钾钙镁营养对香蕉生长和叶片生理特性的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究了不同钾钙镁营养条件下香蕉生长和叶片生理特性的变化。结果表明,适量增施K、Ca及Mg肥有利于香蕉植株的生长发育,有利于为香蕉果实的生长发育提供良好的物质基础。且能有效促进叶片叶绿素的合成,提高叶片净光合速率,从而有效提高叶片光合作用能力。适量增施K、Mg肥能降低叶片抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化强度,从而有效延缓叶片衰老。在广东高州市香蕉主产区,钾钙镁适宜用量为K2O 990、Mg 37.5、Ca 90.0 kg/hm2。     

钾钙镁营养对香蕉产量、品质及贮藏性的影响

香蕉是嗜K作物,养分需求最大的4种元素为KNCaMg,而K、Ca、Mg三者间存在交互作用。本文研究了不同K、Ca、Mg营养条件下香蕉产量、品质及其贮藏性的变化,结果表明:适量配施K、Ca、Mg肥能有效促进香蕉果实的生长发育,提高香蕉果实品质及产量;有效降低香蕉果皮多酚氧化酶活性、果皮丙二醛含量和果肉淀粉酶活性,减少贮藏过程中的重量损失,延缓香蕉果实的衰老进程,提高香蕉果实的耐贮藏性。在广东省高州市香蕉产区,为实现香蕉高产优质耐贮藏,适宜施肥量为K2O990kg·hm-2,Mg37.5kg·hm-2,Ca90.0kg·hm-2。     

浸钙对黑宝石李果实采后品质和延缓衰老的影响

采用不同浓度CaCl₂溶液浸泡黑宝石李采后果实，研究对其果实品质和延缓衰老的影响，达到延长贮藏期的目的。 结果表明：浸钙处理可显著抑制采后贮藏过程中果实可滴定酸含量、硬度和可溶性糖含量的下降，浸钙处理降低了果实可溶性固性物含量；贮藏期间浸钙处理后乙烯释放量显著低于对照，且峰值出现的时间比对照推迟15 d；浸钙处理可保持采后贮藏过程中果实较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和较低的丙二醛(MDA)含量，维持细胞内活性氧代谢平衡，显著降低膜脂过氧化作用，从而延缓果实成熟衰老进程，较好的保持了果实品质。4种钙浓度处理中以1％和2％CaCl₂溶液浸果效果较好。     

大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤Ca、Mg迁移的中长期效应

为了进一步认识稻田土壤中Ca、Mg元素生物地球化学循环对大气CO2浓度升高的响应,本实验利用中国稻麦轮作FACE(free air carbon-dioxide enrichment)试验平台,通过观测稻季不同生育期不同深度(30、60和90 cm)土壤溶液中的Ca2+、Mg2+ 浓度,研究大气CO2浓度升高对土壤Ca、Mg淋移的中长时期(第9年)影响。研究结果表明,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤溶液中的Ca2+浓度呈降低趋势,Mg2+浓度呈增加趋势;随着生育期的推进,呈现先增加后减小的趋势,并在抽穗期达到最大值。大气CO2浓度升高略微降低30、60 cm处土壤溶液的Ca2+ 浓度,增加90 cm处Ca2+ 浓度(6.7%)。稻田不同深度土壤溶液中Mg2+ 浓度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应有所不同,且在60 cm处有较强的正响应(12.1%)。研究明确高浓度CO2有加剧Ca2+、Mg2+ 向下淋溶损失的趋势,耕层土壤有机物料输入增多、 浓度增加、pH下降等是主要原因。大气CO2浓度升高对农田生态系统土壤Ca、Mg元素循环的长期影响值得进一步关注。     

不同秸秆埋深对苏北滩涂盐渍土水盐动态变化的影响

为了进一步认识稻田土壤中Ca、Mg元素生物地球化学循环对大气CO2浓度升高的响应,本实验利用中国稻麦轮作FACE(free air carbon-dioxide enrichment)试验平台,通过观测稻季不同生育期不同深度(30、60和90 cm)土壤溶液中的Ca2+、Mg2+ 浓度,研究大气CO2浓度升高对土壤Ca、Mg淋移的中长时期(第9年)影响。研究结果表明,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤溶液中的Ca2+浓度呈降低趋势,Mg2+浓度呈增加趋势;随着生育期的推进,呈现先增加后减小的趋势,并在抽穗期达到最大值。大气CO2浓度升高略微降低30、60 cm处土壤溶液的Ca2+ 浓度,增加90 cm处Ca2+ 浓度(6.7%)。稻田不同深度土壤溶液中Mg2+ 浓度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应有所不同,且在60 cm处有较强的正响应(12.1%)。研究明确高浓度CO2有加剧Ca2+、Mg2+ 向下淋溶损失的趋势,耕层土壤有机物料输入增多、 浓度增加、pH下降等是主要原因。大气CO2浓度升高对农田生态系统土壤Ca、Mg元素循环的长期影响值得进一步关注。     

外源硒对梨树叶片衰老和光合同化物积累的影响

采用叶面喷施方式,研究不同浓度(0,5,10,20mg/L)Na2SeO3处理对7年生砀山酥梨叶片衰老及其光合作用的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,5mg/L硒可降低梨树叶片衰老进程中的质膜相对透性以及丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸含量,提高其净光合速率(Pn)以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(AsA)和淀粉含量;至采样后期,5 mg/L硒使质膜相对透性以及MDA和脯氨酸含量分别较对照极显著降低18.05%,36.24%和39.42%,GSH含量显著提高25.43%,AsA含量极显著提高13.44%,从而使叶片衰老延缓,并使采样后期叶片Pn和淀粉含量分别较对照极显著提高59.98%和36.58%。随喷硒浓度增加,硒的过氧化作用逐渐显现和增强,至采样后期,20mg/L硒使质膜相对透性以及MDA和脯氨酸含量分别较对照显著提高14.34%,16.89%和8.97%,GSH和AsA含量分别极显著降低32.39%和15.68%,从而使叶片衰老加速,并使采样后期叶片Pn较对照极显著降低59.89%。硒对衰老叶片还原糖和可溶性糖含量影响不显著。因此,对梨树喷硒时,从延缓叶片衰老、提高叶片Pn和光合同化物积累等方面考虑,应以5mg/L为宜。     

叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对葡萄果实品质及叶片衰老的影响

以3年生露地栽培葡萄户太8号为试材,采用不同浓度、不同时期叶面喷施亚硒酸钠的方法,探究提高葡萄果实硒含量方法及其延缓叶片衰老的效应。结果表明,喷硒后新抽生出副梢新叶中的硒含量与老叶中硒含量呈高度正相关(r=0. 99),硒在葡萄植株内具有移动性,可重复利用。不同浓度处理以50 mg/L亚硒酸钠处理后的果实品质最好;不同时期处理下始着色期处理后的果实品质最好。50 mg/L亚硒酸钠处理后延缓叶片衰老效果最明显。叶面喷施亚硒酸钠可有效提高葡萄果实含硒量从而提高果实品质,有效提高叶片叶绿素含量从而增加叶片光合量进一步延缓叶片衰老。     

大气O_3浓度升高对稻季耕层土壤溶液CaMg浓度的影响

利用中国稻/麦轮作系统O3-FACE（Ozone-Free Air Concentration Enrichment）试验平台,研究了大气O3浓度升高（比周围大气高50%）对稻季不同生育期耕层土壤溶液中Ca、Mg浓度的影响。结果表明,大气O3浓度升高对稻田0~15 cm耕层土壤溶液Ca浓度无明显影响,但Mg浓度呈现降低趋势;降低了15 cm处土壤溶液Ca、Mg浓度,其中对Mg浓度的降低幅度为20.97%,且达显著水平;大气O3浓度升高可改变耕层土壤溶液中Ca、Mg离子在不同深度的分布,降低15 cm处土壤溶液Ca、Mg浓度与5 cm处比值,降低幅度分别为13.50%、34.29%。文章指出大气O3浓度升高会对稻田生态系统土壤Ca、Mg元素地球化学循环产生重要影响,并可能因此影响稻米产量和品质。     

柠檬酸对珊瑚砂溶蚀过程及机理研究

有机酸在岩石矿物溶蚀风化及土壤形成的过程中具有较强的促进作用，了解柠檬酸对珊瑚砂的溶蚀过程对我国岛礁建设具有重要意义。本文通过不同浓度、不同pH柠檬酸溶液对珊瑚砂的溶蚀实验，研究柠檬酸对珊瑚砂的溶蚀过程，探讨其溶蚀机理。结果表明，在不同浓度柠檬酸溶液中，反应初期珊瑚砂中的Ca2+、Mg2+迅速溶出，随后大量的Ca2+与柠檬酸反应生成柠檬酸钙沉淀。平衡时溶液中Ca2+、Mg2+浓度随着柠檬酸浓度的增加而增加。在不同初始pH柠檬酸溶液中，当pH<7时，溶液中Ca2+、Mg2+的浓度随着初始pH的升高而降低，Ca2+、Mg2+主要由碳酸盐矿物与H+反应而溶出。当初始pH≥7时，Ca2+、Mg2+与柠檬酸生成络合物促进Ca2+、Mg2+的溶出，随着pH的升高，Ca2+、Mg2+浓度略有降低。珊瑚砂的溶蚀与柠檬酸钙的沉淀结晶主要受pH控制。通过XRD和SEM的分析表明，高浓度柠檬酸与珊瑚砂反应生成片状的柠檬酸钙沉淀，且饱和溶液中柠檬酸与钙离子的结晶生成平整规则的条状四水合柠檬酸钙沉淀。珊瑚砂溶蚀过程中镁方解石最先发生溶蚀，其次为文石，最后为方解石。     

高氮水平下钙对设施油桃果实生长及品质的影响

以"中油5号"油桃为试材,研究了高氮水平下钙对设施油桃新梢生长动态、果实生长及品质的影响。结果表明:不同水平的施钙处理均促进了设施油桃的新梢生长及果实发育,提高了果实单果重、果实纵横径、果实硬度,提高了果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、糖酸比、Vc、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸的含量。随着Ca2+浓度的增大,上述各指标的值均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,且均在Ca2+浓度为8 mmol/L时最大,与不施钙处理相比差异均达到显著性水平。不同水平的施钙处理均降低了果实可滴定酸含量,随着Ca2+浓度的增大,其含量表现为先降低后升高的趋势,在Ca2+浓度为8 mmol/L时最低,与不施钙处理相比差异均达到显著性水平。     

牡丹花红色素理化性质研究

目前牡丹主要是用于观赏,其综合加工技术没有突破。为了为牡丹花保鲜、护色和色素加工提供理论支持,该文对从牡丹红色品种洛阳红中提取的牡丹红色素进行理化性质研究。结果显示:牡丹红色素水溶性好,颜色随pH值变化而变化。pH值小于3时比较稳定,最大吸收波长为526.5 nm。在酸性条件下该色素对光、热有很好的稳定性;耐氧化性和还原性较差;Zn²⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺、K⁺、Cu²⁺、Ca²⁺离子对牡丹花红色素的稳定性影响不大,但Sn²⁺、Fe³⁺离子可使色素溶液变色,稳定性差。     

Foliar calcium spray confers drought stress tolerance in maize via modulation of plant growth,water relations,proline content and hydrogen peroxide activity

Water and nutrient restrictions are the factors that limiting growth of maize in arid/semi-arid climate. Calcium (Ca²⁺) uptake is affected severely under drought stress (DS). The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of DS and foliar applied Ca²⁺ on growth, physiological, biochemical, yield and grain-nutrient content in two maize cultivars i.e. drought-tolerantDekalb-6525 and drought-sensitive Yousafwala-hybrid. The study comprised of two phases; firstly the best rate of Ca²⁺ (20, 40 and 60 mg L?1) was evaluated. Secondly, optimized rate of Ca²⁺ (40 mg L?1) was used to assess physio-biochemical and yield responses of maize under DS. The applied DS caused significant reduction in maize growth, water-status, photosynthesis and grain nutrient contents. Foliar Ca²⁺ markedly improved plant growth, water-potential (18%), turgor-potential (75%), photosynthesis (45%), stomatal-conductance (47%), transpiration rate (43%) and accumulation of total soluble sugars (20%) along with decline in H2O2 content (23%) in both cultivars under DS. Furthermore, optimized rate of Ca²⁺ improved maize grain yield and quality under water-deficit conditions. Cultivar Dekalb-6525 presented significant response to Ca²⁺ over Yousafwala-hybrid. Results of the study surmise that foliar supply of Ca²⁺ is an effective approach to make plants vigorous to thrive under limited-water supply.     

A model for the impact of soil solution Ca: Al ratio,soil moisture and temperature on tree base cation uptake

A model for tree base cation uptake has been developed, dependent on the soil solution concentration of Al³⁺, divalent base cations such as Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and H⁺ ions, modelled with a Mikaelis-Menten type of expression based on the molar BC∶Al ratio, where BC is the sum of the divalent non-toxic base cations Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. The expression has the form of counteracting adsorption isoterms for BC and Al to the tree root. The effect of toxic levels of Hg and Pb is incorporated into the model, using root adsorption as the mechanism, and parameterization against experimental data. The expression is modified with an expression accounting for the effect of heavy metal toxicity and soil water content. The dependence of the uptake rate on soil moisture content can be shown to have the form of a Freundlich adsorption isotherm for water. The available data indicate an activation energy of 47 kJ^?1 mol for base cation uptake to trees. Data from the literature was used to estimate the rate coefficients and ion selectivity coefficients for typical coniferous and decideous trees in Sweden and Germany. The model indicates that Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ is effective in mitigating Al³⁺ toxicity to tree roots, and that increasing the Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺ soil solution concentration has a promotive effect on base cation uptake. Above a certain limit base cation uptake becomes independent of the solution base cation concentration. This is consistent with field observations, and may be developed to become a tool for assessing the impact of soil chemistry changes on forest growth rate and health status. Field data from the Swedish Forest Survey indicate that uptake depend on the square root of the soil solution base cation availability originating from weathering and deposition input, which is consistent with the BC∶Al expression of the model.     

Sodium‐calcium interactions with growth,water, and photosynthetic parameters in salt‐treated beans

Calcium (Ca²⁺) amelioration of the plant's growth response to salinity depends on genetic factors. In this work, supplemental Ca²⁺ did not improve growth in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender under high‐saline conditions and negatively affected several physiological parameters in nonsalinized plants. The response to supplemental Ca²⁺ was examined using plants grown in 25% modified Hoagland solution at different Na⁺ : Ca²⁺ ratios. In control plants (1 mM Ca²⁺; 1 mM Na⁺) surplus Ca²⁺ (4 or 10 mM) was associated with stomatal closure, decrease of hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf specific dry weight, leaf K⁺ and leaf Mg²⁺ concentrations, and inhibition of CO₂ assimilation. Leaf water content was enhanced, while water‐use efficiency and dry matter were unaffected during the 15 d experimental period. The Ca²⁺ effect was not cation‐specific since similar results were found in plants supplied with high external Mg²⁺ or with a combination of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. Relative to control plants, salinization (50 and 100 mM NaCl) caused a decrease in dry matter, hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf Mg²⁺ activity, and inhibition of stomatal opening and CO₂ assimilation. However, NaCl (50 and 100 mM NaCl) enhanced leaf K⁺ concentration and water‐use efficiency. At 100 mM NaCl, leaf water content also significantly increased. Supplemental Ca²⁺ had no amelioration effect on the salt‐stress response of this bean cultivar. In contrast, the 50 mM–NaCl treatment improved stomatal conductance and CO₂‐assimilation rate in plants exposed to the highest Ca²⁺ concentration (10 mM). Phaseolus vulgaris is classified as a very NaCl‐sensitive species. The similarities in the effects caused by supplemental Ca²⁺, supplemental Mg²⁺, and NaCl salinity suggest that P. vulgaris cv. Contender has a high non‐ion‐specific salt sensitivity. On the other hand, the improvement in gas‐exchange parameters in Ca²⁺‐supplemented plants by high NaCl could be the result of specific Na⁺‐triggered responses, such as an increase in the concentration of K⁺ in the leaves.     

EXOGENOUS CALCIUM ALTERS ACTIVITIES OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN TRIFOLIUM REPENS L. LEAVES UNDER PEG-INDUCED WATER DEFICIT

This study was designed to examine whether external calcium (Ca²⁺) would improve the tolerance of Trifolium repens L to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water deficit, and to determine the physiological mechanisms of Ca²⁺ effect on plant tolerance to water deficit. T. repens seedlings were subjected to PEG-induced water deficit alone or combined with 5 mM calcium chloride (CaCl₂) for 72 h. During PEG-induced water deficit period, leaf relative water content (RWC) decreased gradually, and chlorophyll content increased after 24 and 48 h of water deficit but decreased below the control level after 72 h. The Ca²⁺-treated plants had higher RWC and chlorophyll content than untreated plants. Smaller amounts of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulated in Ca²⁺-treated plants than in untreated plants during the period of water deficit. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased gradually during the experimental period, and external Ca²⁺ treatment further promoted SOD activity under water deficit. The activity of the catalase (CAT) was not influenced after 24 and 48 h of water deficit and insignificantly increased after 72 h, whereas the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) increased linearly and glutathione reductase (GR) activity slightly increased over the course of treatment. Seedlings treated with Ca²⁺ had higher CAT, GR, and APOX activities than untreated plants under water deficit. These results suggested that exogenous Ca²⁺ application enhanced T. repens tolerance to PEG-induced water deficit, and this enhancement was related to alleviation of lipid peroxidation and maintenance of antioxidant activities.     

铜、镉毒害对番茄生长和膜功能蛋白酶活性的影响及外源NO的缓解效应

为探讨外源NO（SNP为供体）对50 mol/L铜、镉毒害的缓解效应,采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同程度的铜、镉毒害（5 mol/L和50 mol/L）对番茄幼苗生物量、根系活力、硝酸还原酶、光合特性及生物膜ATPase、H+-PPase等功能蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,铜、镉胁迫显著抑制番茄生长。随处理浓度增加,番茄根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性显著降低,番茄长势越差; 铜、镉胁迫对根系离子吸收的影响远远大于叶片,尤其是铜胁迫,50 mol/L铜胁迫使番茄根系铜含量增加了12倍。铜浓度的增加对镉含量无影响,镉浓度的增加降低了铜的吸收。铜、镉胁迫使番茄净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）显著降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著增加,表现为非气孔限制。50 mol/L 铜、镉处理显著降低叶片、根系质膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和根系液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性; 提高了5和50 mol/L部分处理叶片液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase的活性。表明生物膜功能蛋白对不同程度铜、镉胁迫的响应时间和部位存在差异。铜毒害对细胞质膜ATPase的影响较大,而镉毒害对液泡膜伤害的程度较大。100 mol/L SNP可以显著缓解铜、镉胁迫导致的番茄生长受抑,铜、镉总吸收量显著高于胁迫处理。     

Mutual relationships of biochar and soil pH,CEC, and exchangeable base cations in a model laboratory experiment

Purpose

The majority of biochar studies use soils with only a narrow range of properties making generalizations about the effects of biochar on soils difficult. In this study, we aimed to identify soil properties that determine the performance of biochar produced at high temperature (700 °C) on soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable base cation (Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺) content across a wide range of soil physicochemical properties.

Materials and methods

Ten distinct soils with varying physicochemical properties were incubated for 12 weeks with four rates of biochar application (0.5, 2, 4, and 8% w/w). Soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable base cations (Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺) were determined on the 7th and 84th day of incubation.

Results and discussion

Our results indicate that the highest biochar application rate (8%) was more effective at altering soil properties than lower biochar rates. Application of 8% biochar increased pH significantly in all incubated soils, with the increment ranging up to 1.17 pH unit. Biochar induced both an increment and a decline in soil CEC ranging up to 35.4 and 7.9%, respectively, at a biochar application rate of 8%. Similarly, biochar induced increments in exchangeable Ca²⁺ up to 38.6% and declines up to 11.4%, at an 8% biochar application rate. The increment in CEC and exchangeable Ca²⁺ content was found in soils with lower starting exchangeable Ca²⁺ contents than the biochar added, while decreases were observed in soils with higher exchangeable Ca²⁺ contents than the biochar. The original pH, CEC, exchangeable Ca²⁺, and texture of the soils represented the most crucial factors for determining the amount of change in soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Ca²⁺ content.

Conclusions

Our findings clearly demonstrate that application of a uniform biochar to a range of soils under equivalent environmental conditions induced two contradicting effects on soil properties including soil CEC and exchangeable Ca²⁺ content. Therefore, knowledge of both biochar and soil properties will substantially improve prediction of biochar application efficiency to improve soil properties. Among important soil properties, soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ content is the primary factor controlling the direction of biochar-induced change in soil CEC and exchangeable Ca²⁺ content. Generally, biochar can induce changes in soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺ with the effectiveness and magnitude of change closely related to the soil’s original properties.

     

日光温室番茄缺镁与土壤盐分组成及离子活度的关系

研究了石灰性土壤日光温室不同栽培年限及番茄不同程度缺镁的土壤水溶盐分中离子组成、比例及Mg2+、Ca2+、K+离子活度等的变化及关系.结果表明:随着栽培年限的增加,温室土壤水溶盐分中Ca2+、K+、NO3-含量显著增加;水溶性盐分中阳离子以Ca2+为主,栽培5 a后NO3-成为阴离子主要成分;土壤中NO3-含量的增加是导致土壤盐分累积的主要因素.随番茄缺镁程度的加剧,土壤水溶性盐中Ca2+、K+、NO3-、全盐量及Ca2+/Mg2+、K+/Mg2+摩尔比均呈增加趋势,番茄出现缺镁的土壤含盐量达到盐渍化水平.随着土壤盐分含量增加,Ca2+、Mg2+活度均呈指数下降趋势,番茄缺镁的土壤溶液中Mg2+和Ca2+活度显著低于不缺镁土壤,(K+)/(Mg2+)、(Ca2+)/(Mg2+)活度比显著高于不缺镁土壤,(K+)/(Mg2+)活度比随缺镁程度加剧达显著差异,番茄缺镁的土壤溶液(K+)/(Mg2+)活度比大于1.盐分累积使Mg2+活度大幅降低以及K+富集对植物吸收Mg2+的拮抗作用是石灰性土壤上番茄缺镁的主要诱因.     

京郊大白菜的氮素吸收特点及氮肥推荐

在京郊露地生产条件下,研究不同供N处理对秋季大白菜的生长、N吸收和土壤N矿化及损失的影响,并根据土壤-作物系统中N的借贷平衡原理确定大白菜N供应的合理目标值。结果表明,大白菜的产量和N吸收随施N水平的增加呈线性-平台的增长趋势。在作物的目标产量(120t/hm2)和N吸收数量(N200kg/hm2)的情况下,适宜的N素供应水平,即目标值为N350kg/hm2。大白菜的N吸收量随生育期逐渐增加,包心前期平均每周的N吸收量为N8.5kg/hm2,而在包心后期达到N220kg/hm2。在作物的整个生育期间土壤N的净矿化数量为N37kg/hm2,平均每周的土壤表观N损失为N7.8kg/hm2。这些参数有助于利用简单的N借贷平衡指导京郊秋季大白菜的推荐施肥。     

Effects of Different Rates of Ca2+ Addition on Respiration and Sorption of Water-Extractable Organic C to a Vertisol Subsoil

It is well known that calcium (Ca²⁺) plays an important role in binding organic matter to clay. However, most previous studies were conducted with either topsoil or pure aluminosilicates. Less is known about the effect of Ca²⁺ on binding of organic matter to clay-rich subsoils, which have lower organic-matter contents than topsoils, and their clays are more strongly weathered than pure aluminosilicates. Two experiments were conducted with a Vertisol subsoil (69% clay): a laboratory incubation and a batch sorption. The mineral substrate in the incubation experiment was pure sand alone or sand amended with 300 g clay kg^?1. Powdered calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 15 g Ca kg^?1 and mature wheat residue at a rate of 20 g kg^?1 were added to this mineral substrate and the water content was adjusted to 70% of water-holding capacity. Carbon dioxide release was measured for 28 days. Cumulative respiration per g soil organic carbon (C) (SOC from clay and residues) was increased by clay addition. Increasing Ca²⁺ addition rate decreased cumulative respiration in the sand with clay but had no effect on respiration in the pure sand. Clay and Ca²⁺ addition had no significant effect on microbial biomass carbon (MBC) per g SOC but clay addition reduced the concentration of potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄)–extractable C per g SOC. For the batch sorption experiment, the subsoil was mixed with 0 to 15 g Ca kg^?1 and water-extractable organic C (WEOC) derived from mature wheat straw was added at 0, 1485, 3267, and 5099 mg WEOC kg^?1. Increasing Ca²⁺ addition rate increased sorption of WEOC, particularly at the greatest concentration of WEOC added, and decreased desorption. This study confirmed the importance of Ca²⁺ in binding organic matter to clay and suggests that Ca²⁺ addition to clay-rich subsoils could be used to increase their organic C sequestration.