畜禽肌肉品质遗传的研究进展

肌肉品质是人们对多种肉质性状的综合评价，肉质主要受遗传因素的影响。为了探明肉质的遗传规律，国内外对肉质主要进行了以下几方面的研究：（１） 肉质性状遗传参数估计；（２） 肌肉品质的相关遗传；（３） 影响肉质的主基因；（４） 与肉质性状连锁的 Ｑ Ｔ Ｌ 的测定。     

Survey of the prevalence and methodology of quality assurance for B‐mode ultrasound image quality among veterinary sonographers

Image quality in B‐mode ultrasound is important as it reflects the diagnostic accuracy and diagnostic information provided during clinical scanning. Quality assurance programs for B‐mode ultrasound systems/components are comprised of initial quality acceptance testing and subsequent regularly scheduled quality control testing. The importance of quality assurance programs for B‐mode ultrasound image quality using ultrasound phantoms is well documented in the human medical and medical physics literature. The purpose of this prospective, cross‐sectional, survey study was to determine the prevalence and methodology of quality acceptance testing and quality control testing of image quality for ultrasound system/components among veterinary sonographers. An online electronic survey was sent to 1497 members of veterinary imaging organizations: the American College of Veterinary Radiology, the Veterinary Ultrasound Society, and the European Association of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, and a total of 167 responses were received. The results showed that the percentages of veterinary sonographers performing quality acceptance testing and quality control testing are 42% (64/151; 95% confidence interval 34–52%) and 26% (40/156: 95% confidence interval 19–33%) respectively. Of the respondents who claimed to have quality acceptance testing or quality control testing of image quality in place for their ultrasound system/components, 0% have performed quality acceptance testing or quality control testing correctly (quality acceptance testing 95% confidence interval: 0–6%, quality control testing 95% confidence interval: 0–11%). Further education and guidelines are recommended for veterinary sonographers in the area of quality acceptance testing and quality control testing for B‐mode ultrasound equipment/components.     

绒山羊绒毛品质遗传研究进展

绒毛品质不仅影响绒山羊养殖的经济效益,还影响绒毛纺织品的质量。近年来,随着产绒量的提高,绒毛品质有下降趋势,为了提高生产效益,在生产过程中提高绒毛品质势在必行。绒毛品质是绒山羊育种中重要的选择参数,而控制绒毛品质的主要性状是数量性状,通过数量遗传学和分子遗传学寻找控制数量性状的主效基因,从而研究其生长机理和控制绒毛生长的基因的表达机制。作者综述了近年来有关绒毛品质的研究成果,其中包括通过表型选择来提高绒毛品质,且找到控制绒毛品质性状的HOX、BMP、KAP基因和色素基因等,还有寻找控制目标性状相应的QTL和对不同序列的SNPs进行GWAS分析,通过基因型的选择来提高绒毛品质,这些研究为提高绒毛品质奠定了理论基础,也为今后研究绒毛品质的遗传因素提供借鉴。     

The Genetic Research Progress of Fiber and Wool Quality in Cashmere Goat

Fiber and wool quality not only affects the economic benefits of cashmere goat breeding, but also affects the quality of wool textiles. In recent years, fluff quality has declined with cashmere yield improvement. In order to improve production efficiency, improving fluff quality is imperative in the production process. At the same time, fiber and wool quality is important parameters of selection in breeding of goats. The main traits of controlling the fluff quality are quantitative traits. It can be to find the number of main effect genes by quantitative genetics and molecular genetics and to study its growth mechanism and gene expression. In this review, we summarize the recent achievements of the quality of cashmere, including the use of phenotypic select to improve the quality of the fluff and finding the genetics of controlling the quality of cashmere, for example, HOX,BMP,KAP genes and pigments, and beginning to find the corresponding control target trait QTL and different sequences of SNPs by GWAS analysis to improve the quality by genotype selection, in order to improve the quality of cashmere and provide reference to study the cashmere quality of genetic factors for later research.     

5份榴莲蜜种质果实品质的主成分分析及综合评价

为评价海南省不同榴莲蜜主栽品种果实品质,建立一套适合榴莲蜜果实品质综合评价体系,通过主成分分析法和聚类分析法对5份榴莲蜜种质果实的13项品质指标进行了系统分析。结果表明,不同种质果实的各项品质指标存在较大差异,各项品质指标均能体现榴莲蜜种质各自的品质特点,具有丰富的遗传多样性,且果实各指标间具有不同程度的相关性。采用主成分分析法从13项品质指标中提取出风味、外观、色泽3个主成分因子,可代表榴莲蜜果实品质的92.690%的信息量。基于主成分分析和聚类分析,可将可溶性固形物、单果苞重和单苞果核重可作为榴莲蜜品质性状评价的主要指标。品质综合评价结果从优到劣依次为：多异3号、多异5号、多异2号、多异1号和多异4号。     

文化素质教育课程体系是保证文化素质教育质量的重要途径

培养知识丰富、结构合理、学有所长的高素质人才，是高等学校的目标和任务。构建融人文精神和科学精神的文化素质教育课程体系，是高等学校人才培养模式改革的重要内容，更是提高文化素质教育的主要途径。综合大学应当从自身的学科优势出发，建构具有学校特色的文化素质教育课程体系，是保证文化素质教育质量的关键。文中主要以西南大学为例，从探讨综合大学文化素质教育课程体系建构的原则、内容及其保障措施等方面探讨如何提高文化素质教育质量。     

水分与草坪质量关系研究进展

随着水资源短缺问题的日趋严重.在城市绿地上如何经济合理地利用水资源成为研究的一个重点问适题.现今城市草坪面积不断增长,其用水问题也就成为人们关心的问题.水分影响草坪草的生长,水分与草坪质量有着密切的关系.在研究草坪质量与水分关系时,草坪质量的评价是至关重要的.草坪质量是对草坪优劣程度的一种评价,目前草坪质量评价方法众多,但缺少准确、简单、易行的方法.在对水分与草坪质量关系的研究上,目前只有定性的水分对草坪质量的彩响,没有研究水分与草坪质量之间的定量关系.综述了草坪质量评价及其与水分关系的研究进展,目的是提出草坪质量与水分的函数关系,从而根据草坪质量要求来确定最佳的水分投入量.     

Application of imputation methods to genomic selection in Chinese Holstein cattle

Missing genotypes are a common feature of high density SNP datasets obtained using SNP chip technology and this is likely to decrease the accuracy of genomic selection. This problem can be circumvented by imputing the missing genotypes with estimated genotypes. When implementing imputation, the criteria used for SNP data quality control and whether to perform imputation before or after data quality control need to consider. In this paper, we compared six strategies of imputation and quality control using different imputation methods, different quality control criteria and by changing the order of imputation and quality control, against a real dataset of milk production traits in Chinese Holstein cattle. The results demonstrated that, no matter what imputation method and quality control criteria were used, strategies with imputation before quality control performed better than strategies with imputation after quality control in terms of accuracy of genomic selection. The different imputation methods and quality control criteria did not significantly influence the accuracy of genomic selection. We concluded that performing imputation before quality control could increase the accuracy of genomic selection, especially when the rate of missing genotypes is high and the reference population is small.     

Grassland quality response to climate change in Xinjiang and predicted future trends北大核心CSCD

Grassland is a major vegetation type in Xinjiang Province,and is an important component of carbon source-sink calculations. It is therefore important to ecological management decisions to understand the factors driving changes in grassland quality and likely future trends in those changes. We used geographic information maps to eliminate the interference of human activities and determine changes in grassland status and areas of stable grassland from 1980 to 2020,and analyzed changes in grassland quality and its response to climate change using data such as normalized vegetation index（NDVI）,vegetation net primary productivity（NPP）,and meteorological data,among others. We here estimate changes in grassland quality in Xinjiang and predict grassland quality changes from 2021 to 2040 using the Thornthwaite Memorial model and other models. We found that：1） The grassland quality in Xinjiang was generally increasing,with a statistically significant rate of ongoing increase. The grassland cover and quality in mountainous areas of Xinjiang was high,while that at the desert edge was low. 2）The main driving forces for grassland quality changes in Xinjiang are temperature and precipitation. The correlation between grassland quality and precipitation was positive. Temperatures exceeding a certain limit were found to inhibit grassland quality. Sensitivity to temperature and precipitation decline was found to be greater when vegetation cover was lower. 3）The grassland quality and its temporal and spatial changes in Xinjiang can be reflected by climatic productivity. The lower the grassland cover,the stronger was the link between grassland quality and climate factors. 4）Under currently predicted climate change scenarios,the quality of low-cover grassland will be improved in the future,while the quality of other categories will tend to decrease. This information on grassland quality in Xinjiang and its predicted future trends can assist in formulating ecological protection measures and in other ways,such as compilation of carbon stock inventories. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

Quality documentation challenges for veterinary clinical pathology laboratories

An increasing number of veterinary laboratories worldwide have obtained or are seeking certification based on international standards, such as the International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission 17025. Compliance with any certification standard or quality management system requires quality documentation, an activity that may present several unique challenges in the case of veterinary laboratories. Research specifically addressing quality documentation is conspicuously absent in the veterinary literature. This article provides an overview of the quality system documentation needed to comply with a quality management system with an emphasis on preparing written standard operating procedures specific for veterinary laboratories. In addition, the quality documentation challenges that are unique to veterinary clinical pathology laboratories are critically evaluated against the existing quality standards and discussed with respect to possible solutions and/or recommended courses of action. Documentation challenges include the establishment of quality requirements for veterinary tests, the use or modification of human analytic methods for animal samples, the limited availability of quality control materials satisfactory for veterinary clinical pathology laboratories, the limited availability of veterinary proficiency programs, and the complications in establishing species-specific reference intervals.     

动物精液质量检测方法研究进展

家畜精液质量的检测对于人工授精技术和体外受精技术的应用具有重要意义。目前,在人类生殖临床和畜牧生产中,评定精液质量的方法大多是几个指标联合检测,使得精液质量评价的结果更加科学和准确。文章综述了近年来家畜精液质量检测的新技术、新方法和新进展,以便较确切的反映精子的质量与受精能力。     

高产蛋鸡品系产蛋中后期蛋品质性状遗传规律的研究

为选育改良国产高产蛋鸡产蛋中后期蛋品质,确定合理的饲养周期。本研究选取北京市华都峪口禽业有限责任公司13世代Y1、K1品系蛋鸡,测定56、66、72、80周龄蛋重、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度、蛋白高度和蛋黄颜色,采用DMU软件估计遗传参数。结果表明:随着蛋鸡周龄增大,Y1、K1系蛋重显著提高(P0.05),蛋壳强度、蛋白高度和蛋黄颜色极显著下降(P0.01);Y1系和K1系56~80周龄各性状遗传力在0.03~0.52;品系内同一性状不同周龄之间高度遗传相关(0.57~0.99),同一周龄不同性状之间遗传相关(-0.39~0.43)和表型相关(-0.049~0.122)均较低。本研究表明高产蛋鸡纯系产蛋后期蛋品质随周龄增加有所下降,同一性状不同周龄之间高度相关,可以通过前期的选育提高后期蛋品质。     

新疆生鲜奶质量安全风险研究初探

新疆具有发展绿色健康奶业得天独厚的资源与地缘优势,近年来随着奶牛养殖规模的不断扩大,新疆生鲜奶质量中的质量安全隐患也日益显现,而且在质量安全监管措施方面较为薄弱,尤其是关于生鲜奶质量安全风险因子的预警、分析、应急处置和消除体系仍处滞后阶段。作者试图通过分析新疆生鲜奶生产现状和质量安全现状,初步探讨其中可能存在质量安全风险因子,以期对新疆生鲜奶质量安全风险因子的分析、预警和体系构建有所帮助。     

新时期图书馆员素质提高的思考

目前图书馆普遍存在着馆员综合素质不高、不能满足知识经济时代需求的状况,提高图书馆员的整体素质是新时期图书馆建设的当务之急。笔者针对提高图书馆员素质的必要性,论述了新时期对图书馆员素质的要求和图书馆员素质教育的主要内容,并指出了提高图书馆员素质的有效途径。     

Quality control recommendations and procedures for in-clinic laboratories.

The design and use of quality control materials and rationale for implementation of a quality monitoring program are discussed. A simplified approach to a quality monitoring program suitable for in-clinic laboratories is presented. Use of blood films and the mean cell hemoglobin concentration value as adjuncts to quality monitoring in hematology is described. Over time, it is hoped that the profession more widely embraces, if not demands, implementation of quality monitoring for in-clinic laboratory diagnostics.     

一种层次混合量化苹果品质分级的研究

本文讨论苹果层次量化品质分级方法,旨在解决现行品质分级存在问题。通过深入调查,运用词云和层次分析法,掌握消费者对品质分级关注点和因素影响力;并根据品质分级指标属性不同,制定可量化的评分规则,最终形成各项指标评分计算方法和品质分级标准。采取层次混合量化品质分级法,综合检测指标评价,优于大小、果形、颜色等单一指标品质评价。该方法不仅充分考虑消费者关注点,而且综合外观、内在评价指标,有效解决苹果品质分级指标难以量化的问题,也为其他果品品质分级提供有效的解决方案。     

ULTRASOUND IMAGE COMPOUNDING: EFFECT ON PERCEIVED IMAGE QUALITY

In order to determine the effect of different image compounding functions on perceived image quality, 84 pairs of ultrasound images were collected, mixed, and reviewed by four independent observers who were asked to identify the highest quality image of each pair. Each image in a pair was made using the same orientation, transducer, frequency, and gain settings but different compounding settings. Outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression. Observers judged compound images to be better quality than noncompound images in 69% cases, the same quality in 24%, and poorer quality in 7%. Overall, compound images were considered significantly better quality than noncompound images (P < 0.001). Compound images were more likely to be considered better quality than the corresponding noncompound images when combined transmit/receive spatial compounding was used rather than receive-only spatial compounding or transmit compounding, and when the vector transducer or the curvilinear transducer were used rather than the linear transducer. Observers considered improved border definition and increased signal to noise ratio to be the properties that accounted most often for higher quality of compound images compared with noncompound images.     

口蹄疫悬浮灭活疫苗质量控制措施

结合几年来的口蹄疫生产质量管理实践,对质量控制的意义及质量控制的保证措施（原辅料、工艺、检验等方面对质量控制措施）等方面进行了综述和探讨,为建立科学合理的质量控制措施,保证产品质量提供参考.     

影响羊肉品质因素的研究进展

肉品质是指与鲜肉或加工肉的外观和适口性等相关的一些特性,包括肉的色泽、结构、硬度、大理石纹和肌肉系水力等。羊肉品质的物理特性决定着消费者对肉品的可接受性,而化学成分则与营养性关系密切。随着生活水平的提高,消费者对羊肉的要求越来越高。从量变到质变,需要不断改善羊肉品质。目前,生产优质的畜产品已成为热点话题。作者主要就品种、性别、年龄、环境、饲料营养等对羊肉品质有影响的因素进行概括和总结,以期为从营养调控措施入手改善羊肉品质提供科学的理论依据。     

搅拌桩法加固软土地基质量缺陷及检测方法探讨

通过对搅拌桩法加固软土地基机理和常见质量缺陷的分析,研究了地质状况和施工工艺的选择对搅拌桩成桩质量的影响,以及常见搅拌桩桩体质量缺陷的类型和形成原因;施工工艺的采用对检测方法的选择要求。结果表明:根据地质状况合理的选择施工工艺,是保证搅拌桩成桩质量的关键,检测方法的选择对搅拌桩质量的正确评价起着重要作用。