,发现吸水回干处理使种子的抗劣变能力显著提高。测定种子吸胀初期的呼吸速率发现：高活力种子（发芽率82％）和中等活力种子（发芽率68％）的呼吸速率显著高于低活力种子（发芽率44％）的呼吸速率,但高活力种子与中等活力种子的呼吸速率差别不明显。种子经吸水回干处理（1～5次）再自然老化后,种子吸胀初期的呼吸速率则与种子活力呈明显的正相关。     

杜梨的种子处理和播种技术

1种子处理 主要有高温处理和低温处理两种方法. 1.1低温处理 用于春播种子,在播种期前30～50d将种子冷水浸湿后与体积为种子的3～6倍的清洁湿河沙或湿锯末混合,沙或锯末的湿度以手握成团而又不滴水为度,拌匀后在0～7℃温度下堆放或置于菜窖中,并用塑料膜覆盖.种子萌动期间要经常检查和翻动.注意种子湿度,如干则适度洒水.     

贮藏条件及回湿处理对白皮松种子内源激素含量的影响

采用硅胶法对白皮松种子进行脱水处理,并将获得的各含水量的种子(7.27％(国家标准安全含水量)、4.14％、3.19％和2.18％)在室温下贮藏4个月,同时,以7.27％的种子低温贮藏为对照,研究贮藏条件及回湿处理对白皮松种子内源激素含量的影响.结果表明:(1)在种子脱水过程中,随着种子含水量的降低,其GA3和ZR含量降低,IAA和ABA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势；当含水量由7.27％降到4.14％时,GA3含量大幅下降,而ABA含量大幅升高；超干种子的GA3和ZR含量及GA3/ABA和ZR/ABA的比值均低于对照；(2)经回湿处理的种子与未回湿相比,其GA3、IAA和ZR含量及GA3/ABA和ZR/ABA比值均有所升高.其中,含水量为3.19％的种子其GA3及ZR含量极显著提高,且分别比对照提高81.3％和35.8％；而回湿处理的种子其ABA含量则下降.可见,虽然GA3及ZR在超干贮藏后其含量降低,但回湿处理后却能极显著提高,从而有效提高发芽能力,这为白皮松种子超干贮藏提供了可能性.     

超甜玉米种子低温吸胀的生理生化变化

试验以sh2胚乳突变体(超甜玉米)为材料，以普通杂交玉米(掖单12)为对照，比较了两者于6℃，10℃和25℃条件下吸胀的生理生化变化。试验结果表明，经6℃和10℃吸胀处理的超甜玉米种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数显著降低，而6℃低温吸胀对掖单12玉米种子影响甚微。低温吸胀均引起两种玉米种子吸胀速率、电解质渗出速率和核苷酸     

7种硬实种子特性的研究

每天从发芽皿中挑选吸胀种子作为对照。第1天为CK1，依次类推分别为CK1，CK2……等。对照种子的硬实程度随吸胀时间延长而增强，即（CK8＞CK7＞……CK1。直至吸胀率低于2％时，将未吸胀种子视为硬实种子，并用浓硫酸处理。实验结果表明，硬实种子的发芽率、苗鲜重，活力指数，ATP水平均高于对照。后者CK1～CK5的上述指标呈逐渐上升趋势。硬实种子的电导率则低于对照。后者CK1→CK5电导率呈下降趋势。综上所述，作者认为7种种子中，硬实种子的活力高于非硬实种子，其活力随着硬实程度的增加而递增。     

栝楼种子育苗萌发因素筛选及优化

目的:对栝楼种子萌发的主要影响因素进行筛选,确定各因素下栝楼种子的最佳萌发条件,为栝楼种子规模化繁殖提供参考.方法:采用单因素方差分析法对各因素水平进行显著性差异分析.结果:吸胀时间、消毒方式、发芽温度、发芽床、光照时间等因素对栝楼种子萌发均存在不同程度的影响.结论:在各单因素筛选的前提下,30℃温水吸胀8～10 h,采用75％乙醇或10％次氯酸钠浸泡15 min,30℃发芽温度,采用砂间发芽床,光照处理等均可有效促进栝楼种子萌发.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.