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青海云杉(拟)齿小蠹聚集信息素研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对危害青海云杉的光臀八齿小蠹、香格里拉齿小蠹及东方拟齿小蠹聚集信息素系统进行研究,并成功鉴定出3种(拟)齿小蠹的聚集信息素组分。光臀八齿小蠹聚集信息素由2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇,74%-(-)-小蠹二烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇3种成分组成;香格里拉齿小蠹聚集信息素的有效组分为2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇,99%-(+)-小蠹二烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇,东方拟齿小蠹聚集信息素由95%-(-)-小蠹烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇2种成分组成。3种人工合成的小蠹虫聚集信息素已在害虫发生期及种群动态监测中进行野外试验,并取得预期效果。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):557-569
The defence of Norway spruce against a combined attack of the bark beetle Ips typographus and its associated blue‐stain fungi is based upon a) constitutive resin stored in ducts of the bark and sapwood, and b) induced resinosis in reaction zones surrounding the point of infection. Empirically, beetle epidemics are associated with external stresses, drought being a particularly prominent factor. An attempt was made to mechanistically explain the apparent link between drought and infestations, through studying after‐effects of drought on the induced defence in stressed trees. In the field, 3–5.5 m tall trees were exposed to artificial drought over three growth seasons to investigate whether this treatment would predispose them to fungal infection in a fourth season when drought was absent. Pre‐dawn xylem water potentials down to ‐1.85 MPa and a considerable foliage depletion were recorded. In the fourth season, the trees were inoculated with Ophiostoma polonicum, a pathogenic associate of Ips typographus. No difference in susceptibility could be seen between drought stressed trees and unstressed controls. Carbohydrate concentrations of foliage and branch bark were slightly enhanced and mineral nutrient concentrations strongly reduced in stressed trees. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(6):516-523
Abstract Autumn storms felled about 7 million m3 of forest in southern Finland in 2001. Windthrow area and timber characteristics, as well as numbers of standing spruce trees attacked and killed by Ips typographus, were recorded in 61 Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]-dominated windthrow areas. Generalized linear models were used to identify significant variables predicting the risk for consequential tree mortality by I. typographus. None of the windthrow areas with fewer than 20 wind-felled spruce trees (WFS) (n=28) and only half of the areas with 20 or more WFS (n=33) harboured trees killed by I. typographus during the years 2003–2005. The quantity and diameter of WFS and the basal area of recently dead standing spruce trees correlated positively with the risk of tree deaths. This study indicates that in Finland, at endemic I. typographus population levels, it is safe to leave fewer than 20 WFS in managed forests. Retention of even larger quantities of trees does not seem to evoke significant numbers of consequential tree deaths by I. typographus in managed forests. However, in stands where the natural mortality of spruce trees is high, the risks of consequential tree deaths after wind disturbance will also be higher. 相似文献
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本文对云杉八齿小蠹化学生态的研究进展进行了综述。云杉八齿小蠹在中欧的大面积爆发激发了广大林业科学工作者对其化学生态学的广泛研究。在寻找寄主的过程中,雄性找到寄主后释放化学信息物质吸引雄性和雌性的聚集。开始发起进攻的小蠹在找寻寄主的过程中能利用寄主树脂作为利己素,并能够在体内解毒后合成可被利用的化学信息物质。在云杉八齿小蠹雄性的中肠中,我们发现9种单萜类化合物,主要是反式马鞭草烯醇和2-甲基3-己烯2-醇,这两种物质被认为是云杉八齿小蠹聚集信息素的主要成分。小蠹二烯醇的含量虽然很低但是能显著提高马鞭草烯醇和2-甲基3-己烯2-醇的野外诱集作用。马鞭草烯酮和小蠹烯醇是反聚集信息素,在调节攻击密度和树皮下的种群密度的过程中起着重要的作用。本文主要综述了寄主抗性、信息素成分和小蠹虫行为之间的关系。野外生测的结果证明利用信息素防治云杉八齿小蠹是行之有效的防治方法。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):87-98
The risk for damage associated with spruce bark beetle attacks on living trees was estimated in 12 forest districts in the Nordic countries during three years. Pheromone‐baited traps and trees were used. Five groups of three traps were deployed annually on fresh spruce clear‐fellings in each district. The mean catches within districts and years ranged from 950 to 46000 beetles per trap group. The standard error averaged 15 % of the mean catch. One tree was baited annually at each of five other sites in each district. The mean number of trees colonized by Ips typographus in each district and year ranged from 0 to 5 per site. The standard error was high, averaging 44% of the mean. Inventories of tree mortality within the districts yielded values ranging from 0 to 150 killed trees per km of spruce forest edge. There was a strong linear correlation between mean catches in traps and log‐transformed tree mortality (r=0.82). The correlation between colonization success at tree‐baiting sites and tree mortality was weaker (r=0.59), owing to one deviant observation. The results indicate that pheromone traps and baited trees may be used to assess the risk for damage caused by Ips typographus. 相似文献
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云杉八齿小蠹可危害多种云杉。危害初期幼虫在寄主树干坑道内取食,树皮生长正常,针叶颜色正常;危害中期被害树干上可见小蠹羽化孔,树皮较易剥离,针叶开始变色;严重危害时被害树干树皮极易剥落,皮下可见小蠹和幼虫,或树木枯死,对云杉和木材生产造成一定程度的危害。通过对云杉八齿小蠹的风险分析,其风险评估值R=1.85,在我国属中度危险的林业有害生物。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):118-122
To investigate the fungal flora associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus in an endemic area, beetles were collected during the flight period in six locations in Tr?ndelag, Norway. The beetles were inoculated into fresh Norway spruce logs, and the frequency of different species was monitored by fungal isolation from bark and wood. The most common species were Ophiostoma bicolor, O. penicillatum, O. polonicum and a previously undescribed Graphium species, the same species which were the most important associates of I. Typographus in an epidemic area in southeastern Norway. The frequency of the primary invader, O. polonicum, was, however, lower in Tr?ndelag, which may indicate that this species is less frequent in endemic areas than in epidemic areas. 相似文献
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Kari KELIVAARA 《中国林学(英文版)》2008,10(1):9-13
After the outbreak of Dendrolimus superans Buter in 2002, many insect borers quickly invaded larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) forests in the Aershan of Inner Mongolia. Methods involved included setting sample plots, collecting adults in iron traps and measuring areas of galleries to study the invasive sequence, their ecological niche and the extent of the different effects by the main insect borers to their hosts. The results showed that the damage of D. superans weakened L. gmelinii, first Ips subelongatus Motschulsky invaded, followed by Acanthocinus carinulatus Gebler, Monochamus urussovi Fisher and M. sutor L. After the outbreak of D. superans, the average density of longhorn beetles per L. gmelinii tree increased. The ecological niche of Ips subelongatus stretches almost from the base to the top of the trunk. The number of insects in older stands of L. gmelinii is larger than those in middle aged stands. They do not damage healthy trees of L. gmelinii. The ecological niche of A. carinulatus is higher in dead L. gmelinii trees than in weak ones. The degree of damage is directly proportional with age and depth of bark. M. urussovi mainly damages trunks below 4 m in weak trees; in dead trees they can do damage up to 6 m in height. M. sutor mainly damages trunks below 5 m in weak L. gmelinii trees; in dead trees they cause damage up to 7 m. Again, the degree of damage is directly proportional with age. None of the three species of longhorn beetles damage healthy L. gmelinii and younger trees. Among the main insect borers, the degree of damage caused by I. subelongatus is more serious than that of other insects. 相似文献
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原木采集生产的生物质流特征分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在原木采集生产系统中,木质和非木质生物质流为主要的物质流.通过现场试验,针对闽西北马尾松、杉木、桉树3种速生人工林,测量其立木的树根、树干、树枝、树叶、树皮各组成部分的干质量以及灌木、草本、枯枝落叶的干质量,得出伐区生物质的分布比例.按采集生产作业的工艺流程,分析采集生产过程中立木生物质流的原木单位耗材、原木单位产品的排放量、立木资源效率和各工序的工序材比系数.针对木质和非木质生物质流的时空分布,建立相应的时空网络图.采用网络分析方法,推导最小木质材料损耗、最大迹地剩余生物量的工艺方案,进而分析各工艺方案的木质材料、剩余生物质在采伐迹地、集材道和集材楞场的空间分布.木质和非木质生物质流的时空分布揭示了原木采集生产物质流的重要特征.时空网络图可用于分析原木采集生产物质流的特征和相应的投入产出效益.将伐区地理信息系统与木材生产时空网络图结合,可开发出林木采伐更新作业系统的模拟、优化工具. 相似文献
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重齿小蠹对人工合成聚集信息素的昼夜反应节律发生在白天7:00~21:00,反应高峰在14:00-19:00,反应模式为"单峰式—白天型";利用人工合成的聚集信息素对重齿小蠹成虫发生期监测表明,成虫扬飞的开始时间为5月20日左右,扬飞高峰期为6月下旬和7月上旬,扬飞末期为8月26日,成虫扬飞的持续期为98 d。2007-2009年大量诱杀防治的试验前、后重齿小蠹致死木平均分别为3.39株/hm2和0.76株/hm2,致死木减少了77.58%,而对照区试验前、后致死木平均分别为15.89株/hm2和18.11株/hm2,致死木增加了13.97%,3 a大量诱杀试验的防治效果显著。 相似文献
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在老秃顶子国家级自然保护区共采到小蠹虫29种,隶属4亚科15属,其中红松根小蠹Hy-lastes plumbeusBlandford、东北四眼小蠹Polygraphus sachalinensisEggers、中穴星坑小蠹Pityo-genes chalcographasLinnaeus、落叶松八齿小蠹IpssubelongatusMotschuleky、六齿小蠹I.acuminatusGyllenhal等为优势种,主要危害衰弱木、濒死木、枯萎木及风倒雪压木等,少数种类如纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda Linnaeus、黄须球小蠹Sphaerotrypes coimbatorensisStebblng等危害健康树木。不同海拔高度及不同类型的林分中,小蠹虫的种类存在明显差异。及时清除、集中处理风倒木是控制虫源,减轻危害的重要措施。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):235-245
Defoliation of conifers occasionally precedes bark beetle attacks, suggesting that a severe loss of foliage and ensuing reductions in carbohydrate availability may enhance host tree susceptibility. To shed light on this question, different degrees of defoliation on young Picea abies were simulated by removing whole whorls of branches from below, the trees retaining 100, 50, or 25% of their original crown biomass. After one week or one year, the trees were inoculated with Ophiostoma polonkum, a tree‐killing fungus transmitted by Ips typographus. Fungal proliferation and tree mortality increased with increasing levels of pruning. Pruning reduced stem diameter growth, but not carbohydrate reserves in foliage and bark. Foliar N, P, and Ca increased with increasing pruning. The results lend support to the hypothesis that a reduction in the photosynthesis capacity increases host tree susceptibility to a beetle‐fungus attack, and that induced defence against infection depends on efficient translocation of assimilates to the sites of infection. 相似文献
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The association between blue stain fungi andIps cembrae Heer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) was investigated in the Japanese larch,Larix leptolepis Gordon, in the Nagoya University Forest, Aichi Prefecture, central Japan.I. cembrae had one or two generation(s) in a year in this study area. Two blue stain fungi,Ophiostoma piceae andLeptographium sp., were isolated from the body surface of both male adults in mating chambers and female adults in parent galleries, suggesting
that this beetle species was a vector of these fungi. Although no blue stain fungi were isolated from non-stained wood, both
fungi were isolated from the mating chambers, the center and the uppermost end of the galleries throughout the season. The
fact thatO. piceae was consistently isolated with high frequency from adults and from their galleries strongly suggested that this species would
be the principal blue stain fungus infecting the beetle-attacked larch trees. 相似文献