利用InDel标记鉴定水稻育种材料的籼粳属性

准确高效鉴定水稻材料的籼粳属性对于开展水稻籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用有着重要意义.利用19对基于籼稻(9311)和粳稻(日本晴)全基因组DNA序列比对获得的差异片段而设计的特异插入/缺失(Insertion/Deletion,InDel)引物,对48份育种上常用的籼稻、粳稻和中间型材料(品种)进行了InDel 标记的籼粳属性分析,利用DNA样品在这19对InDel位点上的籼型或粳型基因频率,结合聚类分析和主成分分析,确定了这些材料的籼粳属性,通过比对程氏指数法的籼粳鉴定结果检验了InDel分子标记法在水稻籼粳属性鉴定上的有效性.结果表明,InDel分子标记法与传统的程氏指数法的总体吻合率为89.58％,在典型籼稻或典型粳稻材料上两者的吻合率为100％;在具有复杂遗传背景的中间型材料上,InDel分子标记法比程氏指数法具有更高的准确性.因此,InDel分子标记法是真正鉴定籼粳的特异方法,比传统方法具有更高的灵敏性和准确度,可以用于籼粳属性鉴定及遗传分化研究.     

香稻品种RVA谱多样性研究

对来自不同种植区域的593份香稻材料(香糯稻152份,香籼稻342份,香粳稻99份)进行了RVA谱的多样性分析。结果表明,香糯稻以最终粘度的变异系数最大,为42.9,香籼稻和香粳稻以回生值的变异系数最大,分别为71.9和76.1。按遗传多样性指数(Shannon-wiener多样性指数)的分级标准计算,不同种质资源RVA谱特征值的分级情况复杂,除了峰值时间分布相对集中外,其他特征值的分级情况差别较大。RVA谱各特征值的遗传多样性指数均大于1.0,香糯稻峰值粘度和最终粘度的遗传多样性指数高达2.02和2.01,香籼稻和香粳稻均以回生值的遗传指数最高,分别为2.09和1.99。不同香稻种质间的淀粉糊化特性潜在分异明显。     

两系杂交水稻主要性状配合力与亲本籼粳分化关系的研究

选用4个光温敏核不育系及54个常规品种（系）,按NCII设计配制杂交组合,以籼粳特异RFLP标记及形态指数法检测供试品种（系）的籼粳分化程度,研究两系杂交水稻主要性状一般配合力及特殊配合力与双亲籼粳分化的关系。结果表明,①多数品种的籼粳遗传分化和形态分化相一致,只有个别品种不一致;②组合间一般配合力方差大于特殊配合力方差,基因加性效应更重要;③亲本的一般配合力效应及其特殊配合力效应对F     

粤北普通野生稻籼粳分化的SSR分析

本文利用28对籼粳特异性SSR引物对174个粤北普通野生稻个体进行分析。28对引物均有多态性,平均每对引物扩增出的等位变异数和基因型数分别为10.6和28。粤北普通野生稻群体有较高的遗传多样性(0.7681),除了能扩增出典型的籼、粳特异基因,还能扩增出野生稻特有的基因。遗传一致度聚类分析表明粤北普通野生稻存在初步籼粳分化;2份(1.15%)材料偏籼,172份(98.85%)材料偏粳,群体以偏粳为主。基因组水平上整个粤北群体没有发现原始类型。     

用SSR标记对水稻品种的分类研究

用20对SSR引物对培矮64s、N422s、108s、LS2s等4个不育系和55份严自不同生态型的恢复系进行分类研究，结果表明：供试材料DNA籼粳分化明显，聚类分析结果和用RFLP对供试材料的籼粳分化明显。聚类分析结果和用RFLP对供试材料的籼粳分类结果基本一致，而且者与形态分类的结果也基本一致，在所用的20对SSR引物中，有5对是籼粳特异的，其灿粳分辨率均在90％以上。     

马铃薯遗传资源多样性的SRAP分析

采用SRAP分子标记，对44份马铃薯品种的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示, 随机抽取27对SRAP引物，对基因组DNA进行特异扩增，其中23对引物扩增出多态性条带，共获得104个多态性条带, 多态性引物比率达85.2%, 平均每对引物产生4.5个多态性条带，表明SRAP标记具有较高的多态性比率。44份种质资源的SRAP标记遗传距离为0.147-0.741。当遗传距离D=0.67时，将44份种质资源分为四大类群，包括一个复合类群和三个独立类群。其中复合类群可进一步分为7个亚群。从而在DNA水平上证明了所研究马铃薯种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

用EST—SSR分子标记技术构建大白菜核心种质及其指纹图谱库

摘要利用EST-SSR分子标记对大白菜种质资源基因库中686份样品所代表的1900份大白菜种质资源进行分析研究。构建大白菜种质资源的核心种质并且形成核心种质的EST—SSR指纹图谱库。结果表明利用4组鉴定白菜品种的EST—SSR的特异性标记组合,获得近158个EST—SSR多态的标记,对大白菜种质资源基因库中686份样品所代表的1900份大白菜种质资源进行核心种质的构建提供了分析数据。形成的核心种质包括168份样品,占库存资源的8．8％,它的多态位点百分率保持了原群体的100％。所构建的核心种质涵盖了原资源的绝大部分区域来源的品种,包含了早、中、晚熟品种中所有典型的大白菜类型和其相关的特征特性。并进一步进行了核心种质资源遗传多样性分析。核心种质的EST—SSR指纹图谱库中,每一份样品的指纹都是唯一的,为登记、评价、整理、分发、繁殖等种质资源库的管理和育种者对其材料的利用提供了重要的有价值的信息。EST-SSR标记组合是构建中国大白菜核心种质及其指纹图谱的经济、高效的方法。     

华南鲤选育品种与地方品种的遗传多样性比较分析

华南鲤(Cyprinus carpio rubrofuscus)作为优质的地方鲤鱼品种禾花鲤在广东省粤北地区有着悠久的稻田养殖历史。为了解人工养殖和选育对华南鲤群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构的影响,为华南鲤的种质资源保存和育种利用等提供依据,本研究采用16对微卫星引物对华南鲤第5代选育群体(F5)和2个地方品种(乳源群体,乐昌群体)的遗传多样性进行了比较分析。结果显示,在3个群体中,16对微卫星引物均表现为多态性,共扩增得到119个等位基因,每个微卫星座位检测到的等位基因数为3~10个,平均每对引物7.44个。3个群体的平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.636 0、0.698 9和0.775 1,Shannon多样性指数(I)分别为1.206 3、1.402 0和1.612 2,平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.570 1、0.645 8和0.720 7,表明3个群体都具有较高的遗传多态性(PIC0.5000),但地方品种的遗传多样性水平高于选育品种。3个群体各个微卫星位点上的遗传分化指数(Fst)值介于0.044 0~0.246 8,平均值为0.102 8,表明群体间的遗传变异水平中等。群体间遗传分化指数(Fst)配对比较结果显示,选育群体F5与乐昌群体的遗传分化指数值最大(0.182),乳源群体和乐昌群体2个地方群体间则最小(0.058)。实验结果表明,人工选育加快了华南鲤选育品种与地方品种的遗传分化,也导致了选育品种遗传多样性下降,但选育品种遗传多样性水平依然较高,还具有进一步选育的潜力。本研究结果为下一步制定华南鲤新品种选育计划提供基础遗传数据。     

鸭微卫星标记的筛选及其遗传多样性分析

采用磁珠富集法从AFLP片段中筛选微卫星标记,并对5个福建地方鸭品种的遗传多样性进行检测。基因组DNA用EcoRⅠ/MseⅠ内切酶酶切的同时与接头连接,酶切连接产物与用生物素标记的探针杂交,应用磁珠捕获100~2000bp含有微卫星序列的DNA片段并通过pGEM-T载体转化到大肠杆菌DH5a感受态细胞中,构建富集微卫星序列的基因组文库。随机挑选46个阳性克隆,测序获得14条含有微卫星的DNA序列并递交到GenBank（登录号：FJ599499~FJ599512）。设计合成14对微卫星引物,通过PCR优化从中选择5对引物用于5个福建地方鸭品种的遗传多样性分析。结果显示,5对微卫星引物共检测到31个等位基因,各微卫星基因座的有效等位基因数为1.969 7~2.834 4,多态信息含量和杂合度的平均值分别为0.5133和0.7480,遗传多样性丰富,说明磁珠富集法适合用于鸭微卫星标记的分离与筛选,筛选得到的5个微卫星位点可作为有效的遗传标记用于福建省地方鸭品种遗传多样性的研究。     

基于SNP标记的504份番茄种质资源遗传多样性分析

为深入了解番茄种质资源的遗传多样性,运用竞争性等位基因特异性PCR(KASP)技术,利用前期筛选出的60对多态性较高的单核苷酸多态性标记(SNP),对收集的504份番茄种质资源进行遗传多样性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析及群体结构分析。结果表明,60个SNP分子标记共检测到181个等位基因,基因多样性平均值为0.450,期望杂合率(He)平均值为0.069,多态性信息值(PIC)变化范围为0.171~0.583,平均值为0.381。在遗传距离为0.36时,504份番茄材料被划分为7个类群,各材料间的平均遗传距离为0.62;根据主成分分析结果将群体分为3个类群;基于SNP标记对参试材料进行群体结构分析,在K=3时,504份番茄种质资源被划分为3类。本研究筛选出的60对SNP标记的多态性为中度偏高,番茄种质资源遗传多样性较丰富,可为后续宁夏地区番茄的核心种质构建及种质资源的有效利用提供理论依据。     

利用基础导入系群体定位氮胁迫下水稻产量性状QTL

水稻产量性状的遗传机制复杂,在低氮胁迫下进行QTL定位,可为产量性状遗传机制的解释、基因的精细定位和克隆提供参考价值,也可为筛选耐低氮水稻材料提供有价值的参考.本研究以66个水稻籼粳交片段导入系群体[粳稻(Oryza sativa ssp,japonica)楚粳12是供体亲本,籼稻(O.sativa ssp,indica)蜀恢527是受体亲本,采用回交和分子标记辅助选择相结合的方法构建]为定位群体,利用单标记作图法,对正常与低氮胁迫条件下水稻有效穗、单株产量、株高和生物学产量等性状进行QTL定位.共检测到24个QTLs,20个为新检测出的QTL,而qph-1、qpn-1、qby-2、qby-4与前人研究结果相似,另外,qph-1a和qph-1b为在不同处理下均能影响株高的位点;生物学产量的QTL仅在低氮处理下被检测到;qpn-2b与qyd-2具有共同的连锁标记RM521;qpn-1b、qpn-2a、qpn-2b等加性效应值都小于1.结果表明,低氮胁迫明显影响单株有效穗、单株产量和生物学产量,且导入系群体检测微效QTL的能力较强.     

Origin of Weedy Rice Grown in Bhutan and the Force of Genetic Diversity

In Bhutan, weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) was grown together with cultivated rice on terraced paddy fields lower than 2620 m above sea level. Seeds of cultivars and weedy strains were collected at 22 collection sites located from 1000 to 2620 m above sea level. Cultivars with round seeds were frequently found in fields higher than 2250 m, and those with slender seeds in fields lower than 1630 m. All cultivars and weedy strains were divided into indica or japonica types by isozyme (multi-locus) and morpho-physiological (multicharacter) analyses. Japonica cultivars predominated in highland; Indica cultivars predominated in lowland. Plastid type was confirmed by the length polymorphism for the ORF100 region. The japonica cultivars carried non-deletion type ORF100. The indica cultivars carried deletion type ORF100. In contrast, weedy strains showed discrepancy in the combination of the nuclear and cytoplasm types. An intermediate type was found in weedy strains for isozyme genotypes. A recombinant type, which has indica genotypes for isozyme analysis with japonica cytoplasm, and vice versa, was frequently found in weedy strains. These findings suggested that weedy strains would be generated by natural hybridization between indica and japonica. Further, they might fail to recombine their prior genotypes sets for isozyme and cytoplasm. Morphophysiological characters did not show such a tendency. Morpho-physiological analysis of highland plants, in particular, showed indica cultivars and weedy strains with japonica cytoplasm. Hypervariable nuclear microsatellite analysis was then used to compare cultivars and weedy strains. Identical alleles were shared between indica and japonica, and also between cultivars and weedy strains. This suggested that there was gene-flow resulting from natural hybridization.     

Microsatellite Markers Revealed the Genetic Diversity of an Old Japanese Rice Landrace ‘Echizen’

Landraces of rice (Oryza sativa L.) are valuable sources of genetic variation that have been lost in advanced cultivars. Seeds of a rice landrace stored for almost 100 years were found on Sado Island in Niigata prefecture, Japan. This report aims to present basic data on the genetic variation of this landrace, which was known as ‘Echizen’. Five samples of ‘Echizen’, consisting of two old samples, one sample maintained on farm, and two lines regenerated from old seeds were compared with other advanced cultivars and landraces using 19 microsatellite markers. Among the five samples of Echizen, the two stored samples showed greater diversity than the other samples. Cluster analysis based on the UPGMA method also showed that old Echizen was a diverse landrace that could cover the genetic diversity of most Japanese rice cultivars.     

Analysis of variation patterns in rice milled quality in the offspring of indica–japonica hybridization

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is divided into two subspecies, indica (O. sativa L. subsp. indica) and japonica (O. sativa L. subsp. japonica)....     

介质pH与氮形态对不同水稻基因型根部通气组织形成的影响

在溶液培养条件下研究了不同介质pH和氮形态对5种不同的水稻(Oryza.sativa.L.)基因型(常规籼稻、杂交籼稻、常规粳稻、杂交粳稻和旱稻)根部通气组织形成的影响。结果表明,不同形态的氮与不同介质pH对水稻根通气组织形成的影响存在基因型差异。以NH4+-N为单一氮源时,低pH(pH.4.5)更有利于籼稻根的通气组织形成,而粳稻和旱稻根通气组织的形成受介质pH的影响不明显。以NO3--N为单一氮源时,近中性条件(pH.6.5)更有利于粳稻和旱稻根的通气组织形成,介质pH对籼稻根通气组织形成的影响未显示出明显差异。低pH条件下且以NH4+-N为单一N源时,稻根皮层处更易形成通气组织,可能是植物为了减轻低pH条件下铵毒害而产生的一种适应性机制。     

Rim2因子超级家族的分布及分子指纹技术 在水稻品种鉴定中的应用*

通过GenBank中230Mb水稻序列的对比分析,新鉴定的水稻Rim2因子家族编码亚组和假基因亚组不均匀地分布于12条染色体上,以着丝点区域分布频率为最高。由基因内缺失和插入使得Rim2因子序列多变,结合其众多的拷贝数尝试将其开发为一新的分子指纹。以水稻(Oryzasativassp.indica)品种R963及其育种亲缘材料为测试样本,尽管材料间可能存在极其相近的遗传背景,利用Rim2因子设计的5个引物,还是检测出材料间DNA水平的差异。采用同样引物,对2份杂交籼稻(O.sativassp.indica)和1份杂交粳稻(O.sativassp.japonica)组合及相应亲本的PCR检测,获得所有材料的特异指纹。Rim2因子可作为水稻品种鉴别的分子指纹,也可应用于杂交稻纯度的快速鉴定。     

微卫星标记分析我国南方常规水稻品种的遗传差异

利用12个DNA微卫星标记对2005-2007年参加南方稻区国家水稻品种区域试验的23个长江中下游早籼、晚粳和华南早籼常规品种进行标记检测,结果共检测到等位基因47个,平均每个标记3.9个,变幅2～7个,多态性频率（FP）平均值0.632,变幅0.403～0.842。遗传差异分析表明：长江中下游早籼与长江中下游晚粳(平均遗传相似系数AGSC=0.036)、华南早籼与长江中下游晚粳（AGSC=0.125）品种间的遗传差异明显,长江中下游早籼与华南早籼（AGSC=0.449）品种间的遗传差异中等,华南早籼（AGSC=0.606）、长江中下游早籼（AGSC=0.682）、长江中下游晚粳（AGSC=0.761）品种间的遗传差异较小。     

不同水分条件下水稻根解剖结构的比较分析

在旱作和淹水两种培养方式下,研究了5种基因型水稻(Oryza.sativa.L.)(常规粳稻、杂交粳稻、常规籼稻、杂交籼稻和旱稻)幼苗根系解剖结构的差异。结果表明,两种水分条件下,水稻根通气组织的形成和皮层厚壁细胞的形态均存在基因型差异。5种基因型间,淹水条件下杂交粳稻根形成通气组织的时间最晚,根皮层厚壁细胞形态上的差异在常规粳稻和常规籼稻之间表现得更为明显;旱作条件下旱稻的根通气组织形成较其他基因型晚,常规粳稻根皮层厚壁细胞排列疏松,细胞壁加厚程度小。与淹水条件相比,旱作条件下杂交稻根通气组织形成较迟,常规粳稻根皮层厚壁细胞排列较疏松。     

Studies on sampling schemes for the establishment of corecollection of rice landraces in Yunnan, China

The sampling scheme for a core collection from the basecollection of Yunnan rice landraces was studied, using 6,121accessions catalogued in the national genebank and 31 charactersincluding taxonomic characters, morphological characters andagronomic characters. Sampling scheme was studied at three levels,i.e., grouping principle, sampling proportion within group andsampling method from each group. Grouping principles used wereDingying's taxonomic system, Cheng-Wang taxonomic system,Yunnan rice ecological zone, Yunnan administrative district, singlecharacter and completely random sampling without grouping. Samplingproportions in each of the groups were square root, logarithm, indexof genetic diversity and fixed proportion. Clustered and randomsampling were carried out in each group. Five parameters, (indexof genetic diversity, variance of phenotypic value, variance ofphenotypic frequency, coefficient of variation and ratio ofphenotypic retained), in primary core collection were used toevaluate the validity of sampling scheme. The better samplingstrategies were grouping principles based on the two taxonomicsystems, decisions on sampling proportion in each group based onsquare root or logarithm, sampling method within group clustered.16%, 10% and 5% overall sampling ratio were usedto establish primary core collections. The results showed that a510% sampling ratio was suitable for a largecollection.     

The diversity and sustainable development of crop genetic resources in the Lancang River Valley

This paper reviews the status of crop genetic resources in Yunnan province of China from 1978 to 1999. Results are presented of same research in the field of the diversity of cultivated and wild crop. Yunnan is one of the centre of origin or genetic diversity of more than 200 cultivated and wild crops. There are over 500 cultivated plants which account for over 80% of the total in China and more than 650 species of wild crops. In addition, there are more than 440 species of main wild flowers. According to our recently researches there are abundant species, subspecies and varieties of crop genetic resources in Yunnan Province. The Lancang River Valley is the richest genetic diversity centre of rice, maize, wheat, barley, buckwheat, legumes, ramie, sugarcane, vegetable, tea, actinidia and so on. For example, there are 59 varieties (including all varieties of Oryza sativa L. in China) in 5933 accession of Yunnan indigenous rice. The Lancang River Valley is one of the centre for genetic diversity of rice resources and a rich region for elite and rare rice resources of Yunnan, too. In order to protect the highly endangered crop genetic resources in the Lancang River Valley, it is necessary and very important to set up a collection, conservation, utilization and research system, enhancing their protection and utilization, in situ- and ex situ-conservation, farm management and sustainable production.