家禽常用疫苗的选用及其注意事项

禽病的预防,除综合性卫生管理措施外,离不开疫苗的预防接种。而许多养殖户对疫苗的一些常规知识仍缺乏应有的了解,因此在购买和使用疫苗时还存在许多问题,进而带来了许多不良影响:如免疫达不到应有的效果、免疫失败等等。现将禽用疫苗的分类、疫苗的使用及其在使用过程中应注意的一些问题作简单的介绍,以期帮助养殖户加强对此方面的一些了解。1疫苗目前的兽用疫苗有10种,即灭活死疫苗、减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、基因工程亚单位疫苗合成肽疫苗、基因工程活载体疫苗、基因工程缺失减毒苗、抗独特型抗体疫苗、基因疫苗和转基因植物疫苗。后7种…     

鱼用疫苗研究进展

鱼用疫苗的种类繁多，除传统的死疫苗、活疫苗、多价苗之外，新型疫苗包括合成肽疫苗、DNA疫苗、活载体疫苗、基因缺失疫苗等。一些与鱼用疫苗相关的领域如免疫佐剂、接种方法的研究也逐渐深入。本文对以上研究进行了概述，为我国鱼用疫苗的进一步研究和发展提供一些依据。     

鸡传染性支气管炎疫苗使用概况

<正>鸡传染性支气管炎(Avian Infectious Bronchitis,IB)是由禽传染性支气管炎病毒(Infectious bronchitis virus,IBV)引起的一种传染性极强传播范围极广的传染性疾病。由于实际生产中能对该病进行临床治疗的药物暂时还未研制出,因此生产中只能依靠疫苗提高动物的免疫力来预防此病的发生,减少其带来的经济损失。目前已研制成功的IBV疫苗有弱毒疫苗、灭活疫苗、基因工程疫苗、活病毒载体疫苗、转基因植物疫苗等,其中弱毒疫苗和灭活疫苗的使用最为普遍也最有效。     

新型动物疫苗的研究现状及进展

近年来,免疫学、分子生物学、微生物学、生物化学和其它一些基础学科的飞速发展,为动物疫苗的研究指明了新的方向,并且提供了相关的技术条件保证,特别是基因工程学和蛋白质组学以及其它一些新的技术为主体的现代生物技术的发展更是大大促进了新型的疫苗研究的步伐,并使新型疫苗的应用朝着实用化迈了一大步。目前,亚单位疫苗、基因缺失疫苗以及载体疫苗被公众认为是可以考虑作为替代传统疫苗的新型疫苗,该文对这些新型动物疫苗的研究现状和进展进行了综述,以期能够进一步促进大家对其了解,并加快其发展,以便早日应用。     

鱼类DNA疫苗的研究进展

ＤＮＡ疫苗也称核酸疫苗、基因疫苗 ,是将含有编码保护性抗原蛋白的基因序列和表达所必需调控元件的质粒ＤＮＡ直接导入动物组织 ,使抗原蛋白经过内源性表达并递呈给免疫系统 ,诱发机体产生特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫应答 ,形成对相应病原的免疫保护作用 ,用于免疫的质粒ＤＮＡ称为ＤＮＡ疫苗。它不同于传统的弱毒疫苗、灭活疫苗及亚单位苗 ,是带有特异性抗原基因的真核表达质粒 ,是继病原体疫苗、亚单位疫苗之后的第 3代疫苗[1] 。ＤＮＡ疫苗在人体和哺乳动物研究中已取得一定进展 ,部分疫苗已进入临床试验阶段[2 ] 。而鱼类ＤＮＡ疫苗的研…     

我国动物疫苗行业发展优势分析

随着市场经济的不断发展,我国养殖业迅速发展,作为确保动物健康的主要支柱,动物疫苗行业也获得了迅速发展,尤其是进入21世纪后,我国动物疫苗行业迎来了高速发展的时期,生物制品企业数量及产品种类迅速增加。动物疫苗行业获得迅速发展的主要原因是国内动物疫苗市场广阔及国家对动物疫苗行业的大力扶持,从这两方面分析我国动物疫苗行业发展的优势,以推动动物疫苗行业的可持续发展。     

基因工程疫苗在动物疾病防治中的应用

近年来,随着科学技术的快速发展,我国动物疾病的防治手段不断增多。为了能够进一步保证疫苗的安全性和稳定性,需要采用现代的生物方法和手段。从动物疾病防治的发展来看,相比传统的治疗手段,基因工程对于动物疾病的防治有着更好的效果且已成为未来动物疾病防治过程中的主要发展方向。主要是对我国基因工程在动物疾病防治中的应用和种类进行简要的讨论和分析。     

佐剂对DNA疫苗的影响

DNA疫苗是近年来发展较为迅速的一类生物制剂,它能诱导动物机体产生持久的体液免疫和细胞免疫,其在抗病毒、细菌和寄生虫的感染方面起到了重要作用。但与传统的灭活疫苗相比,其免疫效果并不理想。为了攻克DNA疫苗免疫效力低下的难题,一些学者已经研制了多种佐剂制品,以提高DNA疫苗对动物疾病免疫保护的能力。该文针对使用佐剂提高DNA疫苗免疫效力的最新概况做一综述。     

基因工程疫苗在鳖病害防治中的应用

基因工程疫苗是以基因工程为手段或称作ＤＮＡ重组技术产生的疫苗。国内对鳖 (Ｔｒｉｏｎｙｘｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ)疫苗的研究也有一些报道 ,但多集中于灭活菌苗的研制。由于嗜水气单胞菌 (Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓｈｙ ｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ)、温和气单胞菌 (Ａ ｓｏｂｒｉａ)等存在多种血清型 ,限制了一般疫苗的有效使用范围 ,商用疫苗的开发至今仍未成功。我们在一般菌细胞苗和化学成份疫苗研究的基础上 ,从菌体共同保护性抗原着手 ,以分子生物学方法为手段 ,研制了鳖的基因工程疫苗。本文报道该疫苗在大田应用的中试情况。1　材料与方法1 1　时间和…     

口蹄疫疫苗的发展展望

口蹄疫(FootandMouthDisease,FMD)是家畜和野生偶蹄动物的烈性传染病,可引起大范围的易感动物感染发病,造成巨大的经济损失。疫苗接种是特异性预防FMD的可靠和有效手段,安全有效的疫苗是成功的预防、控制以致最终消灭FMD的先决条件。FMD弱毒苗和灭活疫苗等常规疫苗都具有良好的免疫原性,在预防和控制FMD的过程中发挥着重要作用,但由于病毒毒力返强、病毒灭活不彻底、活病毒逃逸疫苗加工厂等不安全因素,世界上一些地区FMD的暴发似乎与灭活疫苗中残存的活病毒有关,促使人们寻求一种更加安全有效的FMD疫苗。近年来,随着分子生物学技…     

Experiences with a new cat coryza-panleukopenia-rabies combined vaccine

The development of a new combined vaccine against cat flu, panleukopenia and rabies should lead to a simplification of the vaccination calendar in small animal practice. In order to judge the suitability of the new vaccine, its efficacy, local tolerability, and safety were evaluated. All vaccinated cats developed high antibody titres against herpes-, calici-, panleukopenia- and rabies virus that persisted well during the trial of 18 months. In comparison to other vaccines containing a smaller number of antigens the suitability of the vaccine on trial could be shown.     

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immune response towards a recombinant vaccine targeting the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

The protective effect in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of an experimental subunit vaccine targeting antigens in the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis has been evaluated and compared to effects elicited by a classical parasite homogenate vaccine. Three recombinant parasite proteins (two produced in E. coli and one in insect cells) were combined and injected i.p., and subsequently, protection and antibody responses were analysed. Both the experimental and the benchmark vaccine induced partial but significant protection against I. multifiliis when compared to control fish. Specific antibody responses of vaccinated trout (subunit vaccine) were raised against one neurohypophysial n‐terminal domain protein #10 of three recombinant proteins, whereas the benchmark vaccine group showed specific antibody production against all three recombinant proteins. The immunogenic parasite protein #10 may be a potential vaccine candidate supplementing the protective I‐antigen in future vaccine trials.     

Heat‐inactivated Mycobacterium bovis protects zebrafish against mycobacteriosis

Control of mycobacterial infection constitutes a priority for human and animal health worldwide. However, effective vaccines are needed for the control of human and animal tuberculosis (TB). Adult zebrafish have become a useful model for studying the pathophysiology of mycobacterial infection and for the development of novel interventions for TB control and prevention. Recently, parenteral and oral immunization with the heat‐inactivated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine (M. bovis IV) protected wild boar against TB. The objectives of this study were to provide additional support for the role of M. bovis IV in TB control using the zebrafish model and to conduct the first trial with this vaccine for the control of fish mycobacteriosis. The results showed that M. bovis IV protected zebrafish against mycobacteriosis caused by low and high infection doses of Mycobacterium marinum and provided evidence suggesting that the protective mechanism elicited by M. bovis IV in zebrafish as in other species is based on the activation of the innate immune response through the C3 pathway, with a role for the regulatory protein Akr2 in this process. These results encourage the use of M. bovis IV for TB control in different species.     

Cloning,expression of Vibrio alginolyticus outer membrane protein‐OmpU gene and its potential application as vaccine in crimson snapper,Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch

The outer membrane proteins of the marine aquatic animal pathogen, Vibrio alginolyticus, play an important role in the virulence of the bacterium and are potential candidates for vaccine development. In this study, the gene encoding an outer membrane protein‐OmpU was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against the purified recombinant OmpU, and the reaction of the antibody was confirmed by Western blotting using the isolated OmpU and the recombinant OmpU of V. alginolyticus. To analyze the immunogenicity of the recombinant OmpU, crimson snapper, Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch, were immunized by intraperitoneal injection, and antibody response was assessed by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results demonstrated that the recombinant OmpU produced an observable antibody response in all sera of the vaccinated fish. The vaccinated fish were challenged by virulent V. alginolyticus and observed to have high resistance to infection. These results indicate that the recombinant OmpU is an effective vaccine candidate against V. alginolyticus in L. erythropterus.     

Growth and performance of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., following administration of a rhabdovirus DNA vaccine alone or concurrently with an oil-adjuvanted, polyvalent vaccine

This research demonstrates for the first time an absence of growth-related side effects in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., following the injection of a DNA vaccine alone or concurrently with a commercially available, polyvalent, oil-adjuvanted vaccine. Using weight and specific growth rate measurements, individually tagged Atlantic salmon were monitored for 2028 degree days (dd) post-vaccination. During this time, DNA-vaccinated fish did not differ in weight, length, condition factor or specific growth rate compared to unvaccinated control fish. While differences in weight were observed between unvaccinated control and concurrently vaccinated fish, there were no significant differences in weight, length, condition factor or specific growth rate between concurrently vaccinated fish and adjuvant-vaccinated fish, suggesting that only adjuvant vaccination affected growth. To further determine if concurrent injection of a DNA vaccine and a polyvalent, oil-adjuvanted vaccine had a physiological impact on the Atlantic salmon, swimming performance tests were performed at 106 dd post-vaccination with U _crit,1, U _crit,2, the U _crit recovery ratio (RR) and the normalized RR being similar to values obtained from unvaccinated control fish. In summary, this study shows that concurrent injection of a DNA vaccine and a polyvalent, oil-adjuvanted vaccine does not negatively influence the growth or swimming performance of Atlantic salmon compared to adjuvant vaccination alone.     

DNA疫苗在动物疾病预防中的研究进展

DNA疫苗的出现是疫苗研究史上重大事件,被誉为疫苗研究的第三次革命。DNA疫苗既能激发机体的细胞免疫,也能诱导特异性的体液免疫,在预防和治疗细菌、病毒、寄生虫等感染性疾病等方面具有广阔的应用前景。利用DNA疫苗预防动物疾病是DNA疫苗发展的一个重要方面,并且在一些重大动物疾病预防研究上取得许多突破。可以肯定,随着人们对DNA疫苗免疫机制深入理解以及提高其诱导特异性免疫应答水平经验的积累,DNA疫苗定会在预防动物各种疾病方面发挥巨大作用。     

Efficacy of a Live‐attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri Oral Vaccine in Channel and Hybrid Catfish

This study evaluated the efficacy of an oral live‐attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) in channel and hybrid catfish. The vaccine was delivered one time orally by feeding fish a diet coated with an attenuated E. ictaluri isolate at four doses to deliver between 4 × 10⁶ to 3.2 × 10⁷ viable vaccine cells/g wet feed. Thirty‐five days postvaccination, control and vaccinated fish were challenged with virulent E. ictaluri and mortality was examined for 30 d postchallenge. Mortality of nonvaccinated hybrids (85%) and nonvaccinated channel catfish (73%) was similar but significantly greater than all groups of vaccinated fish. In channel catfish, a trend toward increasing mortality with decreasing dose was observed. Mortality of channel catfish vaccinated with the lowest dose (26.6%) was significantly higher than fish vaccinated with the highest dose (14.1%) but similar to fish vaccinated at the intermediate doses (17.5 and 19.4%). In contrast, mortality of four doses of vaccinated hybrid catfish was similar and ranged between 10.4 and 14.0%. The data demonstrate that the attenuated E. ictaluri vaccine at all four doses tested is effective at reducing ESC‐related mortalities in hybrid and channel catfish.     

Different approaches to expressing Edwardsiella tarda antigen GAPDH in attenuated Vibrio anguillarum for multivalent fish vaccines

With the development of gene technology, expressing heterologous antigens in attenuated bacteria has become an important strategy to design multivalent vaccines. In our previous work, an attenuated Vibrio anguillarum named MVAV6203 was developed and proven to be an efficient live vaccine candidate. In this research, we aimed to express protective antigen glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of Edwardsiella tarda in attenuated Vibrio anguillarum to establish a multivalent V. anguillarum vector vaccine. Several strategies were compared between low‐ vs. high‐copy plasmid‐mediated antigen expression, in vivo‐inducible vs. constitutive antigen expression and intracellular vs. surface‐displaying antigen expression. Zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton), was applied as the fish model to evaluate the immune protection of the V. anguillarum vector vaccine candidates. Our results demonstrated that V. anguillarum MVAV6203 (pUTatLNG40), which harbours a low‐copy plasmid‐loaded antigen surface display system under the control of a constitutive promoter, presented the best protective efficacy against the infection of Vibrio anguillarum (relative per cent survival, RPS = 85%) and Edwardsiella tarda (RPS = 70%).