高寒山区蜂群安全越冬技术的探讨

长白山区冬季寒冷漫长,蜂群越冬长达130～140天。由于群势弱、蜂种越冬性能较差、越冬环境不良等因素,常导致越冬蜂群饲料消耗量大,个体死亡率高,蜂群严重削弱,影响了来年的春繁和经济效益。为了探索降低越冬蜂群体消耗的技术,我们进行了不同群势、不同品种蜜蜂越冬性对比以及改善蜂群越冬环境条件的试验。     

黄淮地区蜂群越冬的初步研究

本文通过两个冬季对蜂群四种不同越冬方式下的环境温度、湿度、饲料消耗量及蜜蜂成活率的研究,结果表明以将蜂群放于冷库中越冬,其饲料消耗量极显著高于（F＞F0．99）其他三种越冬方式,蜜蜂成活率极显著低于（F＞F0．99）其他三种越冬方式。将蜂群放在室外向阳处、背阴处以及室内越冬这三种方式,其所处温度环境及饲料消耗量不存在差异（F＜F0．95）,环境湿度以室内越冬显著（F＞F0．95）高于其他二种方式,蜜蜂成活率以室内越冬极显著高于（F＞F0．99）其他二种方式。因此,在冬季蜂群越冬以室内越冬为佳。     

国外蜂业简讯（一）

2012～2013年冬季欧洲蜂群减少蜜蜂研究网络公布了其对2012～2013年蜂群越冬损失的调查结果,调查数据采自19个欧洲国家及以色列和阿尔及利亚。超过1．5万名养蜂者提供了越冬蜂群死亡率及蜂群的其他数据,他们拥有28万群蜜蜂。最初数据分析显示,2012～2013年越冬死亡率在6～37％,以色列最低为6％,爱尔兰最高为37％,不同国家有所不同。     

对越冬不顺利蜂群补救措施

蜂群安全越冬是来年丰产丰收的重要环节,但常因管理不善发生蜂王死亡、鼠害、缺蜜等现象。现笔者谈谈在多年越冬管理中所采取的补救措施供蜂友参考。1检查越冬蜂群通常情况下越冬室保持通风、黑暗、安静、温湿度正常,蜂群则能安全越冬。但在每年的1～3月份,越冬蜂群有可能发生下列情况。1)丢失蜂王:气温0～4℃时,有个别蜂群不安静,时有喧嚷声,有时个别蜜蜂冲击蜂箱,蜜蜂散团,这种情况往往是丢失了蜂王。2)鼠害:当检查蜂群时,发现蜜蜂尸体腹和胸分开,死蜂一段段的或有碎巢脾,则无疑有老鼠危害蜂群。3)缺水:在正常温度下,越冬蜂群若发现有嗡嗡…     

蜂群越冬管理的技术措施

蜂群越冬期温度低 ,雨雪多 ,如管理不善 ,群势减弱 ,蜂群损失严重。鉴此 ,要克服当前存在的重秋繁、轻冬管的倾向 ,加强越冬管理 ,把越冬蜂损耗降到最低 ,为次年生产丰收奠定基础。蜂群越冬管理的技术措施主要有 :一、控制蜜蜂的无效飞翔 ,以节约体力 ,延长寿命。越冬蜂损耗高的一个重要原因是蜜蜂无效飞翔。飞翔多 ,蜜蜂体力消耗大 ,加上冬季气候寒冷 ,常常处在临界温度。蜜蜂一旦飞出 ,常死于野外。因此控制蜜蜂越冬期的无效飞翔 ,可有效地减少冻僵蜂 ,减少体力消耗。控制蜜蜂无效飞翔的具体方法 :其一 ,关王停产。打破传统习惯 ,改自然停…     

简谈蜂群安全越冬补助措施

蜂群安全越冬是来年丰产丰收的重要环节。因管理不善常发生蜂王死亡、鼠害、缺蜜等现象。现谈谈笔者多年越冬管理中所采取的补助措施供蜂友参考。1 .检查越冬蜂群。通常情况下越冬室保持通风、黑暗、安静、温、湿度正常 ,蜂群能安全越冬 ,但在 1— 3月份 ,越冬蜂群有可能发生下列情况。1 .1丢失蜂王 :在稳定的 0℃— 4℃时 ,有个别蜂群不安静 ,时有喧嚷声 ,有时有个别蜜蜂冲击蜂箱 ,蜜蜂散团 ,这种情况往往是丢失了蜂王。1 .2鼠害 :如有老鼠潜入蜂箱 ,当检查蜂群时蜜蜂尸体腹和胸分开 ,死蜂一段段的或有啐巢脾现象。则无疑有老鼠危害蜂群。1…     

东北地区蜂群室外越冬方法

蜂群越冬,分室内越冬和室外越冬,室内越冬需要越冬室和房舍,室外越冬较为简便,可以就地取材,利用锯末子、稻皮、麦余头、树叶、碎草等做包装物,为蜂群生活适应外界气候而增强保温作用,让蜂群生活在自然的温度和湿度当中,再附加以人为管理措施,从而保证蜂群安全越冬。室外越冬的优点是:蜂群越冬安全,节省饲料,蜜蜂体质健壮,早春复壮速度较快,但室外越冬在缺乏成熟经验的情况下     

怎样保护蜂群安全越冬

怎样保护蜂群安全越冬￥山东招远市农牧局＠李树珩＠刘春贤怎样保护蜂群安全越冬山东招远市农牧局李树珩刘春贤冬天到来后，白天气温不超过１０～１２℃时，蜜蜂就要停止飞翔，不保温蜂箱里的蜜蜂，一般弱群在１２℃时就要结团，强群在７℃也开始结团。因此，冬期必须把蜂群内部...     

谈蜂群室内安全越冬技术措施

蜂群越冬成绩的好坏,直接影响到翌年养蜂生产、管理等各项工作。蜜蜂越冬就是在整个越冬期给蜂群创造良好的冬季生活条件,从而达到越冬蜂死亡率低、寿命长、节省饲料等安全越冬标准。在室内越冬最关键的是控制好室内温度,同时还要具备一定的条件,室内越冬首先要有健壮的蜂群和充足的饲料,越冬室保持黑暗、通风,再控制适当的室内温度,后期及时排泄、扣王,就能达到顺利过冬的目的。     

蜂群越冬方式的研究

本文通过 1 996年和 1 997年两个冬季对蜂群 4种不同越冬方式的环境温度、湿度、饲料消耗量及蜜蜂成活率的研究 ,结果表明以将蜂群放在冷库中越冬 ,其饲料消耗量极显著高于 (P <0 .0 1 )其他 3种越冬方式 ,蜜蜂成活率极显著低于 (P <0 .0 1 )其他 3种越冬方式。将蜂群放在室外向阳处 ,背阴处以及室内越冬这 3种方式 ,其饲料消耗量不存在差异 (P >0 .0 5) ,环境温度以室内越冬显著 (P <0 .0 5)高于其他3种方式 ,蜜蜂成活率以室内越冬极显著高于 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,其他 3种方式。因此 ,冬季蜂群越冬以室内越冬为佳     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.