低温冷害对越橘开花坐果的影响及成因分析

2007年5—7月在吉林农业大学小浆果园对36个越橘品种进行低温冷害调查。结果表明:越橘遭受低温冷害的主要表现是花冠变褐,不易脱落,花托、果梗变色,坐果后果实发育不良,形成僵果,最终导致严重减产。根据气象资料初步分析,5月上中旬越橘花芽膨大至开花期,≤5℃低温持续6小时可造成花期低温冷害。高丛、半高丛、矮丛类型越橘的果实受害程度无明显的规律性,3种类型均有受害率较低的品种,高丛越橘品种中的蓝丰、斯巴坦、蓝塔、奈尔森,半高丛越橘品种中的MN5415,矮丛越橘品种中的芝妮受害程度较轻,而高丛越橘品种中的喜莱、泽西、埃利奥特、康维尔、艾朗,矮丛越橘品种中的CA-206、斯卫克、美登的受害程度较重。     

3种类型越橘生长发育和开花结果特性

调查了高丛越橘、半高丛越橘、矮丛越橘在大连地区的生长发育规律和开花结果特性。结果表明,越橘当年生枝条以春梢中的短枝、中枝和二次生长枝(夏梢)为主,春梢数量多于夏梢和秋梢,但高丛越橘夏梢数量接近春梢;春梢生长高峰期为5月中旬至6月上旬;夏梢生长期为7月中旬至8月上旬,生长量大于或接近春梢生长量。高丛、半高丛越橘成枝力较强,矮丛越橘成枝力较弱。3种类型越橘果实生长均呈双"S"型生长曲线,2次生长高峰持续时间均为2周,第1次高峰生长速率高于第2次;越橘果实生长发育从坐果到成熟需49～56 d;康维尔果实采收期52d,北陆和美登为16 d,北村和斯卫克为28 d;北陆和美登果实品质好于其他品种。研究结果为合理开展越橘灌溉、施肥、整形修剪等栽培管理提供了科学依据,有利于实现丰产、稳产、高效的经营目标。     

半高丛越橘果实香气成分的GC—MS分析

采用静态顶空和气相色谱—质谱联用技术,以半高丛越橘品种北陆、圣云和北蓝为材料,研究了半高丛越橘果实香气成分。结果表明,半高丛越橘以醇类、酯类、萜类和酮类物质为主。共检测出39种挥发性成分,其中北陆检测出16种,圣云17种,北蓝23种。2-甲基丁酸乙酯和β-芳樟醇是半高丛越橘的特征香气,构成了半高丛越橘特有的香气,同时乙酸丁酯、2-丁酮、D-柠檬酸为北陆的特征香气,丁酸乙酯、2-丁酮为圣云的特征香气,丁酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、己醛为北蓝的特征香气成分,品种间特征香气的差异形成了半高丛越橘品种间独特的风味。     

冀东地区蓝莓栽培技术

<正>1园地的准备与定植1.1品种选择与授粉树配置蓝莓品种众多,目前主要有三大类:高丛蓝莓、兔眼蓝莓、矮丛蓝莓。其中高丛蓝莓又分为南高丛、北高丛和半高丛蓝莓。冀东地区适应种植北高丛、半高丛和矮丛蓝莓,推荐品种有蓝丰、蓝金、公爵、斯巴坦、北陆、北村、北蓝、美登、斯卫克。部分品种自花结实率低,高丛蓝莓和矮丛蓝莓虽然自花结实率较高,但配置授粉树可提高果实品质和产量。授粉和主栽品种比例以1∶1~2为宜,即     

蓝莓栽培技术要点

正园地宜选择生态条件良好、无污染源、地块周围无高大树木遮挡、排水良好,交通便利的地块建园,土质最好为沙壤土。苗木要2年生以上大苗、主丛枝3~4个、根系发达、无病虫害。品种宜选择矮丛、半高丛、北高丛蓝莓,适于冀东地区栽培,如美登、蓝丰、北陆、布里吉塔、斯巴坦、蓝金、都克、泽西品种等,自花结实率较高。布里吉塔自     

高丛越橘果实香气成分的GC/MS分析

 采用静态顶空和气相色谱-质谱联用技术，以早、中、晚熟高丛越橘品种为材料，研究了高丛越橘果实香气成分。结果表明：高丛越橘挥发性物质以醇类、酯类、萜类物质为主。共检测出67种挥发性成分，品种间具有较大差异，其中都克检测出16种，蓝乐17种，蓝丰27种，泽西13种，埃利奥特26种，达柔25种。都克特征香气成分为丁酸乙酯、大马酮、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、D-柠檬烯和2-丁酮。蓝乐特征香气成分为2-甲基丁酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯。蓝丰特征香气成分为2-甲基丁酸乙酯、乙酸-(E)-3-己烯酯、β-芳樟醇、丁酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、(E)-2-己烯醛和(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇。泽西特征香气成分为紫罗兰酮、2-甲基丁酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯。埃利奥特特征香气成分为乙酸己酯、β-芳樟醇、D-柠檬烯和己醛。达柔特征香气成分为丁酸乙酯、乙酸己酯、D-柠檬烯和β-芳樟醇。这些特征香气物质相互作用构成了高丛越橘品种特有的风味。     

三种类型越橘根系垂直分布特征研究

调查了7 a生北高丛越橘、半高丛越橘、矮丛越橘在辽南地区棕壤条件下根系垂直分布特征。结果表明:根系生物量以高丛越橘、半高丛越橘较大,矮丛越橘较小;不同径级根系生物量占总生物量的比例以1～3 mm的根系最大,其次为≤1 mm的根系,大于3 mm的根系所占比例较小;根长密度以北村、斯卫克、康维尔较大,北陆、美登较小;不同径级根系根长密度占总根长密度的比例以≤1 mm根系最大,其次为1～3 mm的根系,大于3 mm的根系所占比例较小;5个越橘品种根系生物量和根长密度垂直分布深度在30～40 cm以内,主要分布在0～20 cm土层中,其中康维尔和北村集中分布在0～10 cm土层中,美登集中分布在10～20 cm土层中,北陆和斯卫克在0～20 cm土层内分布相对较为均匀。     

吉林地区越橘生长情况调查研究

以吉林地区各栽培基地现有的高丛、半高丛、矮丛越橘的19个品种为试材,对其株高、冠幅以及生长状况在内的各项指标进行了测定,研究其在结果期的生长状况,对比各地区之间的生长势,以期为各区域栽植适宜品种提供参考依据.结果表明:高丛越橘在通化地区长势良好,其中“蓝丰”、“埃利奥特”长势明显好于其它地区；高丛越橘在安图地区的长势较差,不适宜在该地区栽植；半高丛越橘在柳河、通化地区长势良好,适宜在该地区推广栽培；矮丛越橘主栽品种“美登”在柳河、通化、靖宇长势良好,适宜当地栽培.     

蓝莓的冻害调查

2010年12月至2011年8月,对山东省成海市午极镇正甲夼村栽培的蓝莓进行了植株受冻程度调查.结果表明,调查的5个类型蓝莓的抗寒能力由强到弱依次为半高丛、杂交品系、北高丛、南高丛和兔眼蓝莓.半高丛蓝莓品种中的‘北青'、‘北陆'、‘慧蓝'和‘奇伯瓦',杂交品系中的‘艾玛'、‘HL12'以及北高丛蓝莓中的‘蓝塔'、‘蓝丰'、‘北卫'和‘瑞卡'等抗寒性较强,且植株产量较高.     

山东省烟台市昌明园艺科技有限公司 科研部门 品种领先 保证纯度 服务周全

正2016年本公司向社会提供以下优质苗木。蓝莓蓝莓又名越桔,属于杜鹃花科越桔属植物,是多年生灌木小桨果果树,栽培史不到百年。蓝莓早在二战期间就被定为英国飞行员的食品,以提高投弹的准确性。近年来又证明其在抗衰老和提高免疫力方面有明显效果,被国际粮农组织列为人类五大保健食品之一。亩产在1000kg左右,价格昂贵,鲜果在80~100元/kg。适宜北方栽培品种:北村、北陆、北蓝、圣云;高丛抗寒品种:蓝丰、北卫、北极星、爱国者。     

越橘品种(系)栽培特性初探

该研究以吉林农业大学越橘园内78个品种(系)为试材,对其果实性状及产量等进行调查研究。结果表明:(1)越橘平均单果重0.49~3.73g,其中高丛越橘为1.13~2.92 g,半高丛越橘为1.01~1.97 g,矮丛越橘为0.49~1.33 g,杂交品系为0.67~3.73 g。越橘最大果重可达4.89 g。(2)果型指数为0.661~0.992,果实均呈扁球形。(3)越橘果实成熟期为6月中旬—9月下旬。其中早熟品种(系):高丛越橘品种有4个,半高丛越橘品种有4个,矮丛越橘品种有8个,杂交品系有8个;中熟品种(系):高丛越橘品种有18个,半高丛越橘品种有7个,矮丛越橘品种有2个,杂交品系有25个;晚熟品种(系):只有高丛越橘品种2个。(4)越橘单株产量为8.23~2632.00g。其中高丛越橘为171.97~2325.00g,产量高于1000.00g的品种有14个;半高丛越橘为553.93~2632.00g,产量均高于500.00g;矮丛越橘为8.23~1278.17g,产量高于500.00g的品种有6个;杂交品系为393.30~2465.03g,产量高于1000.00g的品系有25个,仅1个品系产量低于500.00g。     

Temporary immersion and stationary bioreactors for mass propagation of true-to-type highbush,half-high,and hybrid blueberries (Vaccinium spp.)

True-to-type propagules in half-high, highbush, and hybrid blueberries (Vaccinium L. spp.) were produced using stationary (SB) and temporary immersion bioreactor (TIB) systems containing a liquid medium. Multiple shoots were produced in vitro from nodal segments of blueberry cultivars ‘St. Cloud’ and ‘Polaris’, and of six blueberry hybrids obtained from crossing between half-high/highbush and lowbush blueberries. Shoot proliferation was best in a liquid medium containing 4.6 µM zeatin in both TIB and SB systems, but the performance was genotype dependent. Shoot proliferation was better in hybrids than in cultivars. Although SB produced longer shoots with more leaves per shoot in most of the genotypes, TIB-derived shoots were more vigorous and rooted better under ex vitro condition. Liquid culture-derived elongated shoots were rooted ex vitro by treating with indole-3-butyric acid (39.4 mM) before planting on a 3 peat:2 perlite (v/v) medium. Micropropagules were acclimatized and maintained in a greenhouse with 80?90% survival rate of rooted plantlets. Expressed sequence tag (EST)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and EST- and genomic-simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker assay formed a homogenous monomorphic banding pattern in the in vitro-derived and donor control plants proving the clonal fidelity of liquid-culture-derived micropropagated plants.     

Root System Distribution of Highbush Blueberry Crops of Various Ages in Medium-Textured Soils

The paper deals with the spatial distribution of root density in highbush blueberry plantations of various ages for a proper planting distance recommendation and a better irrigation and fertilization management. The environmental conditions consist of sandy-loamy soils and a continental temperate climate. Two highbush blueberry cultivars were studied, ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Blueray’. Root density (RD) and density of root cross-sectional area (RCSA) were investigated for various root diameters. It was found that the prevalent type of roots in highbush blueberry crops is the hair type, with root diameters less than 0.1?mm. Both RD and RCSA decreased with distance from plant and with soil depth; the 38-year-old crop showed a more developed root system versus the 8?year-old crop. In both cases the roots did not grow more than 0.6?m laterally and more than 0.7?m deep. According to these results, the planting distances in highbush blueberry could be reduced to substantially increase the number of plants/ha and fruit yield. Irrigation application should be carried out to wet a proper soil volume, about 0.6–0.7?m deep for older crops, and about 0.5?m deep for younger crops.     

防寒措施对越橘越冬微环境和越冬性的影响

以高丛越橘蓝丰为试材,研究了不同防寒措施对大连地区越橘生长微环境变化规律和越冬性的影响。结果表明,2007-2008年冬春大连地区露地极端最低温度、冷驯化及脱驯化期间的最低温度均高于同期越橘能够忍受的最低温度,但露地防寒越橘越冬伤害严重,枝条长度枯死率达53.46%,花芽完全枯死。与对照相比,黑塑料袋外置稻草、黑塑料袋防寒对越冬期间日最低温度、日平均温度、日最高温度影响不大,但明显提高了空气相对湿度,枝条含水量保持在较高水平,1 a生枝条长度及花芽枯死率均较低,防寒效果较好;透明塑料套袋降低了日最低温度,提高了日平均温度、日最高温度和日温度变幅,空气相对湿度略高于对照,越冬后枝条含水量略高于对照,枝条长度及花芽枯死率较高,防寒效果较差。这说明影响大连地区越橘越冬的主要原因是水分胁迫。     

Class II chitinase accumulated in the bark tissue involves with the cold hardiness of shoot stems in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

To understand the development of cold hardiness in highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), we investigated seasonal changes in the protein compositions of current-year and overwintered shoots. Electrophoresis using SDS-polyacrylamide gels indicated that the amounts of a few proteins increased in autumn, in association with an enhancement of cold hardiness. Of these proteins, 65- and 60-kDa proteins were confirmed to be dehydrins by western blotting. While the levels of most of the accumulated proteins decreased in April, a 27-kDa protein maintained its level in the overwintered stem during spring. The amino acid sequence deduced from a cDNA for this protein showed significant similarities with known chitinases. The stem segments from overwintered shoots sampled in July showed higher cold hardiness against sub-zero temperature than those from current-year shoots, and the bark tissue of overwintered shoots had higher cold resistance than that of current-year shoots. The 27-kDa protein (BC27) was mostly found in the bark tissue of stems. Appreciable accumulation of this protein in floral buds was not detected. The purified BC27 protein exerted a cryoprotective effect on protoplasts subjected to a freeze–thaw treatment. These results suggest that the stems of highbush blueberry develop a system of cold hardiness different from that of the buds and apices, and that the accumulation of chitinase is involved in tolerance to low temperature in winter or unseasonably low temperature in spring.     

十个半高丛越橘品种在山东的试验评价

以10个半高丛越橘为试材,研究评价了树体性状、果实外观性状、果实内在品质和丰产性等指标.结果表明:北极星、瑞蓝、北青、慧蓝和北陆等5个品种在山东地区栽培反应良好,有待于进一步示范推广试验.奇伯瓦属于高产不优品种,建议用其作为亲本进行杂交育种.其余4个品种属于优质低产型,不适宜山东地区栽培推广,可以考虑引种至其他区域进行栽培试验研究,以期筛选出更多适合栽培的优良品种.     

高丛蓝莓对干旱胁迫的生理响应及其抗旱性综合评价

 为研究高丛蓝莓对干旱胁迫的生理响应并筛选具有较强抗旱能力的品种,同时确定基于生理指标的隶属函数分析对于筛选蓝莓抗干旱品种的可行性,分别以北高丛蓝莓中的‘布里吉塔’、‘斯巴坦’以及南高丛蓝莓中的‘夏普蓝’、‘奥尼尔’4 个品种为材料,在人工控水模拟水分胁迫条件下,测定叶片相对含水量、电导率、丙二醛含量、H₂O₂ 含量与　产生速率、F_v/F_m 以及叶片气孔特性等生理生化指标的变化,并采用隶属函数法进行综合评价。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,4 个蓝莓品种叶片的相对含水量、Fv/Fm、气孔开放率和气孔大小均呈下降趋势,而相对电导率、丙二醛含量、H₂O₂ 含量与产生速率以及气孔密度则呈上升趋势。4 个高丛蓝莓品种的抗旱性强弱顺序为奥尼尔 > 夏普蓝 > 布里吉塔 > 斯巴坦,大田干旱试验验证了基于生理指标的隶属函数分析对于蓝莓抗旱品种的筛选的准确性及可靠性。     

高丛、半高丛、矮丛越桔和红豆越桔光合作用特性比较研究

从高丛、半高丛、矮丛和红豆4种类型越桔中各选一代表品种研究其叶片光合作用特性,结果表明,它们的光合作用年变化均呈一双峰曲线,高丛和半高丛越桔第一次高峰出现在7月初,矮丛和红豆越桔出现在7月中旬,第二次高峰均出现在8月下旬。高丛、半高丛和矮丛越桔春季展叶后光合强度较高,9月中旬以后随着叶片变色老化迅速下降,而红豆越桔展叶后(5月26日～6月20日)光合强度较低,9月中旬以后仍维持一定水平的光合强度。光饱和点和光补偿点表现为高丛>半高丛>矮丛>红豆;呼吸强度则相反。光合速率以高丛和半高丛高于矮丛和红豆越桔。     

Einfluss der Schnittintensität auf Ertrag, Fruchtgröße und Pflückleistung bei Kulturheidelbeeren

From 1999 til 2003, the influence of pruning intensity on yield, fruit size, and picking efficiency was tested for the ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Bluetta’, ‘Patriot’, and ‘Spartan’ highbush blueberry varieties. The following procedures were compared: no pruning (control), little annual pruning in the late winter, little pruning every 2 years in the late winter, intensive annual pruning in the late winter, intensive pruning every 2 years in the late winter, and complete pruning down to the ground in the late winter before the first vegetation period of the trial. Each kind of pruning led to a decline in yield. Therefore the highest yield was produced by controls, and the lowest yield (40% of the control level) was shown with intensive annual pruning. Pruning also increased the size of the fruits. The smallest size was found for controls, the biggest with little annual pruning. Picking efficiency increased along with fruit size. Little annual pruning seems to be the best pruning method for highbush blueberries. This method indeed leads to a visible decrease in yield, but the positive effects on fruit size and picking efficiency compensate this inevitable disadvantage. So, from the economical point of view, there is a clear advantage for this variant. Both nonpruning and regular intensive pruning have to be avoided.