山东省农业气象自动观测站土壤水分特征曲线研究

为了更好地对山东省农业气象自动观测站进行评估,研究土壤水分运动规律,根据山东省120个测墒站测定的不同土壤质地类型及其凋萎湿度资料,利用Van Genuchten模型来描述土壤水分特征曲线（h-?曲线）,建立山东省农业气象自动观测站土壤体积含水率和土壤水势的关系。综合分析表明,壤土、粘土的田间稳定有效水含量高于砂土的,稳定向植物供水能力较强,对水分的自身协调能力较强,因而对旱涝灾害的抵抗力也强。     

基于明水县的自动与人工土壤水分观测数据对比分析

为研究黑龙江省明水县自动站资料的适用性,比较了2013年2月28日—2014年11月8日期间明水自动站所测得的土壤水分与人工观测情况下的土壤水分含量,进而分析自动水分观测站与人工观测的土壤湿度之间的差值、差值概率以及不同方法观测所得数值的相关系数,并通过对比自动站与人工观测数据制作了订正方程以消除部分差异。结果表明,2013年2月28日—2014年11月8日期间,明水县人工与自动站观测数据的相关性在各层均表现为显著,自动站观测的土壤相对湿度值高于人工观测值,0~10 cm土壤浅层和30~40 cm深层的差值较小,20~30 cm和40~50 cm土壤层次差值较大,最后根据自动水分观测站与人工所测得的数据制作了订正方程,其可消除二者之间的部分差异。人工观测的数据与自动站取得的数据的变化趋势较为一致,自动水分观测站所测得的资料基本可以代替人工观测数值。     

乌兰乌苏自动与人工土壤水分观测数据对比分析

本文采用了国家一级农业气象观测站乌兰乌苏站2012年的观测数据,运用对比差值和相关系数分析等方法对该站2012年3月28日至l1月8日期间的DZN2型自动土壤水分观测站与同地段人工观测土壤相对湿度资料进行了统计对比分析,结果表明:人工观测的数据反映的土壤水分变化波动较大,自动站观测的土壤水分相对平缓。在0～30 cm土层一致性表现好,40～100 cm土层表现较差。0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm土层和30～40 cm、40～50 cm、50～60 cm土层自动观测值高于人工站观测值,70～80 cm、90～100 cm土层自动观测值大部分低于人工站观测值。分析结果为评估DZN2型自动土壤水分观测仪的监测提供客观依据。     

人工与自动土壤水分观测资料差异探讨

为了给江苏省自动土壤水分观测资料的评估提供较好的方法,并为自动土壤水分观测资料偏差较大时的处理提供参考,从而使自动土壤水分观测的数据更准确、更具代表性。根据江苏省在2012年3—4月2个月人工与自动土壤水分观测资料的统计,并重点对土壤水分观测数据误差较大的台站进行了实地调研和分析。结果表明：在进行人工与自动土壤水分对比观测时,当出现土壤水分总的平均绝对误差值偏大时,要分析分层次土壤水分平均绝对误差值是否存在异常,如果分层次有异常,就需要分析相对应的人工土壤水分观测的4个土壤重量含水率是否有异常。江苏省土壤水分观测平均绝对误差值偏大的原因大部分是土质不同而造成,其次是仪器和人为测量原因造成。因此,选址和按规范观测显得尤为重要。     

DZN1型自动站与人工测定土壤湿度对比分析

为了评价DZN1型土壤水分监测站的监测能力、服务效益和推广使用提供参考依据,对齐河县2011年2月28日—12月13日期间自动土壤水分观测站与人工平行对比观测的土壤相对湿度资料,进行差值对比和概率相关性分析。结果表明,人工观测的数据与自动站取得的数据随时间的变化趋势基本一致,10 cm和40 cm土层人工观测的数据接近于自动站数据,40 cm土层人工与自动观测土壤相对湿度的平均差值在8个层次中为最小,60 cm层次的平均差值为最大。人工与自动站观测数据的相关性在各层均表现显著,给出存在数据偏差的原因及以后仪器运行应注意的问题,认为DZN1型自动站观测的资料基本能代替人工观测的资料。     

基于大范围自动土壤水分观测站的优先流研究

为了探讨在农作物生长条件下土壤水分优先流存在的普遍性和影响因素以及强度,利用山东省2009年建设的45个自动土壤水分观测站资料,从宏观层面进行了客观分析。结果表明,降水量或灌溉量的增加,会导致优先流的发生概率和强度增加;在不同降水或灌溉量条件下,土壤表层初始含水率对优先流发生概率有不同影响;优先流的发生概率为：沙壤大于壤土,壤土大于粘土。研究表明,农田土壤水分优先流是普遍存在的概率事件,优先流发生概率和强度受降水或灌溉量、土壤初始含水率、土壤质地综合影响,而且呈现一定的非线性特征。     

明水自动与人工土壤水分观测数据对比分析

土壤水分含量及其变化规律的监测是农业气象生态环境及水文环境监测的基础性工作,掌握土壤水分变化规律,对农业灌溉、土壤墒情与农业干旱的监测预测及进行相关理论研究具有重要意义。为研究黑龙江省明水县自动站资料的适用性,利用2013年2月28日至2014年11月8日期间明水自动土壤水分站与人工观测资料,分析了自动站与人工观测土壤水分相对湿度的差值、差值概率以及不同方法观测所得数值的相关系数,并通过对比自动站与人工观测数据制作了订正方程用以消除部分差异。2013年2月28日至2014年11月8日期间,明水县人工与自动站观测数据的相关性在各层均表现为显著,自动站观测的土壤相对湿度值高于人工观测值,0-10cm土壤浅层和30-40cm深层的差值较小,20-30cm和40-50cm土壤层次差值较大,通过自动站与人工观测数据对比所制作的订正方程可以消除部分差异。结果表明：人工观测的数据与自动站取得的数据随时间的变化趋势基本一致,自动站观测的资料基本能代替人工观测的资料。     

土壤容重的修订方法研究

为了自动土壤水分观测资料更准确、更好地服务于实际应用以及应用于科学研究,从理论上分析自动土壤水分观测与人工实测值存在误差的原因及修正办法,通过公式 ,用每次计算的土壤容重的平均值代表修正的土壤容重,分析评估用修正的土壤容重计算土壤重量含水率的可行性。结果表明：土壤容重修正公式可靠,利用自动观测土壤水分含水量以及土壤容重修正公式来计算土壤重量含水率可行,理论上可以取消逢八观测,也为自动土壤水分观测资料的实际应用、为两年一度的自动传感器评估提供一种指导方法。     

海口自然坡地土壤湿度变化特征分析

为了更好地了解在气候变化大背景下,海口自然坡地土壤水分状况及影响因子。根据海口市琼山气象站2005—2011年的气象观测资料和自然坡地土壤湿度资料,利用统计学方法,分析海口市自然坡地土壤湿度的变化特征及其与气象因子的响应关系。结果表明：（1）自然土坡地10~50 cm土壤湿度年变化呈正趋势变化,各季节土壤湿度的变化与年变化一致,冬、春季土壤湿度变化大,不稳定;（2）10~ 50 cm土壤湿度月变化呈波形变化,2—10月土壤湿度呈上湿下干型,11—1月土壤湿度呈上干下湿型。（3）随土层深度的增加,土壤湿度的变化变小,各层间的土壤湿度差异越显著,40~50 cm上下层的土壤湿度差异达到极显著水平。（4）20 cm土壤湿度与其他层土壤湿度相关最为密切,利用20 cm土壤湿度作为10~50 cm土壤湿度的代表值与气象因子进行分析,土壤湿度与地温呈负相关,与降水量呈正相关,各季节20 cm土壤湿度回归方程通过1%的显著检验。     

鲁西北平原农田土壤水分对小麦产量的影响

以聊城为代表站,使用数理统计方法对鲁西平原土壤湿度和冬小麦产量资料进行分析。研究了冬小麦生育期内不同时段土壤水分对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,鲁西平原地区土壤湿度与小麦产量关系十分密切,冬小麦播种期、苗期及拔节到抽穗期间的土壤湿度在小麦产量形成中有较大影响:苗期为负效应;播种期、分蘖期、拔节期为正效应。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...