青贮饲料稻及其对奶牛饲用价值研究进展

饲料稻是南方重要的饲料资源，为探索饲料稻新的饲用途径，充分利用稻秆资源，本文从鲜湿稻秆青贮和全株稻青贮两方面综述了饲料稻青贮技术的研究现状和青贮饲料稻在奶牛日粮中的应用情况及存在的问题．并提出了今后的研究方向。     

秸秆添加量对双螺杆膨化畜牧饲料质量的影响

为提高农作物秸秆饲料化利用率,试验以稻秸杆添加量为变量对双螺杆膨化的畜牧饲料膨化度、各项质构指标、成型质量进行了研究。通过测量7组稻秸秆添加量饲料的径向膨化度并分析,结果表明:稻秸秆添加量越小饲料的膨化度越好;在膨化度分析的基础上剔除35%和40%的饲料后,通过食品物性分析仪测量剩余5组稻秸秆添加量饲料的各项质构指标并分析,结果表明:稻秸秆添加量为20%时可保证饲料各项质构指标均较优;通过对5组稻秸秆添加饲料进行成型质量分析,结果表明:稻秸秆添加量为10%～20%时饲料成型质量最好。综合考虑膨化度、各项质构指标、成型质量三方面因素,最终选取稻秸秆添加量为20%,此时畜牧饲料成型质量最好,饲料膨化度和各项质构指标也能有较优表现。     

早籼饲料稻综合技术研究

[目的]调整与优化水稻的生产结构,满足养殖业发展的要求。[方法]引进国内新育成的17个早籼稻高产品种,以安徽省高产品种——竹青为对照筛选符合种植业和养殖业需求的"三高"早籼饲料稻品种,并研究其配套栽培技术。[结果]株两优819、株两优99符合"三高"饲料稻品种要求,可在安徽省作为饲料稻品种示范推广。施氮肥后能够显著提高糙米蛋白含量,氮素追肥比例以70%为好。[结论]早籼饲料稻应用前景广阔。     

湖南生产专用饲料稻

我国最大的水稻生产省湖南开始为牲畜家禽生产专门的饲料稻，这种结构性调整使农民受益。近年我国南方一方面玉米饲料缺乏，另一方面早灿稻滞销压库。湖南省承担的高蛋白饲料稻开发应用课题，从品种筛选、高产配套栽培技术到饲料配方构获突破，目前已筛选出的威优５６、湘早灿２４号等１０个饲料稻优良品种（组合），试种示范一般都达到平均亩产５００公斤至６００公斤的产量；出糙米率平均为８１．５％。专家研究表明，“糙米型”猪、鸡配套饲料营养价值不比玉米饲料低，动物吸收消化好，实用中也受到农民好评。试验基地县形成的“糙米型”…     

饲料稻研究现状及发展前景

饲料稻由于最适水田环境,在需要水田转种、低质水田种植食用稻品质不佳或荒废湿地再利用等地区,作为转种或再植作物逐渐引起人们的重视,它不仅可以保住水田面积,还能生产较为优质的饲料,带来较高的经济效益和生态效益.本研究就国内外饲料稻的品种开发、栽培管理和加工利用等方面的研究现状进行了论述、分析,并就其发展前景进行了探讨.     

补饲不同比例小麦替代全价配合饲料对不同性别稻鸭屠宰性能、常规肉品质及肌纤维组织学特性的影响

为探究补饲不同比例小麦替代全价配合饲料对稻鸭屠宰性能、常规肉品质和肌肉纤维组织学特性的影响。试验以270只20日龄的高邮麻鸭为研究对象,根据补饲日粮不同随机分为小麦、小麦等量替换50%全价配合饲料和全价配合饲料组,共3组,每组3个重复,每个重复30只鸭(公母各半)。试验期60 d。结果表明:(1)小麦日粮饲喂的母鸭腺胃重显著高于小麦日粮饲喂的公鸭、全价配合饲料和小麦等量替换50%全价配合饲料饲喂的稻鸭(P0.05);小麦等量替换50%全价料配合饲料饲喂稻鸭,其腿肌重显著高于其他两组。(2)小麦等量替换50%全价配合饲料饲喂稻鸭胸肌的蛋白质、脂肪、胶原含量均显著升高(P0.05),且母鸭腿肌蛋白质和胶原蛋白水平显著升高(P0.05),公鸭脂肪含量也显著高于其他处理组(P0.05);无论是胸肌还是腿肌,小麦等量替换50%全价配合饲料饲喂稻鸭肌肉水分的含量均明显低于其他两组(P0.05)。(3)小麦等量替换50%全价配合饲料饲喂稻鸭胸肌肌纤维直径显著低于全价配合饲料饲喂。由此可见,用50%小麦代替商品饲料饲喂稻鸭,能提高鸭腿肌重量、增加肌肉营养养分的含量,并通过改变肌纤维组织学形态改善稻鸭的肉品质。     

湖南生产专用饲料稻

我国最大的水稻生产省湖南开始为牲畜家禽生产专门的饲料稻 ,这种结构性调整使农民受益。近年我国南方一方面玉米饲料缺乏 ,另一方面早籼稻滞销压库。湖南省承担的高蛋白饲料稻开发应用课题 ,从品种筛选 ,高产配套栽培技术到饲料配方均获突破 ,目前已筛选出的威优 5 6、湘早籼 2 4号等 1 0个饲料稻优良品种(组合 ) ,试种示范一般每 6 6 7平方米(一市亩 )达到 5 0 0千克至 6 0 0千克的产量 ,出糙米率平均为 81 5 %。专家研究表明 ,“糙米型”猪、鸡配方饲料营养价值不比玉米饲料低 ,动物吸收消化好 ,实用中也受到农民好评。试验基地县形成…     

奶牛饲料源中毒性疾病的综合防治

奶牛饲料以粗饲料为主配合适量的精饲料,粗饲料的麦秸、稻秸、牧草、青贮饲料,如果饲料处置不当,容易被细菌、病毒污染,精饲料中的棉籽、菜籽饼粕不经脱毒处理,饲喂量过大,以及青绿饲料加工调制不当等,都能造成奶牛的饲料源毒素中毒,为了提高奶牛养殖效益,减少因饲料中毒导致的经济损失,现把常见的饲料源中毒性疾病防治归纳如下,以供奶牛养殖户参考.     

微贮、氨化稻秸饲喂西镇牛效果分析

为充分利用农作物秸秆发展节粮型畜牧业,并解决秦巴山区反刍动物的越冬饲料问题,在西乡县西镇牛场利用微贮、氨化稻秸饲喂西镇牛在舍饲条件下进行饲养试验,观察增重效果。本试验选用9头11.5岁平均体重为562kg的西镇牛,随机分成3组,分别饲喂微贮、氨化和未处理稻秸,三组西镇牛麦麸的补饲量相同。结果表明:微贮和氨化稻秸的粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪的含量分别为4.8%,30.0%,1.66%和5.5%,29.9%,1.54%。试验Ⅰ组:(微贮稻秸 麦麸),试验Ⅱ组:(氨化稻秸 麦麸)和对照组(稻秸 麦麸)的平均日增重分别为:1.004±0.19kg,1.080±0249kg,0.481±0.072kg,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组试验牛的平均日增重大于(P<0.05)对照组,但试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间的平均日增重差异不显著(P>0.05)。微贮稻秸饲喂西镇牛的经济效益最高。微贮和氨化稻秸可作为冬季饲料缺乏季节黄牛的基本饲料。     

稻根制饴糖产饲料的经验

浙江省嘉兴县委塘、天壬等人民公社,用稻根制饴糖产饲料,已经成功,现已在全县推广。兹将用稻根制饴糖的方法介绍如下: 将田里挖来的稻根洗净晒干,用饲料粉碎机轧成草根粉。每百斤稻根粉,加30——40斤清水拌湿,放在大锅上用蒸笼高热蒸约一个半小时左右(蒸到     

米糠中的抗营养因子及消除方法研究进展

米糠是一种优质的能量饲料,它含有丰富的蛋白质、米糠油、米蜡及维生素等营养物质,但亦由于米糠中含有较多的抗营养因子,致使米糠在饲料中不能大量添加。本文详细地介绍了米糠中的植酸、胰蛋白酶抑制因子、非淀粉多糖、血凝素、生长抑制因子等抗营养因子,并从物理、化学、生物学几个方面对其抗营养因子的消除方法研究进展进行了综述。     

转基因水稻饲用安全性评价的研究进展

现代生物技术的发展为利用外源动物、植物、微生物基因培育优良转基因水稻品种提供了新的途径。随着人们对食品安全问题的格外关注,转基因水稻的食用安全性日益成为关注的焦点。作者简要综述了近年来国内外转基因水稻研究现状与安全性评价的最新进展。     

Diagnosis and management of food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats

SUMMARY This paper reviews food allergy and intolerance in dogs and cats. Adverse reactions to ingested food components can affect many systems and can produce signs involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and central nervous system, and these clinical signs are reviewed. Most basic food ingredients have the potential to induce an allergic response, although most reactions are caused by proteins. In particular, dogs and cats can become sensitive to cow's milk, beef, fish or cereal. Food allergy and intolerance is rare in dogs and cats, although the incidence in practice is difficult to establish. Clinical signs are quite variable, depending on the individual response, although the major clinical sign is pruritus. Diagnosis can be difficult, as there is no single test available to help the clinician to confirm or refute the presence of food sensitivity. Diagnosis is based on dietary investigation in the form of elimination diets and test meals. Elimination diets for dogs include lamb, chicken, rabbit, horse meat and fish as sources of protein, with rice or potatoes. Successful elimination diets for cats include lamb, chicken, rabbit or venison, with rice. Improvement in clinical signs while on the elimination diet is suggestive of food allergy. The diagnosis should be confirmed by feeding the original diet, with the development of clinical signs within 7 to 14 days of feeding.     

凋萎和添加剂对稻草裹包青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响

本试验旨在研究凋萎和添加剂对稻草裹包青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响。将10月底收割的鲜稻草和凋萎24 h稻草(干鲜比分别为36.5%、42.3%)均设4个组,即对照组、糖蜜组(单独添加糖蜜)、青贮宝组(单独添加青贮宝)和糖蜜+青贮宝组(糖蜜和青贮宝联合添加),每组制作3包。常温裹包青贮50 d后,开包采样进行感官品质、发酵参数和营养价值评定。结果显示:无论鲜稻草是否凋萎,稻草单独青贮难以成功,添加剂糖蜜、青贮宝的添加有利于稻草的裹包青贮;单独添加青贮宝显著降低凋萎稻草青贮的氨态氮(NH_3-N)含量(P0.05);单独添加糖蜜显著提高凋萎稻草青贮的乙酸含量(P0.05),显著降低凋萎稻草青贮的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量(P0.05);联合添加糖蜜和青贮宝可显著提高鲜稻草或凋萎稻草青贮的粗蛋白质(CP)和钙(Ca)含量(P0.05),显著降低鲜贮稻草青贮的NDF含量(P0.05),显著降低凋萎稻草青贮的NH_3-N含量(P0.05),显著增加凋萎稻草青贮的乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量(P0.05)。凋萎显著降低稻草青贮的干物质回收率和丙酸含量(P0.05),提高稻草青贮的CP和NH_3-N含量(P0.05)。综上,稻草单独青贮难以成功,添加糖蜜和青贮宝有利于提高稻草青贮的发酵品质,稻草青贮前凋萎要适度。     

水稻茎、叶的营养含量及留茬高度对稻草营养品质的影响

随着我国畜牧业的快速发展,稻草的利用也大幅度增加。稻草通常被列为低质粗饲料,品种不同,其营养价值变化较大。本研究对泰优99、渝香203、丰优22、Ⅱ优368和培杂泰丰 5个水稻品种的农艺性状、茎叶营养含量和消化率进行了测定,并探讨了留茬高度对5个品种稻草营养含量的影响。结果表明,丰优22在农艺性状、粗蛋白含量、茎叶消化率等方面表现较好,相对于其他4个品种具有更高的饲用价值;水稻叶的粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量比茎高,无氮浸出物含量和干物质消化率比茎低;留茬高度对稻草营养含量影响不大,水稻收割应留茬3～5 cm,以便增加稻草产量。     

陈化稻米的主要营养特性及其在畜禽生产中应用的研究进展

稻米在陈化过程中会发生淀粉结构改变、脂肪分解、蛋白质变性、霉变以及一系列物化性质的变化,导致其营养价值发生变化。而当前陈化稻米缺乏饲用化研究,饲用开发效果并不理想。本文综述了稻米陈化过程中结构性质的变化、陈化稻米的营养特性以及在畜禽生产中的应用研究,旨在为陈化稻米的饲用化开发提供参考。     

米渣蛋白水解物对酸奶促发酵及品质的影响

[目的]研究不同水解度下的米渣蛋白水解物对酸奶发酵和品质影响的差异。[方法]将米渣蛋白水解24 h后的水解产物按1%,2%,3%,4%,5%加入到酸奶发酵基质中,探究不同添加量下的米渣蛋白水解物对酸奶促发酵的影响;并探索最适添加量条件下,不同水解度下的米渣蛋白水解物对酸奶贮藏期间品质的影响。[结果]添加3%米渣蛋白水解物对酸奶有明显的促发酵效果。米渣蛋白在水解时间（6～36 h）下,随着水解度的提高,水解物对酸奶的促发酵能力增强。米渣蛋白水解24 h得到的水解产物显著提高酸奶的质构特性以及持水能力,赋予酸奶一定的大米香味。[结论]适宜水解度下的米渣蛋白水解物不仅可以缩短酸奶的发酵时间,而且提高了酸奶贮藏期间的品质。     

Strategies to improve the nutritive value of rice bran in poultry diets. II. Changes in oil digestibility,metabolisable energy and attempts to increase the digestibility of the oil fraction in the diets of chickens and ducklings

1. In experiment 1, the effects of age on oil digestibility and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) were measured in chickens and ducklings between 3 and 28 d of age on a diet with 400 g rice bran/kg. In experiment 2, a biosurfactant and a food lipase were added to diets of chickens containing 200 and 400 g rice bran/kg. In experiment 3, chicken diets containing 0 or 400 g rice bran/kg were supplemented with a food lipase (2 concentrations) or a food enzyme or their combination. 2. In experiment 1, oil metabolisability and AME increased substantially as chickens aged. Oil metabolisability was much higher in ducklings, when comparisons were made with chickens of similar age. 3. In experiment 2, lipase or biosurfactant gave no improvement in bird performance. Growth rate and food conversion ratio were, respectively, 23% and 10% better on diets with 200 compared to 400 g rice bran/kg. 4. In experiment 3, there was a significant growth response to lipase plus the enzyme mixture on the diet with 200 g rice bran/kg. On the diet with 400 g rice bran/kg, growth improvement was seen with the enzyme mixture only. 5. In experiment 3, enzyme addition did not increase oil metabolisability or AME. At 4 to 8 d of age AME was higher on the diet without rice bran but oil metabolisability was the same as on the diet with rice bran. At 19 to 23 d of age AME was similar but oil metabolisability was higher on the diet with rice bran than without. Droppings' dry matter was higher on diets without than with rice bran (32.4 vs 27.1%). 6. The response to lipase and the combination of this and a food enzyme suggest that there may be benefit in examining this interaction further although they had no effect on oil metabolisability or on AME. It is concluded that a stable AME for rice bran cannot be provided for chickens until at least 21 d of age.     

Distinguishing high and low anopheline-producing rice fields using remote sensing and GIS technologies

Worldwide, 140 million ha are devoted to rice cultivation, mostly in developing countries of the tropics and subtropics where malaria still constitutes a serious human health problem. Because rice fields are flood-irrigated on a semi-permanent basis during each growing season, they provide an ideal breeding habitat for a number of potential mosquito vectors of malaria. One of these vectors, Anopheles freeborni, is distributed throughout nearly 240 000 ha of irrigated rice in northern and central California, and may serve as a model for the study of rice field mosquito population dynamics using spectral and spatial information. Analysis of field data revealed that rice fields with rapid early season vegetation canopy development, located near livestock pastures (i.e. bloodmeal sources), had greater mosquito larval populations than fields with more slowly developing vegetation canopies located further from pastures. Remote sensing reflectance measurements of early season rice canopy development and geographic information system (GIS) measurements of distance to livestock pasture were combined to distinguish between high and low mosquito-producing rice fields. These distinctions were made with 90% accuracy nearly 2 months before anopheline larval populations peaked.     

垄作免耕对水稻根系特性和氮磷钾养分累积的影响

依托稻田免耕长期定位试验,研究了垄作免耕对Y两优6号水稻根系特性、氮、磷、钾养分累积和产量的变化。研究主要涉及冬水田(中稻-冬水田)、垄作免耕(中稻-油菜)和水旱平作(中稻-油菜)对水稻4个生育时期(分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期)和根系特性,以及水稻根、茎、叶和穗的氮、磷、钾浓度及累积量的影响。结果表明,垄作免耕的实际产量达8750.8 kg·hm^-2,显著高于水旱平作与冬水田(P<0.05)。在拔节期,垄作免耕水稻根系的根长密度和根表面积及比根长均显著高于水旱平作(P<0.05)。在抽穗期,垄作免耕根表面积最高达1.74 cm²·cm^-3,分别比冬水田和水旱平作提高了3.37%和6.71%;且垄作免耕水稻茎秆氮、磷、钾累积量分别较水旱平作提高了49.26%、33.20%和59.70%。相较于常规平作,垄作免耕水稻抽穗期茎叶的磷含量没有显著差异,而茎叶中氮、磷、钾累积量显著增加(P<0.05);氮、磷、钾养分累积速率显著提高(P<0.05),说明在养分累积的关键时期,垄作免耕能显著提高氮、磷、钾的吸收、分配和累积。在成熟期,垄作免耕水稻籽粒中氮累积量比冬水田和水旱平作显著提高了24.80%和14.30%。在分蘖-抽穗期,垄作免耕水稻的 N:K最低、K:P最高,表明垄作免耕能显著提高水稻生长前中期对钾的吸收利用和分配。综上,垄作免耕不仅可以增加水稻的根长密度和根表面积,在抽穗期显著提高水稻对氮、磷、钾的累积,整个生育期对钾的吸收利用明显优于水旱平作和冬水田,为水稻高产提供可参考的依据。