铁棒锤和土壤水浸提液对5种禾草的潜在化感效应

为探讨铁棒锤和不同土壤对同德老芒麦、垂穗披碱草、青海草地早熟禾、青海冷地早熟禾和青海中华羊茅的化感效应,通过室内生物学实验研究了铁棒锤整株和粉末浸提液,以及铁棒锤根际、退化天然草甸、未退化天然草甸、退化人工草地和未退化人工草地土壤浸提液对5种禾草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:铁棒锤整株浸提液对同德老芒麦种子的发芽有促进作用;铁棒锤整株和粉末浸提液对青海冷地早熟禾、青海中华羊茅、垂穗披碱草以及青海草地早熟禾种子发芽均有抑制作用,且粉末浸提液对禾草种子发芽的抑制作用比整株浸提液的抑制作用显著。几种土壤浸提液对青海中华羊茅种子的发芽均有显著的抑制作用。铁棒锤粉末浸提液对同德老芒麦、垂穗披碱草、青海草地早熟禾和青海冷地早熟禾的根长具有显著的抑制作用。铁棒锤和不同土壤水浸提液对5种禾草的综合化感效应表现为:铁棒锤整株浸提液对青海中华羊茅的化感效应最强,对同德老芒麦则最弱,而粉末浸提液对青海冷地早熟禾的化感效应最强,对同德老芒麦最弱;不同土壤浸提液对青海中华羊茅的化感效应最强,对垂穗披碱草最弱。铁棒锤和不同土壤浸提液对5种禾草种子发芽和幼苗生长均有不同程度的化感潜力。     

5种禾草种子萌发及幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应和抗旱性评价

为了解5种多年生禾草种子萌发期的抗旱性,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱,分别以0,-0.05,-0.15,-0.30,-0.49 MPa PEG-6000溶液作渗透介质,研究了干旱胁迫对同德老芒麦、同德短芒披碱草、青海冷地早熟禾、青海草地早熟禾、青海中华羊茅5种禾草品种种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数以及幼苗苗高、根长和干重等6个指标的影响。结果表明,随着PEG溶液渗透势降低,5种禾草种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数以及幼苗苗高和干重均呈现降低趋势,但各草种的不同指标响应不一致,未发现高渗透势介质对发芽有促进作用,但一定范围的渗透势对青海冷地早熟禾和青海中华羊茅幼苗根的生长有促进作用,而对其他3种禾草幼苗的根则有抑制作用。采用隶属函数法对5种禾草萌发期抗旱性综合评价的结果是同德老芒麦>青海草地早熟禾>短芒披碱草>青海冷地早熟禾>青海中华羊茅。     

黄河首曲高寒草甸退化草地(黑土滩)恢复重建优良适宜牧草筛选试验

筛选优良适宜的牧草品种是黄河首曲高寒草地退化草地生态恢复与重建、"黑土滩"治理的基础和关键环节。引种筛选适合当地生态环境的、具有快速恢复高寒草地退化草地功能、有较高的放牧利用及生态价值的优良牧草品种,是高寒地区退化草地生态恢复与重建的关键环节,也是草地畜牧业可持续发展的重要物质基础。结果:参试的6种牧草出苗排序是:无芒雀麦、老芒麦、垂穗披碱草、冷地早熟禾、草地早熟禾、中华羊茅;参试的6种牧草越冬率高于50%的冷地早熟禾、垂穗披碱草、草地早熟禾和中华羊茅在次年能完成生育期,无芒雀麦和老芒麦第二年不能完成生殖生长,均处于抽穗期和开花期;通过综合评价,两种早熟禾植株低矮,耐践踏,而且地下茎发达,能固结表土,有保持水土,防止雨水冲刷的作用,可增加植被盖度,减少风蚀和水蚀的危害。垂穗披碱草、老芒麦、中华羊茅根系较发达,抗旱、耐寒性强,种子产量较高,可以用作种子扩繁生产,为"黑土滩"治理和草地恢复重建提供种子储备;参试草种中首选两种早熟禾,其次是垂穗披碱草,第三是老芒麦和中华羊茅,最后是无芒雀麦。     

黑土滩混播人工草地种间竞争力的研究

文章在＂黑土滩＂退化草地上,通过对多种牧草的混播组合试验,研究了＂黑土滩＂混播人工草地种间竞争的动态关系。通过4年的试验观测表明：合理的混播组合及适当的草地管理,能有效地提高人工植被的牧草产量。并且随着生长年限的延长,各组合的相对产量总和（RYT）逐渐增大,种植当年种间竞争大于种内竞争（RYT〈1）,环境资源仍有一定的利用空间;第2~4年种间竞争小于种内竞争（RYT〉1）,各牧草的生态位发生了不同程度的分离。＂垂穗披碱草＋青海草地早熟禾＋青海中华羊茅＋青海冷地早熟禾＂和＂垂穗披碱草＋青海草地早熟禾＋青海中华羊茅＋青海冷地早熟禾＋碱茅＂混播组合能获得相对稳定的群落。     

高寒牧区多年生人工草地混播组合试验

利用箭筈豌豆Vicia sativa、冷地早熟禾Poa crymophila、草原2号苜蓿Medicgao varia、沙生冰草Agropyron cristatum、无芒雀麦Bromus inermis、多叶老芒麦Elymus sibiricus、当地燕麦Ayea fatua在高寒地区进行了多年生混播草地建植试验.结果表明:在高寒地区建立人工草地,采取禾禾混播和禾豆混播,可明显提高草地产草量和牧草品质.表现优良的混播组合有草原2号苜蓿 无芒雀麦 多叶老芒麦、草原2号苜蓿 多叶老芒麦 冷地早熟禾、无芒雀麦 多叶老芒麦 冰草、无芒雀麦 多叶老芒麦 冷地早熟禾、草原2号苜蓿 多叶老芒麦 冰草.     

高寒地区伏毛铁棒锤对几种禾草的化感作用

为探讨青藏高原退化草地常见毒杂草——伏毛铁棒锤化感作用,以同域生长常见的4种牧草为供体,研究伏毛铁棒锤茎叶和块茎水浸液对供试牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,结果表明：伏毛铁棒锤水浸液对4种牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长具有显著的抑制作用（P〈0．05）,随着水浸液浓度加大,化感抑制作用不断加强;同浓度相比,块茎水浸液化感效应均比茎叶水浸液要强。4种牧草种子萌发对伏毛铁棒锤水浸液敏感性强弱顺序为：垂穗披碱草〉中华羊茅〉冷地早熟禾〉短芒老芒麦。禾草幼苗生长对伏毛铁棒锤水浸液的敏感强弱顺序为：中华羊茅最强,垂穗披碱草、冷地早熟禾次之,短芒老芒麦最弱。从化感效应综合敏感性分析得出：垂穗披碱草〉中华羊茅〉冷地早熟禾〉短芒老芒麦。同时,4种牧草种子萌发对伏毛铁棒锤水浸液敏感性强于幼苗生长。     

高寒地区伏毛铁棒锤对几种禾草的化感作用

为探讨青藏高原退化草地常见毒杂草——伏毛铁棒锤化感作用,以同域生长常见的4种牧草为供体,研究伏毛铁棒锤茎叶和块茎水浸液对供试牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:伏毛铁棒锤水浸液对4种牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长具有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),随着水浸液浓度加大,化感抑制作用不断加强;同浓度相比,块茎水浸液化感效应均比茎叶水浸液强。4种牧草种子萌发对伏毛铁棒锤水浸液敏感性强弱顺序为:垂穗披碱草>中华羊茅>冷地早熟禾>短芒老芒麦。禾草幼苗生长对伏毛铁棒锤水浸液的敏感强弱顺序为:中华羊茅最强,垂穗披碱草、冷地早熟禾次之,短芒老芒麦最弱。从化感效应综合敏感性分析得出:垂穗披碱草>中华羊茅>冷地早熟禾>短芒老芒麦。同时,4种牧草种子萌发对伏毛铁棒锤水浸液敏感性强于幼苗生长。     

紫花苜蓿与不同生活型多年生禾本科牧草混播生长生理特征

本研究通过测定紫花苜蓿分别与3种生活型禾草混播草地牧草生产力和生理指标对混播成分和比例的响应,为建植可持续高产的混播草地提供理论依据。结果显示：混播紫花苜蓿和苇状羊茅MDA含量减小,抗逆能力和光合能力增强;建植初期混播草地早熟禾MDA含量大于单播,抗逆生理和光合生理指标在豆禾比为7∶3时小于单播,5∶5和3∶7时大于单播;混播无芒雀麦MDA含量大于单播,抗氧化指标在豆禾比为7∶3时小于单播,5∶5和3∶7时大于单播,渗透调节物质含量和光合生理指标大于单播,说明紫花苜蓿与苇状羊茅混播时二者生理协同效应较好,建植初期豆禾比为7∶3时紫花苜蓿对草地早熟禾和无芒雀麦有种间竞争胁迫,适当下调紫花苜蓿比例有利于草地早熟禾和无芒雀麦生长。隶属函数评价结果显示紫花苜蓿与丛生型苇状羊茅3∶7混播时两种牧草生理表现最好,增产率和产量最高。     

白三叶与不同禾草混播群落17年稳定性经较研究

在适度放牧条件下开展了白三叶与多年生黑麦草、紫羊茅、草地早熟禾和无芒雀麦的两两豆禾混播群落的种间相容性、群落生产力和稳定性的研究。17年的研究结果表明,白三叶 紫羊茅组合的年均干物质产量502g/m2,显著高于其他组合(P<0.05),但前期以白三叶 多年生黑麦草最高(P<0.05)。在时间序列混播比例的变化上,白三叶逐渐增加,然后维持在一定的范围;多年生黑麦草第1年最高,后逐渐下降;紫羊茅和草地早熟禾变化不大,而无芒雀麦减少最快,并最终消失;白三叶 紫羊茅组合的比例动态变化最小,组分稳定,而且群落抵抗力最强,年均杂草侵入量仅为2.4 g/m2,极显著地低于其他处理(P<0.01)。参试禾本科牧草与白三叶的种间相容性为紫羊茅>多年生黑麦草≥草地早熟禾>无芒雀麦。种间相容性是混播群落长期稳定性的重要决定因素。时间梯度上的群落生产力变化趋势,白三叶 紫羊茅和白三叶 草地早熟禾呈平稳略升,而白三叶 多年生黑麦草和白三叶 无芒雀麦呈前高后低模式。对混播群落稳定性的判断存在时间尺度和空间尺度。     

人工调控对禾草混播草地群落特征的影响

在三江源区的"黑土滩"退化草地上,以当地野生驯化牧草,垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb)、青海草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L. cv. Qinghai)、青海中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis Keng cv. Qinghai)、青海冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila Keng cv. Qinghai)、碱茅(Puccinellia distans(L.) Prarl)和西北羊茅(Festuca kryloviana Reverd.)为种源,设人工调控和对照2组处理,每组处理6个混播组合,探索不同草种组合和调控措施下人工群落的生产力与稳定性.2006-2008年试验表明:人工调控各组合群落的高度、盖度和植物量均显著高于对照,组合群落中禾草植物量第2、3年分别比相应对照组合高1倍和2倍以上,群落结构和稳定性显著高于对照;不同品种搭配下,混播组合群落的高度、盖度和植物量高于垂穗披碱草单播群落,第3年的群落植物量和禾草植物量比例均高于单播群落,随着组合草种增加,混播群落对环境条件的适应性增强,群落中禾草与杂类草的竞争力显著增强,群落稳定性提高;综合比较,初步确定以垂穗披碱草+青海草地早熟禾+青海中华羊茅+青海冷地早熟禾+碱茅+西北羊茅和垂穗披碱草+青海草地早熟禾+青海中华羊茅+青海冷地早熟禾为三江源区"黑土滩"退化草地建植混播人工草地的合理组合.同时,合理的草地管理有利于提高人工草地的生产力,延长草地利用年限.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.