科尔沁沙地沙丘植被发育过程及物种组成变化

以处于流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地等阶段的群落样地为对象 ,研究了沙地植被发育过程群落物种组成的变化。研究结果表明 ,从流动沙地到半固定沙地、再到固定沙地 ,每一阶段对应着典型的群落类型 ,每一群落类型优势种的作用明显。植被发育过程物种丰富度、Shannon Wiener指数、生活型结构和科属组成的变化 ,都表明了植被发育程度的提高和群落生态功能的恢复。禾本科植物在群落中的地位和作用不断上升 ,植被的草原成分增加 ,草地质量改善和提高。     

风蚀沙化对草原植被生物多样性的影响——以呼伦贝尔草原为例

通过对呼伦贝尔草地沙化过程中不同演替阶段植被物种组成和生物多样性研究,结果表明:草地沙化,灌丛化明显,群落结构趋干简单化;群落α多样性急剧下降,其中物种丰富度、多样性、均匀性,严重沙化草地分别比潜在沙化草地减少59.4%、54.0%和31.4%,而生态优势度增加44.9%,说明草地沙化后,群落物种数减少,优势种更加突出...     

巴音布鲁克高寒草地退化演替阶段植物群落特性研究

以新疆天山南坡巴音布鲁克高寒草地为研究对象,通过主分量分析以及群落多样性指标,分析了不同退化演替阶段高寒草地植物群落特性变化规律。结果表明:以重要值为参数通过主分量分析(PCA)对样方进行排序,得到未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化4种类型群落;随着植物群落的逆行演替,优良牧草盖度、高度、频度等呈递减趋势,杂类草表现为增加趋势,植物群落物种多样性丧失。未退化阶段群落羊茅(Festuca ovina)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)为优势种,随着退化加重,天山赖草(Leymus tianschanicus)、委陵菜(Ptentilla spp.)等在群落中占主导地位,地下芽根茎型草本植物逐渐代替地面芽密丛型禾草植物成为群落优势种。     

呼伦贝尔草甸草原不同退化程度羊草群落指标研究

本试验对放牧干扰下不同退化程度呼伦贝尔草甸草原羊草群落进行研究。结果发现,随着退化程度的增加,群落的平均高度、地上生物量及植物群落α多样性指数均表现出降低的趋势。各物种的重要值变化幅度很大,建群种羊草的重要值在重度退化区高于轻度退化区。随着退化程度的增加,羊草群落伴生种的重要值降低,一些耐践踏、适口性差的物种增加,一、二年生植物的重要值也呈现出增加的趋势。通过研究表明,可用群落的平均高度和地上生物量、物种α多样性指数和重要值作为放牧干扰下确定不同退化程度的植物群落学指标。     

基于熵权法的草原旅游点植被退化评价

基于熵权法建立了草原旅游点植被退化评价流程,以甘肃夏河县桑科草原旅游点为例进行了实例研究.首先,建立了包括草群高度、植被密度和盖度以及物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数6个指标的草原旅游点植被退化评价体系.结果表明:桑科草原旅游点植物生长对旅游活动干扰的敏感性较高,植物物种对旅游活动干扰的敏感性较低;车辆碾压对植被破坏最为严重,各样区植被退化程度随着与破坏点(带/区)中心距离的增大而降低.随着草原旅游点植被退化程度的降低,植物科、属、种的数量均有较明显的增加,植物种间竞争关系增强;大车前(Plantago major)和鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)逐渐失去竞争优势,蔚蓄(Polygonum aviculare)的竞争力得到显著增强.利用熵权法对桑科草原旅游点植被退化程度的评价结果与前人关于旅游点植被破坏的研究规律相符,且桑科草原旅游点干扰区植物群落特征与植被退化评价结果相一致,说明建立的草原旅游点植被退化评价方法是合理准确的.     

典型草原不同演替阶段群落结构与物种多样性变化

针对退化草地恢复进程及恢复过程中的合理利用问题,选取生长季围封(4至9月)收获干草,其它时间轻度放牧利用的草地为研究对象,同时选取自由放牧草地为对照,开展典型草原围封演替过程中群落结构与物种多样性变化的研究。研究结果表明:典型草原不同演替阶段群落的物种组成基本一致,但主要物种的优势地位发生了显著改变。在自由放牧草地,以星毛萎陵菜、冷蒿、糙隐子草为优势物种,采用生长季围封恢复措施后,优良牧草羊草、克氏针茅的优势地位增加,退化草地正向演替,群落的盖度、密度、地上、地下生物量及优良牧草比例增加,群落结构优化,物种多样性增加。但若围封后连续多年(13年以上)刈割利用,容易导致群落的盖度、密度、地上、地下生物量再次下降,草地发生2次逆行演替。研究认为:季节性围封的管理方式既可保证退化草地在一定程度上得到恢复,也能避免全年围封禁牧所带来的饲草资源浪费。季节性围封在我国牧区是可行的草地管理方法,但适宜的围封季节及围封后的合理利用问题(如合理的割草制度等)有待进一步研究。     

盐碱化梯度上草原植被空间异质性的数量分析

以物种出现的频率(p)作为植被空间分布的观测指标,采用幂函数法则(Power-law)对鄂尔多斯高原不同盐碱化草原上植物群落的空间异质性进行定量研究。结果表明:不同盐碱化梯度上,群落种类结构发生明显改变。轻度、中度、重度盐碱化梯度上出现频率最高的物种分别为羊草、寸草苔、碱蓬。植物群落以中生-旱中生植物为主要建群种;多年生草本植物占有优势;丛生型植物在不同盐碱化梯度上普遍分布,丛生型和分枝型植物分布广泛;种子传播方式为重力传播的物种占有较高比例。物种多样性随盐碱化程度加深而明显下降,均质性增高,不同盐碱区的群落的空间异质性表现出明显差异性,中度退化梯度上生态优势度最高。盐碱退化梯度上的群落变化与种群的繁殖策略、生活史对策、群落的再生产策略等生理与生态特性密切相关。     

浑善达克沙地南缘沙化草地围封过程中土壤种子库与地上植被的耦合关系

在浑善达克沙地南缘,以围封不同年限的沙化草地(1年、4年、9年)为试验样地,并以未围封沙化草地作对照,深入研究了沙化草地围封过程中,土壤种子库与地上植被的耦合关系。结果表明,对沙化草地实施围栏封育,可显著提高土壤种子库与地上植被的物种丰富度;不同围封年限间,二者在植被群落组成上,均表现出较高的相似性,且相临阶段相似性较高,随围封年限差异的增加,相似性逐渐减小,但这一变化前者滞后于后者,表明草地在恢复演替中,前者较后者具有滞后性;4种类型样地之间,土壤种子库密度以及地上植被密度差异均极显著,且二者之间均存在显著正相关性,其关系均可用二次曲线描述。     

呼伦贝尔草原采煤塌陷区植物群落变化分析——以内蒙古宝日希勒煤矿区为例

采用生态学野外调查方法对内蒙古陈巴尔虎旗宝日希勒煤矿塌陷区和背景草原植物群落进行了对比分析研究。结果表明:建群种和亚优势种的重要值明显变化,伴生种被旱生植物和一年生植物逐渐所取代;群落高度、盖度、密度和生物量显著降低,塌陷坑周围(2m)的群落高度和生物量显著低于塌陷坑之间;物种丰富程度明显减少,个体均匀程度无明显变化;塌陷区植物群落与背景草原群落相似程度降低,物种水分生态类型证明,煤炭开采塌陷区已经形成了小环境,植物群落开始退化,正在向逆向演替发展。     

围栏封育对新疆山地退化草原植物群落特征的影响

围栏封育作为一种有效的退化草原管理措施,近年来在我国退化草原恢复中得到极为广泛的应用。以新疆巴里坤县退化温性荒漠草原为研究对象,通过连续4 a围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被调查资料,对比分析围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被群落组成和地上生物量的动态特征。结果表明:(1)通过围栏封育措施,退化草原的物种多样性和群落生态优势度与自由放牧样地相比略有提高,群落均匀度略有降低,但通过t检验,差异均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。(2)随着封育措施的实施,总体上草原群落优势种为沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿,反映出西部内陆半干旱地区温性荒漠草原特有的特征;自由放牧样地,沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿在群落中的优势地位发生变化。(3)围栏封育措施提高了植物群落的平均高度、地上生物量。随着围封时间的延长,群落地上生物量增加,且显著高于自由放牧区,然而4 a围栏封育并不能使温性荒漠草原产草量达到最高水平,也不能使植物群落的多样性指标与自由放牧样地形成显著差异。     

Interactive effects of wind speed,vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in a temperate desert steppe,Inner Mongolia of China

The rapid desertification of grasslands in Inner Mongolia of China poses a significant ecological threaten to northern China. The combined effects of anthropogenic disturbances(e.g., overgrazing) and biophysical processes(e.g., soil erosion) have led to vegetation degradation and the consequent acceleration of regional desertification. Thus, mitigating the accelerated wind erosion, a cause and effect of grassland desertification, is critical for the sustainable management of grasslands. Here, a combination of mobile wind tunnel experiments and wind erosion model was used to explore the effects of different levels of vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed on wind erosion at different positions of a slope inside an enclosed desert steppe in the Xilamuren grassland of Inner Mongolia. The results indicated a significant spatial difference in wind erosion intensities depending on the vegetation coverage, with a strong decreasing trend from the top to the base of the slope. Increasing vegetation coverage resulted in a rapid decrease in wind erosion as explained by a power function correlation. Vegetation coverage was found to be a dominant control on wind erosion by increasing the surface roughness and by lowering the threshold wind velocity for erosion. The critical vegetation coverage required for effectively controlling wind erosion was found to be higher than 60%. Further, the wind erosion rates were negatively correlated with surface soil moisture and the mass flux in aeolian sand transport increased with increasing wind speed. We developed a mathematical model of wind erosion based on the results of an orthogonal array design. The results from the model simulation indicated that the standardized regression coefficients of the main effects of the three factors(vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed) on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport were in the following order: wind speedvegetation coveragesoil moisture. These three factors had different levels of interactive effects on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport. Our results will improve the understanding of the interactive effects of wind speed, vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in desert steppes, and will be helpful for the design of desertification control programs in future.     

Determinants and rates of land degradation: Application of stationary time-series model to data from a semi-arid environment in Kenya

The causes of land degradation in the African drylands have been shown to vary. Some researchers consider climate to be the major contributor to degradation, with anthropogenic factors playing a minor role. Others reverse the significance of these two factors. A third group attributes land degradation to climate and anthropogenic factors equally. This study was undertaken to establish the factors influencing land degradation in a semi-arid environment in southeastern Kenya and the rate of change in vegetation types for a period of 35 years(1973–2007). The reduction in grassland cover was used as an indicator of land degradation. Causes of land degradation were determined by a multiple regression analysis. A log-linear regression analysis was used to establish the rate of vegetation change. The multiple and log-linear regression analyses showed:(1) woody vegetation, livestock population and cultivated area to be the main contributors of reduction in grassland cover in the area, and (2) an increase in undesirable woody species, livestock population and cultivated area had a significant(P0.05) negative effect on grassland vegetation. Increased human population, low amounts of rainfall and drought showed no significant negative effect on grassland vegetation cover. In conclusion, human and livestock population growth and increased agricultural land have contributed to intensive crop cultivation and overgrazing in the semi-arid lands. This overuse of the semi-arid rangelands has worsened the deterioration of the natural grassland vegetation.     

三江源区草地荒漠化对局地气候影响的数值模拟

利用美国NCAR中尺度非静力平衡模式MM5V36模拟分析了三江源区草地荒漠化对局地气候的影响。模拟结果表明:草地荒漠化后,源区地表温度白天升高晚上降低,昼夜温差增大;空气湿度减小;感热通量增加,潜热通量减小;边界层高度白天增加晚上减小,昼夜差增大,边界层内能量损失增加。综合分析说明草地荒漠化后源区气候变的更加干燥,不利于植被生长和水土保持,环境变的更加恶劣。     

民勤绿洲土地荒漠化动态监测

解译1998年和2003年的卫星影像数据表明:5年间,民勤绿洲荒漠化土地面积从337126.71hm2增加到341221.21hm2,增加了4094.50hm2。其中风蚀荒漠化土地增加了5857.24hm2,盐渍荒漠化土地减少了1762.74hm2。风蚀荒漠化土地中沙化耕地的面积增加了11035.49hm2,而沙化林地、沙化草地分别减少了2749.12hm2、2556.82hm2。其荒漠化程度正在由中轻度向重度和极重度逐步加剧发展。民勤绿洲荒漠化发展变化集中表现为在原有耕地和新开荒的弃耕以及有林地、沙化林地、沙化草地、盐渍化土地被无序的开荒而转变为沙化耕地。造成民勤绿洲荒漠化目前形式的原因主要有两点:一是石羊河上游来水量持续减少和地下水持续超采造成的绿洲水资源环境的逐步恶化,地下水持续下降,造成其天然植被退化消亡;二是随着人口压力的增加,人为过度开荒和弃耕造成的地表植被无法恢复,引起的土地荒漠化。     

宁夏中部风沙区的环境演变

从气候变化、水系变迁、植被变迁与演替、荒漠化发展四个方面 ,论述了全新世以来宁夏中部风沙区的环境演变过程。本区干旱、半干旱温带荒漠草原的环境特征在全新世已经形成。气候在温凉、干湿的波动中有明显的干旱化趋势。由此引起地表水面缩小、水量减少。植被的种类、覆盖度、生产量总体上趋向减少 ;近四十年植被退化演替的趋势广泛发生。这些因素的综合作用使得本区的荒漠化发展到相当严重的程度     

西藏一江两河地区荒漠化控制研究

由于人口密度增大,人类活动强度增加,西藏—江两河地区荒漠化的进程在不断加快,沙地面积在不断扩大。该区域控制荒漠化的主要途径是：保护自然植被、改变向荒山要粮的传统思路和强化对沙化石质化低质草地的改造。据此本项研究提出了该地区荒漠化控制措施是：进行农业景观结构调整,不提倡开荒要粮,而是以推广农业新技术为主的方法提高现有农田单产水平;用封育和恢复植被相结合的方法改造沙化石质化低质草场;推广以能源改造为中心的新技术。这样才能有效地遏止荒漠化进程。     

基于TM影像的草原沙漠化植被盖度分析研究

植被盖度是草原沙漠化评价的重要指标,以TM影像为数据源,结合地面调查数据和对应点的NDVI值,建立了植被指数与植被盖度间的回归模型,利用该模型生成植被盖度分布图;同时利用前人的植被盖度计算经验公式,生成同一区域的植被盖度分布图,并分别对其植被盖度数据进行分级。对比分级结果,发现:通过大量的地面调查数据建立的盖度分析模型分类精度较高,总精度达到85.42%,而通过经验公式计算,效果相对较差,其分类精度仅有75.00%。     

科尔沁沙质草地封育过程中的植被变化及其机制

对科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区的沙质草地封育后的植被变化及其机制进行分析研究。结果表明：① 围栏封育使植被物种丰富度、密度显著提高,群落的优势种发生明显变化;围封地的Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均表现为随封育时间增加而下降,而Pielou均匀度指数随围封时间增加表现出先增加后下降的趋势。② 围栏封育可以增加土壤表层（0~10 cm）的养分含量,但电导率随围封时间表现出先降低后增加的趋势,同时围栏封育使土壤水分含量下降。③ 土壤表层（0~10 cm）各因子对多样性的影响不同,全氮和pH与Pielou指数呈显著(P<0.05)负相关;全氮对于丰富度指数呈显著(P<0.05)正相关;其他土壤环境因子与多样性指数间关系均不显著,表明在沙质草地封育不利于植物多样性的维持,但有利于土壤养分的积累。     

Attribution analysis and multi-scenario prediction of NDVI drivers in the Xilin Gol grassland,China

Grassland degradation is influenced by climate change and human activities, and has become a major obstacle for the development of arid and semi-arid areas, posing a series of environmental and socio-economic problems. An in-depth understanding of the inner relations among grassland vegetation dynamics, climate change, and human activities is therefore greatly significant for understanding the variation in regional environmental conditions and predicting future developmental trends. Based on MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) data from 2000 to 2020, our objective is to investigate the spatiotemporal changes of NDVI in the Xilin Gol grassland, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Combined with 12 natural factors and human activity factors in the same period, the dominant driving factors and their interactions were identified by using the geographic detector model, and multiple scenarios were also simulated to forecast the possible paths of future NDVI changes in this area. The results showed that: (1) in the past 21 a, vegetation cover in the Xilin Gol grassland exhibited an overall increasing trend, and the vegetation restoration (84.53%) area surpassed vegetation degradation area (7.43%); (2) precipitation, wind velocity, and livestock number were the dominant factors affecting NDVI (the explanatory power of these factors exceeded 0.4). The interaction between average annual wind velocity and average annual precipitation, and between average annual precipitation and livestock number greatly affected NDVI changes (the explanatory power of these factors exceeded 0.7). Moreover, the impact of climate change on NDVI was more significant than human activities; and (3) scenario analysis indicated that NDVI in the Xinlin Gol grassland increased under the scenarios of reduced wind velocity, increased precipitation, and ecological protection. In contrast, vegetation coverage restoration in this area was significantly reduced under the scenarios of unfavorable climate conditions and excessive human activities. This study provides a scientific basis for future vegetation restoration and management, ecological environmental construction, and sustainable natural resource utilization in this area.