凤眼莲天敌——地老虎

在阐述凤眼莲入侵史、危害及常见防治措施,分析当前引入外来物种水葫芦象甲(Neochetina eichhorniae)作为天敌利弊及潜在风险的基础上,初步探讨了国内新发现、可啃食凤眼莲的地老虎的取食特点,较详尽剖析利用地老虎作为天敌控制凤眼莲的应用前景及目前存在的问题,为今后国内对凤眼莲的生物防治提供一定的理论基础与实践参考。     

洪江市主要外来入侵物种的分布、危害及防治对策

在洪江市发生危害的外来入侵物种已达20种以上,它们抢占了洪江市本地物种的生存空间,严重危害了洪江市自然生态系统和物种多样性,给农业生产带来了一定的经济损失,甚至威胁人民群众的生命安全。对洪江市境内的凤眼莲、空心莲子草、福寿螺3种主要外来入侵物种的分布、危害及其成因进行了综合分析,并针对性地提出了防治措施,以期为洪江市外来入侵物种的防治提供科学参考。     

外来入侵植物对赤潮的生态调控作用

利用外来入侵植物凤眼莲对赤潮进行生态调控取得了很大进展。从外来入侵植物的入侵机制、外来入侵植物对赤潮生态调控的应用基础和外来入侵植物对赤潮生态调控作用研究进展等若干方面进行了综述。     

滇池凤眼莲生长对水生植物的影响

[目的]探讨入侵植物凤眼莲生长对滇池水生植物的影响。[方法]通过测定不同月份滇池浮游植物、沉水植物（篦齿眼子菜）的叶绿素含量,结合凤眼莲根培养液对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用,探讨凤眼莲生长对滇池水生植物的影响。[结果]滇池凤眼莲生长降低了浮游植物及沉水植物（篦齿眼子菜）的叶绿素含量,对二者的生长有一定的抑制作用;凤眼莲根培养液明显抑制了铜绿微囊藻的生长。[结论]该研究为滇池凤眼莲生态安全防控提供了科学依据。     

5种外来入侵植物在广东省的分布

对广东省常见的5种外来入侵植物飞机草、凤眼莲、金钟藤、薇甘菊和五爪金龙进行了调查,分析了5种外来入侵植物在广东省的分布情况,并提出了应对外来植物入侵的对策。     

海州常山(Clerodendrum trichotomum)提取液对凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)生长的抑制作用

研究海州常山(Clerodendrum trichotomum)的2种提取液对入侵性水生杂草凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)叶片的抑制作用,并通过测定凤眼莲叶片的叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶活性和丙二醛含量分析其抑制机制。结果表明:与空白组和对照组相比,喷施海州常山提取液的凤眼莲健康叶片比例低于1%(P0.01),死亡叶片比例高于85%(P0.01),凤眼莲叶片的叶绿素含量显著降低(P0.05),过氧化氢酶活性显著升高(P0.05),丙二醛含量极显著增加(P0.01)。由于海州常山提取液作用于凤眼莲叶片,造成叶片的叶绿素含量降低,活性氧积累,生物膜系统受到损伤,从而导致凤眼莲叶片干枯腐烂甚至衰亡。说明海州常山提取液对凤眼莲的生长具有明显的抑制作用,为生物防治凤眼莲提供了一种新途径。     

入侵植物对万州区生态环境的风险分析与评价

对万州区入侵植物的种类、分类范围、入侵原因及机制、危害现状等进行了调查,参照国际上有害生物风险分析"PRA"(Pest Risk Analysis)方法,将入侵植物对万州生态环境的危害性进行了定量分析和排序。结果表明:按风险等级由高到低的前9种入侵植物依次为小白酒草、野胡萝卜、牛膝菊、凤眼莲、三叶鬼针草、野茼蒿、红花酢浆草、野燕麦、落葵薯。各物种的危害性综合评价均为三级,具有中度危险性,应引起有关部门的高度重视;并在此基础上提出了相应的风险对策。     

凤庆县农业外来入侵有害生物防治现状及对策

本文阐述了凤庆县外来入侵有害生物的发生情况、防治现状,分析了防治中的存在问题,提出了凤庆县外来入侵有害生物的防治对策。     

海南外来植物入侵的现状与对策

调查、分析了海南主要农林外来入侵植物的种类、分布和危害现状.结果表明,现在海南分布的主要外来入侵植物共有91种,其中最为严重的主要有假臭草、飞机草、光荚含羞草、微甘菊、马缨丹、凤眼莲等,它们已对海南农林业生产及生态安全造成一定影响,但并没有引起有关管理部门的重视.针对海南自然环境和社会经济发展的实际特点,提出了海南有效控制外来生物入侵的对策.     

2种水生入侵植物光合特性的比较

【目的】研究华南地区2种主要水生入侵植物凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)和大薸(Pistia stratiotes)的光合特性及差异性,探讨凤眼莲与大薸对环境光强、CO2浓度的响应机制。【方法】于2009-08采用LI-6400便携式光合仪,测定凤眼莲与大薸的光合作用日进程、光合-光强响应曲线及光合-CO2浓度响应曲线,并进行差异性分析。【结果】(1)自然光照条件下,凤眼莲与大薸在1 d中的净光合速率变化均呈现"双峰"型,但凤眼莲平均净光合速率显著高于大薸;凤眼莲蒸腾速率、气孔导度的日变化较大薸更为明显。(2)凤眼莲的光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、CO2饱和点(CSP)分别为1 520μmol/(m2.s),31.19μmol/(m2.s)及1 323μmol/mol,均高于大薸,CO2补偿点(CCP)为52.51μmol/mol,低于大薸。(3)凤眼莲与大薸的表观量子效率(AQY)分别为0.054,0.046,表观羧化效率(CE)分别为0.094,0.037,差异均达到极显著水平。【结论】较高的光能利用力与较强的光合响应机制,是凤眼莲比大薸具有更强入侵力的生理基础。     

蚧壳虫天敌昆虫的利用及展望

 根据蚧壳虫危害严重和防治现状,从蚧壳虫构造特点、天敌资源、生物防治成功事例等方面进行综合分析,阐明了蚧壳虫化学防治的效果及产生的副作用,生物防治在蚧壳虫综合防治中的地位和作用,生物防治的必要性及可能性,对蚧壳虫生物防治作了客观的评价和展望,认为蚧壳虫生物防治将成为研究热点,有广泛的应用前景。     

茶尺蠖生物学特性及防治技术研究现状

综述了茶尺蠖[Ectropis oblique(Prout)]的为害特点和发生规律,阐述了近年来基于农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、化学防治等防治方法的研究进展,并展望了今后的研究重点。     

印度甘蔗害虫的生物防治

用实例分析总结了印度甘蔗害虫生物防治取得的成就与经验 ,论述了印度甘蔗害虫生物防治体系 ,并对害虫天敌的大规模饲养方法作了详细说明 ,认为本地天敌的开发利用对甘蔗害虫的生物防治有着不可估量的意义。     

Local agro-ecological knowledge and its relationship to farmers’ pest management decision making in rural Honduras

Integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely promoted in the developing world, but in many regions its adoption rates have been variable. Experience has shown that to ensure IPM adoption, the complexities of local agro-production systems and context-specific folk knowledge need to be appreciated. Our research explored the linkages between farmer knowledge, pest management decision making, and ecological attributes of subsistence maize agriculture. We report a case study from four rural communities in the highlands of southeast Honduras. Communities were typified by their agro-environments, IPM training history, and levels of infestation by a key maize pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith). Although variable, infestation levels generally did not justify pest management intervention. Consequently, crop losses from this pest were considered of low importance and most farmers proceeded in a rational fashion by refraining from action in their fields. Farmers attributed the low degree of pest infestation predominantly to abiotic causal factors (rainfall, temperature). The role of natural enemies in controlling this pest (i.e., biological control) was deemed of low importance by farmers; nevertheless, a broad array of such organisms was mentioned by farmers as operating in their maize crop. Farmers’ knowledge of natural enemies only partially matched scientific knowledge and was associated with the ecological features of their respective field settings. Local knowledge about natural enemies was mainly restricted to abundant and easily observable predatory species. Farmers who were knowledgeable about biological control were also familiar with a larger variety of pest management alternatives than uninformed farmers. Management options covered a wide range of curative techniques, including conservation biological control. Farmers who relied on insecticides to manage pest outbreaks knew less about biological control and pesticide alternatives. In contrast, farmers who received IPM training mentioned more types of natural enemies and were familiar with a broader range of alternative pest management tactics. Our research suggests that IPM training modifies local knowledge to better fit its environmental context. This paper provides insights in the environmental context of local agro-ecological knowledge and its linkage with pest management decision making. It also constitutes a basis for modifying IPM extension programs to deliver locality-specific technologies while strengthening the local knowledge base. Kris A. G. Wyckhuys is a Belgian bio-science engineer and entomologist currently employed as postdoctoral researcher at the University of Minnesota. For his PhD research at Purdue University he quantified social and ecological contributions to farmers’ adoption of insect pest management technologies in Honduran subsistence maize. He has a keen interest in the ecological facets of IPM and biological control, as well as in technological innovation in smallholder production systems, ethno-entomology and traditional pest management. Robert J. O’Neil is a Professor of Entomology specializing in biological control, predator–prey dynamics, and implementing biological control in IPM systems. His current work focuses on the ecology and management of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an invasive pest of soybeans in North America.     

榛实象甲的生物学特性及防治对策

分析了榛实象甲给我国榛子产业造成的危害,介绍了棒实象甲的形态特征和生活史,并有针对性地提出了化学药剂防治、人工捕杀、营林措施、生物防治等榛实象甲综合防治措施。     

森林病害生态防治研究

对生态防治的理论基础进行分析,提出加强森林培育技术的应用、采用生物控制技术、做好经营管理等措施,以不断提高森林病害的防御能力,促进森林持续发展,维持动态平衡。     

我国烟蚜防治研究概述

阐述了各项措施在烟蚜防控中的作用和优缺点,提出以生物防治为基础,结合农业防治和物理防治,科学合理地选择实施化学防治的综合治理体系是未来烟蚜防控的一个主要途径。     

Biological control in agroecosystems

Living organisms are used as biological pest control agents in (i) classical biological control, primarily for permanent control of introduced perennial weed pests or introduced pests of perennial crops; (ii) augmentative biological control, for temporary control of native or introduced pests of annual crops grown in monoculture; and (iii) conservative or natural control, in which the agroecosystem is managed to maximize the effect of native or introduced biological control agents. The effectiveness of biological control can be improved if it is based on adequate ecological information and theory, and if it is integrated with other pest management practices.     

林业病虫害生物防治技术与管理探讨

生物防治技术对防治林业病虫害意义重大。首先分析了生物防治技术的优势,进而总结了目前主要采用的生物防治技术。之后,文章针对具体的病虫害提出了不同的生物防治技术。最后文章对生物技术的管理提出了一些建议。     

稻麦化学农药减量控害技术集成与示范

采用试验示范,通过农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、科学用药等多种途径控制稻、麦病虫害,集成稻、麦化学农药减量控害技术,实现病虫综合治理、保护生态环境。