绵羊卵母细胞采集、体外成熟和胚胎体外培养对体外受精技术效率的影响

利用屠宰场采集的绵羊卵巢作为试验材料,研究了不同卵母细胞采集方法(卵泡冲洗法、剖切法、注射器抽吸法和真空泵抽吸法)、成熟液中添加不同来源激素(BIONICHE或宁波激素厂生产 FSH/LH)和血清(发情绵羊血清或胎牛血清),以及mSOF和mCR胚胎培养体系对绵羊体外受精各环节效率的影响。结果表明,卵泡冲洗法获得A、B两级卵母细胞比例为77.1%,显著高于其他3种方法(P＜0.05),添加BIONICHE FSH/LH+ESS成熟液中,卵母细胞成熟率显著高于其他添加方式(P＜0.05),mSOF和mCR胚胎培养体系在卵裂率上无显著差异(P＞0.05),但mSOF组中囊胚率和孵化率均显著高于mCR组(P＜0.05)。综上所述,本研究中卵泡冲洗法更适合绵羊卵母细胞采集,成熟液中添加BIONICHE FSH/LH和ESS可显著促进绵羊卵母细胞成熟;与mCR培养体系相比,mSOF培养体系更适合绵羊体外受精胚胎的发育。     

不同培养体系对金华猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

本试验探讨了不同培养体系对金华猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,共进行了4组试验。结果表明,试验组4,采用TCMl99作为体外成熟基础培养液,添加10 IU/mL促卵泡素(FSH)、10 IU/mL促黄体素(LH)、10%卵泡液(PFF)、10%血清,在成熟率上均显著高于其他试验组(P0.05),但添加10%发情金华猪血清或10%胎牛血清,对卵母细胞的成熟率无显著差异(P0.05)。说明金华猪卵母细胞在体外成熟培养时加入血清,能够促进卵母细胞的体外成熟率。     

影响山羊体外胚胎生产的主要因素

研究了不同成熟培养时间（21、242、7 h）、FSH剂量（0、0.02、0.04、0.06 AU/mL）和激素组合（FSH＋LH＋E2、FSH＋LH、LH＋E2、FSH＋E2）、氨基酸以及负压低氧条件（-300 mmHg2、%CO28、%～10%O2）对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟/体外受精（IVM/IVF）的影响。结果表明：山羊卵母细胞成熟培养以24～27 h较为适宜;添加FSH组的受精卵裂率显著高于未添加组（P〈0.01）,添加剂量以0.02～0.04 AU/mL效果为最佳;LH对山羊的IVM/IVF无显著影响;E2添加对山羊IVM/IVF有负面影响,使囊胚发育率显著降低（P〈0.05）。在成熟液中添加必需氨基酸（EAA）和非必需氨基酸（NEAA）均能显著提高受精卵裂率（P〈0.05）。负压低氧环境对山羊卵母细胞的体外成熟无显著影响,但是不利于山羊的体外受精,使受精卵裂率极显著降低（P〈0.01）;负压低氧环境对提高胚胎发育率的作用不明显。     

促卵泡素和促黄体素对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

本实验探讨了促性腺激素(FSH、LH)对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,并最终找到了其合理的使用剂量.实验选取具有3层致密卵丘细胞层及均匀细胞质的猪卵丘-卵母细胞复合物(COCs)在体外进行成熟培养.体外成熟培养液为改良的TCM-199液,根据实验设计再添加不同浓度的FSH和LH.卵母细胞体外成熟培养条件为39 ℃、5%CO2与饱和湿度下,成熟培养48 h.培养结束后,以第1极体排出作为卵母细胞成熟的标准.在成熟液中添加LH浓度分别为1、5、10 IU/mL时,与没有添加FSH与LH的对照组(成熟率为15.9%)相比,成熟率有显著提高,前者成熟率分别为49.1%、30.0%、36.3%.LH浓度为1 IU/mL的实验组成熟率最高,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);然后以成熟液中只添加浓度为1 IU/mL LH为对照组,实验组添加FSH浓度分别为1、5、10 IU/mL.结果表明,添加FSH浓度为5 IU/mL和10 IU/mL时其成熟率分别为40.1%、27.6%,低于对照组(49.0%).添加FSH浓度为1 IU/mL时其成熟率(49.1%)高于对照组(49.0%),但差异不显著(P＞0.05).试验表明,随着FSH与LH添加浓度逐渐增加,成熟率呈下降趋势.添加FSH与LH浓度均为1 IU/mL可得到最佳的成熟效果.     

绵羊体外受精技术条件优化的研究

探讨了卵泡液、受精时间和季节对绵羊卵母细胞体外培养效果的影响。从屠宰场采集羊卵巢,抽取卵巢表面2mm-6mm的卵泡卵母细胞,进行体外成熟培养;卵母细胞成熟后,与处理后的精子共同培养进行受精。结果表明,在卵母细胞成熟培养液中添加绵羊卵泡液（SFF）组的卵裂率和囊胚发育率均优于添加同等浓度的牛卵泡液（BFF）组;受精22、18、12h组的卵裂率分别为64.85%、54.39%、48.72%,受精22h和18h组间差异显著（P〈0.05）,受精22h组和12h组间差异极显著（P〈0.01）。秋季绵羊体外受精的卵裂率和囊胚率均高于夏季,差异显著（P〈0.05）,但秋季与春季相比差异不显著（P〉0.05）。因此,进行绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟培养时,培养液中添加SFF;受精时,精卵共培养时间为22h的效果较好。在绵羊的繁殖季节秋季进行体外受精较春季和夏季的结果好。     

不同培养液对牛卵母细胞成熟及核移植效率的影响

在牛卵母细胞成熟液中分别添加促卵泡素(FSH)10μg/L、胰岛素-转铁蛋白-硒(ITS)10μL/mL、表皮生长因子(EGF)10μg/L,配成3种不同体外成熟液对牛卵母细胞进行成熟培养,结果FSH组卵母细胞成熟率84.2%显著高于ITS组75.9%和EGF组70.2%。卵母细胞成熟后构建牛体细胞核移植胚胎,结果FSH、ITS组卵裂率分别为87.2%、81.9%,显著高于EGF组(73.6%),但三组间囊胚率差异不显著(P0.05)。     

FSH和LH对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟及重组胚发育的影响

实验主要研究促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟及重组胚发育的影响,从而提高延边黄牛体细胞克隆的效率。采集屠宰后延边黄牛卵巢,用抽吸法回收卵母细胞,然后在不同种类、浓度激素条件下进行卵母细胞的体外成熟培养,最后将成熟的卵母细胞进行核移植及重组胚的体外培养。实验分别比较了在0、5、10、15、20μg/mL条件下,单独使用FSH与LH和在15μg/mL的FSH与10μg/mL的LH共同作用下对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟率、卵裂率和囊胚发育率的影响。结果表明:将卵母细胞单独置于加有浓度为15μg/mL的FSH和10μg/mL的LH的成熟液中培养,其成熟率及后期发育率优于其他浓度组(P<0.05);而2种最优浓度同时添加共同作用时要好于单独使用(P<0.05)。由试验可得出,成熟培养液中单独添加15μg/mL的FSH和单独添加10μg/mL的LH浓度对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟及重组胚后期发育效果最好;使用最佳浓度进行协同作用时,其共同作用要好于单独使用的效果。     

激素对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及孤雌胚胎发育的影响

为研究不同激素及其组合在猪卵母细胞体外成熟及对其后孤雌胚胎发育的影响,我们对比了孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)与人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)组合、卵泡刺激素(FSH)与促黄体素(LH)组合、雌二醇(E2)及这些卵母细胞经孤雌激活后囊胚率的影响;以及不同FSH和LH浓度组合对猪卵母细胞体外成熟率。结果表明,在卵母细胞体外成熟液中添加10 U/mL PMSG和10 U/mL hCG的成熟率和孤雌囊胚率都达到最高(85.9%和55.3%);FSH与LH的组合次之,分别为77.1%和53.5%;E2最差,成熟率仅为54.0%囊胚率为19.5%。而在FSH与LH不同浓度配比中以10 U/mL FSH和20 U/mL LH时,猪卵母细胞成熟率最高达到80.9%。     

FSH对绵羊卵母细胞体外发育能力的影响

为了探讨绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟过程中促卵泡素(FSH)的适宜添加量,试验将FSH分为0.01,0.02,0.03 IU/mL 3个浓度梯度,用于绵羊卵母细胞的体外成熟与体外受精,统计第一极体排出率、卵裂率和囊胚率。结果表明:不同浓度FSH对第一极体排出率影响差异不显著(P>0.05),体外受精后以0.02 IU/mL组效果最好,卵裂率显著高于0.03 IU/mL组(P<0.05),但与0.01 IU/mL组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);0.02 IU/mL组囊胚率与其他2组相比显著升高(P<0.05)。     

促卵泡素与促黄体素对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

本试验探讨了促性腺激素(FSH、LH)对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,最终找到了其合理的使用剂量。在成熟液中添加LH浓度分别为1、5、10 IU/mL时,与没有添加FSH与LH的对照组(15.9%)相比,成熟率有显著提高,成熟率分别为49.1%、30.0%、36.3%。LH浓度为1 IU/mL的实验组成熟率最高,显著高于对照组(p<0.05);然后以成熟液中只添加1 IU/mLLH为对照组,试验组分别添加1、5、10 IU/mLFSH。试验结果表明:添加FSH浓度为5和10 IU/ml时其成熟率分别为40.1%、27.6%,低于对照组(49.0%)。添加FSH浓度为1 IU/mL时其成熟率(49.1%)高于对照组(49.0%),但差异不显著(p>0.05)。两组试验同时得出,随着LH与FSH添加浓度的增加,成熟率呈下降趋势。通过本试验结果得出,在体外成熟培养猪卵母细胞时,各添加1 IU/mL LH与FSH时,得到最佳的成熟效果。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.