栲胶原料(余甘子类、毛杨梅树皮)国家标准的制订及技术说明

一、概况余甘子类、毛杨梅树皮是我国栲胶生产的优良原料。在栲胶生产中,原料的好坏直接影响产品质量。我国过去对这两种原料没有制订统一的分级标准,影响了原料质量的稳定提高,影响按质论价,不利于农民采用科学方法采收及贮藏,当产销之间发生纠纷     

大别山区栓皮栎培育

栓皮栎,是用皮、用材等多用途的树种。栓皮具有不透气、不透水、质地轻的特性,是优良的保温、绝热、隔音材料,可供多种工业之用。种仁、壳斗富含单宁,是栲胶和黑色染料的原料。橡实     

荆树栲胶性能的初步观察

世界各国栲胶工业目前的主要发展趋势,是选择适当的鞣料植物,大力建立原料基地,使原料供应尽可能单纯、稳定,从根本上提高栲胶的产量和质量,降低生产成本。荆树生长快,树皮单宁含量高,栲胶鞣革性能好,木材坚实,在热带和亚热带地区,栲胶原料基地树种的选择,普遍趋向于发展荆树为主。     

马尖相思造林技术及利用研究专题

马尖相思造林技术及利用研究专题马尖相思（Ａｃａｃｉａｍａｎｇｉｕｍ）原产澳大利亚昆士兰沿海，以及巴布亚新几内亚和印度尼西亚的热带湿润地区，是豆科的一种多用途树种。木材既可作为细木工和胶合板用材，又是优良的纸浆材及薪炭材；树皮是优良的栲胶原料；树叶可作...     

黑荆树在福建省的引种栽培

福建省各地引种驯化试验树种在千种以上,黑荆树(Acacia mearnsii wiild)是引种成功、可供大力推广的树种之一。由于它具有生长迅速、轮伐期短、根系发达、枝叶茂盛、花期长和树皮单宁含量高的特性,而被广泛地用作栲胶原料、水土保持、蜜源植物、绿肥植物以及其它用途的优良树种,所以,深受适生区许多生产部门的喜爱。据1985年统计,福建省营造黑荆树已达26000余亩,成林面积最大的是南靖县。据1986年林业部林产工业公司统计,在全国九省(区)黑荆树成林面积44784亩中,南靖县已成林13036亩,其中县栲胶林场11000亩。各乡镇2036亩,成林面积居全国之首。     

马占相思树皮单宁分析试验初报

马占相思树皮栲胶从定性试验看属凝缩类,树皮含单宁40%,栲胶含单宁80%,总色值12左右,每生产一吨栲胶需气干树皮3吨左右。以鞣革来看,它与余甘栲胶的性能基本一致,渗透速度快.成革颜色较浅。该树种速生,是树皮单宁含量高的栲胶原料,在广西东南部可作经济林发展。     

黑荆树引种与栽培技术

<正> 一、经济价值黑荆树是鞣料植物中含单宁量很高的树种。由于它生长迅速,树皮含单宁量高,生产栲胶原料周期短,生产栲胶成本低(生产1吨固体栲胶需要黑荆树皮2.5吨,如果用落叶松树皮要13吨)。鞣革渗透性快、沉淀少(制革工业用1吨的黑荆树栲胶就可抵1.4吨的落叶松栲胶)。我场1956年引种的7—9年生黑荆树皮经前泉州栲胶厂和原省森林工业研究所化     

余甘子离体快速繁殖技术的初步研究

余甘子 (ＰｈｙｌｌａｎｔｈｕｓｅｍｂｌｉｃａＬ .)为大戟科 (Ｅｕｐｈｏｒｂｉａｃｅａｅ) ,叶下珠属 (Ｐｈｙｌｌａｎｔｈｕｓ) ,落叶小乔木或灌木。在我国主要分布于南亚热带地区[1] 。余甘子果可生食、渍制或榨取果汁 ,果具清热解毒、降血压、防治肝胆病、收敛止泻作用 ,是重要的中药材和制药原料[2 ] ,同时树皮为重要的栲胶原料。余甘子在干热河谷、石质山地等生态脆弱区已作为优良的生态经济兼用造林树种。我国余甘子良种化起步晚 ,虽然只有少数地区开始采用良种 ,但发展势头很快。近几年引进的国外品种已表现出较好的适应性和生长…     

小果冬青栽培技术

小果冬青(Ilex micrococoa Maxim)是我国亚热带地区优良的速生用材和观赏树种。其树干通直，树姿雄伟，较耐干旱，材质中等，是制造家具和建筑方面的材料，又是良好的纸浆用材。树皮经提取可制栲胶，还可作染料。小果冬青入冬后满枝红果，经久不落，艳丽夺目，是低山绿化和城市景观林及生态环境林优良的景观树种。我国小果冬青虽然分布较广，但资源较少，特别是其种子细小、坚硬、发芽率低，当前急需收集和保护，并对优良的种质进行繁殖和造林。     

迭部地区云杉育苗技术及管理要点

云杉,属松科云杉属,常绿乔木,在我国分布很广。迭部林区常见种,是迭部县主要的造林和森林更新树种。多生于海拔2200～3000米地带,常于冷杉、紫果云杉等混生或成纯林,根系浅,耐寒、耐荫、较耐干冷的环境条件;喜气候凉润,土层深厚,排水良好的微酸性棕色森林土环境。分布于陕西南部、四川北部、甘肃东南部。该树种材质优良,是良好的建筑、桥梁、家具用材和高级造纸原料,树皮可提取栲胶。     

杂种落叶松苗期生长性状优良家系选择的研究

文章以北安市自治林场、牡丹江市林口县青山林场二年生杂种落叶松自由授粉家系子代测定林分对象,2007年10月对各个地点试验林4重复进行每木生长性状测定,估算了树高的变异系数、变异幅度,筛选出生长优良的家系。结果表明,树高遗传变异较大,自治林场二年生杂种落叶松平均变异系数25.6%,青山林场二年生杂种落叶松平均变异系数是26.869%。自治林场、青山林场家系间树高变异幅度分别为53.94~57.90 cm、44.26~48.42 cm、47.85~51.24 cm。家系平均苗高不同地区生长状况不同。自治林场兴5×兴9家系苗期生长较快,是当地的优良家系。青山林场兴5×兴9家系苗期生长较快,是当地的优良家系。     

Wild Cherry (Prunus avium L.) for Timber Production: Consequences for Early Growth from Selection of Open-pollinated Single-tree Progenies in Sweden

Prunus avium L. is a fast-growing hardwood tree species that has demonstrated good production on both well-drained forest soils and farm land in southern Sweden. Growth rate and breeding value were tested in 101 open-pollinated single-tree progenies of Swedish origin and five German seed sources. After eight growing seasons and two selective thinnings the mean tree height reached 4.7 m. The mean tree height of the progenies varied between 3.3 and 6.1 m. A total rotation period of 50-60 yrs and a dominant height of 20-22 m can be expected. The results indicated great phenotypic variation within progenies and good possibilities for improving production and stem quality by early selective thinning. In terms of height growth and stem straightness the best Swedish progenies were as good as the tested German seed sources.     

杉木初级种子园遗传效应的一个验证

从杉木林中采集七株优树的种子，并在种子园内采集相同优树无性系自由授粉种子，进行成对对造林比较试验，造林四年后，来自种子园的后代其生长量显著高于来自林分的后代，树高增长9．1％，胸径增加14．5，由此，对杉木初级种子园的遗传效应加以肯定并进行评论。     

思茅松自由授粉家系遗传参数与早期选择分析

[目的]通过对思茅松自由授粉子代测试林的生长与形质性状遗传参数的估计,进行优良家系选择,为建立思茅松高世代种子园及培育优良无性系苗木提供种质资源。[方法]采用随机区组试验设计,在214个思茅松自由授粉家系子代测试林中选择胸径、地径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、通直度、树干圆满度、树冠圆满度、材积及地上生物量等生长与形质性状,利用线性混合模型进行遗传参数的估计,进行优良家系筛选。[结果]思茅松自由授粉子代测试林生长与形质性状的遗传参数在家系间差异极显著。各性状的家系遗传力较高,其中,地径的家系遗传力最大(1.105)。材积的预期遗传增益高于地上生物量,利用家系/家系内选择方法进行优良家系的筛选,材积的预期遗传增益为60.75%,入选家系为60个;地上生物量的预期遗传增益为44.22%,入选家系为66个。轮盘数、通直度和树干圆满度对材积和地上生物量都有显著影响。[结论]在早期选择中,形质性状的遗传变异对思茅松自由授粉优良家系的选择有重要参考作用,4年生思茅松自由授粉家系子代测试林中各性状存在着丰富的遗传变异,在早期选择中可以筛选出适合不同培育目标的优良家系,最大限度挖掘其遗传潜力。     

马尾松种子园建园亲本性状遗传变异及优质速生无性系选育

通过对11年生马尾松种子园无性系木材基本密度测定和11年生种子园自由授粉子代生长性状测定,结果表明:无性系间木材基本密度的差异,家系间树高、胸径、单株材积生长量的差异均达到极显著水平,具有较高的重复力(遗传力)。所评选出10个优质速生无性系的木材基本密度、子代的平均树高、胸径、单株材积分别为0.5443 g.cm-3、11.80 m、14.93cm、0.1011 m3,与群体平均值相比的遗传增益分别为8.7%、1.8%、3.6%、8.4%,在生产上具有良好的推广应用前景。     

Genetic Variance and Covariance Patterns of Growth and Survival in Northern Pinus sylvestris

The amount of additive genetic and environmental variance for tree height and field survival, and the genetic relationship between the traits were estimated using data from half-sib progenies of Swedish and Finnish Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plus-trees, assessed in 18 single-tree plot progeny trials. The progeny trials were established in northern Sweden and comprised 9-13-yr-old, Finnish polycross progenies or Swedish open-pollinated progenies. In total across the trials, 71?630 individual trees from 888 families were included in the study. At the overall level, the additive genetic coefficient of variation ranged between 3.1 and 16.3% for height and between 0 and 27.9% for survival, with averages of 9.5% and 14.2%, respectively. Narrow-sense heritabilities were moderate to low, with averages across trials of 0.11 for height and 0.06 for survival. At the within-population level, estimates of genetic correlation between height and survival were mostly large and positive, with an arithmetic mean and standard error across trials of 0.47±0.39.     

杉木第二代种子园子代遗传变异及优良家系选择研究

来自广东省龙山林场杉木第二代种子园的39个自由授粉家系参加了1998年多点子代测定和2001年单点子代测定试验,结果表明：11年生子代测定林的树高、胸径、单株材积在家系和地点间差异达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）,8年生子代测定林生长性状的差异较小;家系平均树高、胸径、材积遗传力分别为0．24、0．26、0．30,主要生长性状受中等偏下的遗传力控制;第二代种子园材积遗传增益在1．88％～5．85％．其遗传增益和现实增产效果高于1．5代种子园,也高于初级种子园。对11年生多点子代测定林家系进行了丰产稳定性分析,选择出广谱丰产稳定家系5、8、17、19、23、26、28号,平均单株材积比群体均值提高3．39％;丰产家系3、7、15、21号和家系20、22、25号,分别适合龙山林场和曲江林场及相似立地条件地区限制性推广利用,平均单株材积比群体均值分别提高9．91％和4．89％;8年生单点子代测定林,以单株材积高于群体均值作为入选标准,有1、2、4、6、7、8、10、11、12、14、15、19等12个家系入选,平均单株材积比群体均值提高6．76％。     

Genetic control in the survival,growth and form of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia melanoxylon</Emphasis>

Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.) is a high-quality appearance-grade timber species native to eastern Australia. Wide variation in its survival, growth and form, together with issues related to site selection and intensive silvicultural management, limit progress in its domestication and commercial development. To determine the effect of genetics on these traits, five blackwood progeny trials in northern Tasmania, Australia, aged between 15 and 19 years were assessed. All trials contained a variety of open-pollinated, single-tree, family collections from Tasmania, with one trial containing a selection of provenances from mainland Australia. Significant genetic variation in survival, growth and form were found. This variation was partly explained by broad scale adaptive differences across the wide geographic distribution of blackwood. Blackwood from the tropical northern range of the species had poor survival in cool temperate Tasmania. Significant differences in survival between Tasmanian seedlots were also observed. Among the Tasmanian seedlots, those from low altitudes grew better than those from high altitudes, while those from the north-east of Tasmania had significantly better growth rates than seedlots from the south-east. Seedlots from the north-west seed zone had intermediate growth rates. Significant genetic differences in the proportion of trees with single stems, and the number of large branches in the lower stem were found between Tasmanian seedlots. Early-age seedlot height was significantly positively correlated with mid-age diameter. Stem form was improved under nurse crops, but even open-grown blackwood had low percentages of trees of excellent form. These results indicate that at the broad scale, climatic matching of seed source with planting site is clearly important, however, within Tasmania there was no evidence that seedlots collected from the same region as the trials outperformed those from other regions.     

18年生巨桉半同胞子代测定林遗传分析与选择

对代表全分布区的29个地理种源包含147个家系的18年生巨桉子代测定林的生长性状进行观测和遗传分析。结果表明:除树高以外,其他性状在种源和家系间均呈极显著差异(P0.01),其中:树高家系遗传力为0.879 7,树高单株家系遗传力为0.296 2;胸径家系遗传力为0.943 4,胸径家系单株遗传力为0.662 9;材积家系遗传力为0.950 9,材积单株家系遗传力为0.747 2。通过生长性状的多重比较并结合早期纤维密度的分析结果,筛选出15个速生优良家系,其平均家系材积遗传增益67.9%;在家系选择基础上选出速生优良单株13株,其平均单株立木材积遗传增益172.2%,选出的优良家系及单株将来可以用作营建巨桉实生种子园和杂交育种的亲本材料。     

蓝桉树木园异型杂交及花粉污染的微卫星分子标记研究

本文应用4对微卫星分子多态引物,对利用优株嫁接建立的蓝桉(E.globulus)树木园中的118个自由授粉子代的DNA微卫星指纹进行了分析.结果表明:选用的引物具有高度多态性,各个位点扩增得到的平均等位基因数为14.25,树木园中母株的异型杂交率为15%(95%,整体异型杂交率为47.9%,外源花粉污染率为17.6%.由于该树木园的异型杂交率低,其自由授粉的种子应用价值不高,因此应采用大规模人工授粉来制种或选用树木园中异型杂交率高的母株采种.