河南漯河地区金龟优势种及种群发生动态

为明确现有耕作制度下河南漯河地区金龟(蛴螬)的优势种群及种群数量变动规律,于2017—2019年,采用Z字形挖土取样法,在秋作物收获后、小麦播种前调查土壤中蛴螬的种类和数量,并设置高空探照灯系统诱集金龟。结果表明,探照灯能有效监测金龟种群发生动态,灯下诱集到的金龟优势种和挖土调查结果一致,均为暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky),其次为铜绿丽金龟(Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky);5月下旬至8月中、下旬为金龟成虫的发生盛期。     

贵州高尔夫球场草坪蛴螬种类调查及药剂防治试验

采用随机挖土取样法对贵州高尔夫球场草坪地下害虫蛴螬种类进行调查.结果查到2科5属6种.其中铜绿丽金龟、大黑霉鳃金龟、匀脊鳃金龟为优势种群.用灌注法测定了6种杀虫剂对铜绿丽金龟3龄幼虫的毒力.结果表明,40%甲基异柳磷EC对蛴螬毒力较高,LC50为13.41 mg/L.田间试验结果显示,也是40%甲基异柳磷EC对蛴螬防效好,药后15 d防效达100%,其余5种药剂也具有优良的效果,药后30 d防效均达90%以上.     

寄生于蛴螬的土蜂研究初报

土蜂Tiphia sp.(膜翅目,土蜂科)是蛴螬的一种主要天敌昆虫,其幼虫在蛴螬体外营寄生生活,吸食蛴螬体液,使之致死。我们于1977～1979年,采用田间调查,室内饲养的方法,对该蜂的生物学和生态学进行了观察研究,取得了如下结果。一、寄主范围和寄生率三年来,我们在烟台、临沂和昌潍三个地区八个县调查结果表明,该蜂寄生的虫种有大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita(Faldermann)、暗黑鳃金龟H.titanis(Reit)     

大黑蛴螬活动规律及对农作物幼苗的取食趋性研究

研究了不同龄期大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita幼虫(蛴螬)的活动规律及其对6种农作物幼苗根部的取食趋性。大黑蛴螬的活动规律结果表明:各龄期大黑蛴螬均易趋向于幼苗根部寻找食物。采用双因素方差分析法研究取食时间和幼苗种类对大黑蛴螬取食趋性的影响。结果显示:除二龄外,一、三龄大黑蛴螬3 d后和6 d后在幼苗根部的虫量没有显著性差异;而在不同幼苗根部,各龄期大黑蛴螬的虫量均存在显著性差异。     

山东花生蛴螬的发生与环境条件的关系

在山东花生主产区调查了花生田周边不同作物、土质、花生种植方式对花生蛴螬发生的影响。结果表明,周围种植玉米、杨树和桃树的花生田,蛴螬发生量明显大于周边无此3种植物的花生田;壤土田蛴螬的发生量明显大于砂土质和黏土质田块;春花生覆膜种植较非地膜露地种植可明显减轻蛴螬发生量50%左右。在花生生产上推广春花生地膜覆盖种植,选择砂土质地,远离周边有杨树、果园、玉米田种植,均可减轻蛴螬的发生与为害。     

蛴螬病原菌-乳状菌的研究——Ⅰ、不同菌株的毒力

从我国自然患病蛴螬中分离的乳状菌菌株“75P—1”;“77E—a”,“77T一1”,“780—1”等,用注射或喂食感染方法研究其对我国常见蛴螬种类的毒力。以上菌株对12种蛴螬有不同程度的敏感性。通过显微镜和直观症状观察了乳状菌在幼虫体内的发育阶段。用不同剂量和不同温度处理幼虫其感染率亦不同。优势虫种中(四纹丽金龟、阔胸犀金龟)注射感染率最高可达100%。田间小区试验中施用菌土方法虫口减退率可达71.4%。拌种方法虫口减退率达36.5%。     

蛴螬菌1号研究初报

蛴螬1号(Bacillus sp.)是中国农科院植保所1975年9月在河南省原阳县首次分离出来的一种蛴螬乳状病菌,系由B型乳状病菌引起。对铜绿丽金龟和大黑鳃金龟幼虫有较强的致病力和防治效果。     

四川省蛴螬的防治

金龟子幼虫蛴螬,是为害我省旱地作物的主要地下害虫,种类多、食性杂、生活史不一、抗逆性强。为害小麦、玉米、高梁、红苕、花生、甘蔗等多种作物,常造成缺苗、断垄,蛀空果实,影响产量和质量,为害严重的可造成毁种绝收。南充市调查71块花生地,平均果类被害率为20.62%,严重的达87.37%。1 蛴螬主要种群分布及发生特点通过近年调查,我省为害农作物的蛴螬有59种,其中发生面大,为害严重的优势种群有大栗鳃金龟、四川大黑鳃金龟、暗黑鳃金龟、铅灰鳃金龟,霉复鳃金龟及灰胸突鳃金龟     

青海保护性耕作农田杂草群落组成及生物多样性

采用倒置“W”9点取样法对青海保护性耕作农田杂草种类进行了调查,以明确田间杂草的种类组成及群落结构.结果表明,青海省保护性耕作农田杂草有67种,隶属于25科,其中优势杂草有密花香薷(Elsholtzia densa Benth)、猪殃殃(Galium maborasense Masamune)、野燕麦(Avena fatua Linn.)、藜(Chenopodium album L.)、苣荬菜(Sonhus arvensis Linn.)、大刺儿菜(Cephalanoplos setosum(Willd.) Kitam.)6种,是构成青海各地区保护性耕作农田杂草群落的主要优势种,区域性优势杂草有5种,常见杂草有17种,一般杂草有39种.湟中地区主要形成猪殃殃+密花香薷+藜+野燕麦+大刺儿菜+芦苇+尼泊尔蓼为主的杂草群落;民和地区为狗尾草+藜+扁蓄+野燕麦+田旋花+荞麦蔓+大刺儿菜,平安地区为野燕麦+猪殃殃+苣荬菜+大刺儿菜+赖草+荞麦蔓+密花香薷+扁蓄+泽漆,化隆地区为薄蒴草+猪殃殃+野燕麦+荞麦蔓+苣荬菜+密花香薷,大通地区为野燕麦+猪殃殃+藜+大刺儿菜+问荆+密花香薷,刚察地区为密花香薷+西伯利亚蓼+薄蒴草+藜+微孔草+旱雀麦+苣荬菜+野胡萝卜.湟中和大通地区保护性耕作农田杂草群落的物种丰富度、多样性及均匀度较其它地区高,而优势度较低.从群落相似性来看,湟中和大通群落结构最为相似.地理环境、气候条件及控草措施的不同,可能是导致保护性耕作农田杂草发生及群落组成产生差异的原因.     

化学农药对金龟甲的毒力测定

花生产区蛴螬为害严重,药剂防治难以收效。自1977年作者根据金龟甲地上交尾取食等生活习性,提出了以防治金龟甲为重点与防治蛴螬相结合的防治方法。为了尽快找到取代六六六防治金龟甲的药剂,于1982年—1984年共测定了18种农药对大黑鳃金龟和     

北京地区昆虫病原线虫的自然发生情况初步调查

用大蜡螟诱集法,对在北京地区采集的175个土样进行了线虫分离,得到斯氏属线虫5个,异小杆属线虫6个,小杆线虫2个。土样有线虫率为13.1％。土样有线虫率与植被、土壤质地有关。从4种植被下采集土样的有线虫率分别是:果园28.2％、菜地10.5％、大田作物7.7％、未耕地0。4种土壤质地中土样有线虫率为:松沙土20.8％、砂壤土15.1％、中壤土12.2％、轻壤土5.4％。本土线虫对桃小食心虫、韭菜蛆、小木蠹蛾、二化螟的侵染力均高于引进的线虫。     

河北省昆虫病原线虫资源调查

采用大腊螟诱捕法，对采自河北省的1975个土样进行昆虫病原线虫分离。共分离出斯氏属线虫17个种群，异小杆属线虫49个种群，土壤带线虫率为3．34％。在斯氏属线虫中，其中格氏线虫有2个种群，新种A有一个种群，新种B有14个种群；而49个异小杆线虫种群均为嗜菌异小杆线虫。在河北南部邯郸及邢台地区，以斯氏线虫为主，而在中北部地区则以异小杆线虫为主。同时明确土样中的带线虫率与土壤植被以及土壤质地密切相关。未耕地以及以果树、蔬菜和大田作物为植被的土壤带线虫率分别为6．59％、5．13％、3．15％和2．9％；沙土、沙壤土、壤土以及粘土的带线虫率分别为8．57％、3．17％、3．36％和0。     

Gross nitrogen transformations and N_2O emission sources in sandy loam and silt loam soils

The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen) cycling in soil; however, gross N transformations and N_2O emission sources are still poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory ~(15)N tracing experiment was carried out at 60% WHC(water holding capacity) and 25℃ to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_2O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification were 3.60, 1.90, and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d) in silt loam soil, respectively, which were 3.62, 4.26, and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil, respectively. The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia) in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00, whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36) was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08). This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil, and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_3~– leaching. Under aerobic conditions, both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_2O emissions. Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_2O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0% of the total emitted N_2O in sandy loam soil, which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%). However, the average contribution of denitrification to total N_2O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%, which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%). These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.     

Activity,adsorption, mobility and field persistence of sulfosulfuron in soil

Petri dish bioassays, based on root response of corn grown in soil or in perlite, were used to study the activity, adsorption, mobility and field persistence of sulfosulfuron in a silty clay loam and a sandy loam soil. Both bioassays indicated that activity of sulfosulfuron increased with increasing herbicide concentration, and to a slightly greater degree in sandy loam soil than in silty clay loam soil. More sulfosulfuron was adsorbed on the sandy loam (not biologically available) than on the silty clay loam soil. Consequently, slightly greater amounts of sulfosulfuron were leached through the silty clay loam than through the sandy loam soil. Biologically available sulfosulfuron was not detected at depths below 40 cm after application in sandy loam, but this was not the case for the silty clay loam soil. In 2002, all sulfosulfuron rates showed field persistence of less than 5 months. On the other hand, in 2003, biologically available sulfosulfuron was detected in the 0–10-cm soil depth 150 days after application. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 6, 2004.     

灭线磷在3种土壤中移动性的研究

土壤薄层层析法试验结果表明：灭线磷在3种土壤中的Rf值大小为：广东红土＞山东砂壤土＞东北黑土；移动速率m为山东砂壤土＞东北黑土＞广东红土。灭线磷在东北黑土中为不移动农药，在广东红土和山东砂壤土中为不易移动农药。土壤柱法结果与土壤薄层层析法结果相似，在渗透水中有很少量的灭线磷存在。     

Weed community responses to soil type during transition to no-till practice on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe

Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses.     

Sulcotrione soil persistence and mobility in summer maize and winter wheat crops

Sulcotrione soil persistence in spring maize ( Zea mays L.) crops grown on a sandy loam soil was greater at pH 5·5 and 6·0 (soil half-life T _1/2≈58 days) than at pH 7·1 ( T _1/2 = 44 days). Sulcotrione was also applied as recommended on a summer maize crop at the five- to six-leaf growth stage, grown on a sandy loam soil. Sulcotrione soil half-life was 44 days, and the herbicide remained mainly in the 0- to 5-cm surface soil layer during the cropping period, in spite of the high water solubility and the heavy rains at the end of August; lower sulcotrione concentrations (10–18% of the total during the 2-month period after sulcotrione application) were detected in the 5- to 10-cm surface soil layer. The herbicide was applied pre-emergence to winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) at four sites that differed in their soil texture and composition: loamy sand, sandy loam, loam and clay loam. Persistence was greater in the soils containing more organic matter. In soils having similar organic matter contents, persistence was lower in the soil containing more sand relative to loam and clay. During the winter crops, sulcotrione moved down to the 10- to 15-cm soil layer, in spite of the fact that the rains were lower in winter than in summer. Sulcotrione most generally was not detected in the 15–20 cm soil layer of the maize and winter wheat crops.     

[14C]Glyphosate transport in undisturbed topsoil columns

Although glyphosate (N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is one of the most frequently used herbicides, few controlled transport experiments in undisturbed soils have been carried out to date. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the sorption coefficient, soil‐glyphosate contact time, pH, phosphorus concentration and colloid‐facilitated transport on the transport of [¹⁴C]glyphosate in undisturbed top‐soil columns (20 cm height × 20 cm diameter) of a sandy loam soil and a sandy soil. Batch sorption experiments showed strong Freundlich‐type sorption to both soil materials. The mobility of glyphosate in the soil columns was strongly governed by macropore flow. Consequently, amounts of glyphosate leached from the macroporous sandy loam soil were 50–150 times larger than from the sandy soil. Leaching rates from the sandy soil were not affected by soil‐glyphosate contact time, whereas a contact time of 96 h strongly reduced the leaching rates from the sandy loam soil. The role of pH and phosphorus concentration in solution was relatively unimportant with respect to total glyphosate leaching. The contribution of colloid‐facilitated transport was <1 to 27% for the sandy loam and <1 to 52% for the sandy soil, depending on soil treatment. The risk for glyphosate leaching from the top‐soils seems to be limited to conditions where pronounced macropore flow occurs shortly after application. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

双氟磺草胺在不同类型土壤中的吸附与淋溶特性研究

农药在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性是评价其环境行为的重要指标。采用批量平衡法和土柱淋溶法,研究了双氟磺草胺在小麦种植区3种代表性土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性。结果表明:双氟磺草胺在安徽黏土、山东砂质壤土和河南砂质黏壤土中的吸附规律均可以较好地用Freundlich方程描述,其吸附系数(Kf)在0.39~0.62之间;土壤有机碳归一化吸附系数(Koc)在66.91~81.35之间,表明双氟磺草胺在3种土壤中均属于难吸附型;吸附自由能(ΔG)在-10.90~-10.42kJ/mol之间,均属于物理吸附。双氟磺草胺在3种土壤中的淋出率在71.7%~74.1%之间,说明其在3种土壤中的淋溶性均较强。双氟磺草胺初始添加量和腐殖酸对淋出率具有一定影响。综合试验结果,认为双氟磺草胺在3种土壤中的吸附和淋溶可能受土壤有机质含量、黏粒含量、阳离子交换量和土壤pH值等多个因素的综合影响,其对地下水的污染风险较大,因此应引起高度重视。     

Evaluation of propargyl bromide for control of barnyardgrass and Fusarium oxysporum in three soils

With the scheduled phasing out of methyl bromide, there is an urgent need for alternatives. We evaluated the efficacy of propargyl bromide as a potential replacement for methyl bromide for the control of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Fusarium oxysporum in an Arlington sandy loam, a Carsitas loamy sand and a Florida muck soil. Soil was mixed with barnyardgrass seeds or F oxysporum colonized on millet seeds, and treated with propargyl bromide at a range of concentrations. The mortality of the fungi and weed seeds was determined after 24 h of exposure at 30 degrees C. The concentrations required to inhibit 50% barnyard seed germination (LC50) were 2.8, 2.4 and 48.5 micrograms g-1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. In contrast, the LC50 values for F oxysporum were 11.2, 10.8 and 182.1 micrograms g-1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. The low efficacy of propargyl bromide in the muck soil was a result of the rapid degradation and high adsorption of the compound in the soil. The degradation half-life (t1/2) was only 7 h in the muck soil at an initial concentration of 6.8 micrograms g-1, compared to 60 and 67 h in the sandy loam and loamy sand, respectively. The adsorption coefficients (Kd) were 0.96, 0.87 and 5.6 cm3 g-1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. These results suggest that registration agencies should consider site-specific properties in recommending application rates for propargyl bromide.